ܪܡܙܢܘܬܐ ܕܦܘܢ̈ܝܐ ܘܒܢܝܢܐ ܕܡܫܬܚܠܦ̈ܢܐ

ܡܕܒܪܢܐ (guide)

ܡܐ ܐܝܬ ܓܘ ܐܗܐ ܦܐܬܐ (On this page)

ܒܝܢܝ ܦܢܩܝܬܐ ܕܫܘܐ̈ܠܐ (questionnaire) ܘܡܚܫܒܢܐ (calculator) ܐܝܬ ܬܪܝܢ ܥܒ̈ܕܐ ܫܠܝ̈ܐ: ܪܡܙܢܘܬܐ (coding) – ܦܣܩܬܐ ܐܝܢܐ ܡܢܝܢܐ ܟܡܚܘܐ ܟܠ ܦܘܢܝܐ، ܘܟܬܝܒܬܐ ܕܐܗܐ ܓܘ ܟܬܒܐ ܕܪ̈ܡܙܐ (codebook) ܩܕܡ ܕܟܬܒܚ ܚܕ ܩܠܝܬܐ (Pallant, 2020, Chapter 2)؛ ܘܒܢܝܢܐ ܕܡܫܬܚܠܦ̈ܢܐ – ܒܬܪ ܕܦܐܝܠ ܡܠܝܐ ܘܕܟܝܐ ܝܠܗ، ܫܘܢܝܐ ܕܥܡܘ̈ܕܐ ܓܘܠܡ̈ܝܐ ܠܡܫܬܚܠܦ̈ܢܐ (variables) ܕܒܘܚܪ̈ܢܐ ܣܢܝܩ̈ܐ ܝܢܐ ܠܗܘܢ: ܡܢܝܢܐ ܕܣܒܠܬܐ (scale score) ܡܢ ܦܣܘ̈ܩܐ، ܓܘ̈ܕܐ ܕܥܘܡܪܐ ܡܢ ܡܫܬܚܠܦܢܐ ܡܬܡܫܚܢܐ، ܬܪܝܢ ܓܢ̈ܣܐ ܡܢ ܫܬܐ، ܡܫܬܚܠܦ̈ܢܐ ܕܡܘܬܐ (dummy variables) ܩܐ ܪܝܓܪܫܢ (regression) (Pallant, Chapter 8). ܐܗܐ ܦܐܬܐ ܟܐܙܠ ܒܐܗܐ ܛܟܣܐ. ܡܐ ܕܡܢ ܩܕܡ ܐܝܬ ܓܘ ܣܐܝܛ ܠܐ ܟܕܥܪ ܠܐܟܐ: ܒܢܝܢܐ ܕܦܐܝܠ ܘܓܠܝܘܢܐ ܕܡܦܫܩܢܐ (legend / מקרא) – ܓܘ ܦܐܬܐ ܛܘܦܣܐ ܬܩܝܢܐ ܕܝܗܝ̈ܒܬܐ؛ ܕܟܝ ܟܟܬܒܚ ܫܘܐܠܐ ܗܕܟܐ ܕܪܡܙܢܘܬܐ ܗܘܝܐ ܩܪܝܒܐܝܬ ܒܚܘܕܝܗ – ܓܘ ܒܢܝܢܐ ܕܦܢܩܝܬܐ ܕܫܘܐ̈ܠܐ؛ ܡܘܕܝ ܟܥܒܕܚ ܥܡ ܚܣܝ̈ܪܐ ܓܘ ܦܘܫܩܐ – ܓܘ ܛܝ̈ܡܐ ܚܣܝ̈ܪܐ.

1. ܟܬܒܐ ܕܪ̈ܡܙܐ – ܩܕܡ ܟܬܝܒܬܐ

Pallant (2020، ܨܚܚܐ 2) ܟܫܪܝܐ ܛܘܝܒܐ ܕܦܐܝܠ ܒܟܬܒܐ ܕܪ̈ܡܙܐ (codebook): "ܟܢܘܫܝܐ ܕܦܘܩ̈ܕܢܐ ܕܒܕ ܡܦܠܚܝܬܘܢ ܒܗܘܢ ܩܐ ܫܘܢܝܐ ܕܝܕܥܬܐ ܕܟܠ ܡܫܬܘܬܦܢܐ ܠܐܣܟܝܡܐ ܕܬܘܟܢܝܬܐ ܟܡܦܠܛܐ ܠܗ" – ܘܐܗܐ ܫܪܝܪܐ ܝܠܗ ܩܐ ܦܢܩܝܬܐ ܕܫܘܐ̈ܠܐ (questionnaire)، ܩܐ ܢܣܝܘܢܐ (experiment) ܘܩܐ ܝܗܝ̈ܒܬܐ ܕܡܦܩܝ ܡܢ ܟܬܒ̈ܐ ܕܐܝܬ. ܬܪܬܝܢ ܦܣ̈ܩܬܐ ܓܘ ܟܠ ܣܕܪܐ: ܕܟܝ ܟܡܚܕܕܚ ܘܟܪܫܡܚ ܡܫܬܚܠܦܢܐ (variable)، ܘܐܝܢܐ ܡܢܝܢܐ ܟܩܒܠ ܟܠ ܦܘܢܝܐ ܕܡܨܐ ܗܘܐ. ܠܘܚܐ 2.1 ܕܝܠܗ̇ ܐܪܒܥܐ ܥܡܘ̈ܕܐ ܝܠܗ – ܫܡܐ ܕܡܫܬܚܠܦܢܐ ܓܘ ܬܘܟܢܝܬܐ، ܬܚܘܝܬܐ، ܦܘܩ̈ܕܢܐ ܕܪܡܙܢܘܬܐ، ܕܪܓܐ ܕܡܫܘܚܬܐ – ܘܓܘ ܣܐܝܛ ܐܗܘ ܚܬܝܬܐܝܬ ܓܠܝܘܢܐ ܕܡܦܫܩܢܐ (legend / מקרא) ܕܛܘܦܣܐ ܬܩܝܢܐ (the standard data template) ܝܠܗ (ܚܡܫܐ ܥܡܘ̈ܕܐ: ܫܡܐ ܕܡܫܬܚܠܦܢܐ، ܬܚܘܝܬܐ، ܙܢܐ ܕܡܫܬܚܠܦܢܐ، ܛܝ̈ܡܐ ܘܪܡܙܢܘܬܐ، ܡܥܝܪ̈ܢܘܬܐ؛ ܦܐܬܐ ܛܘܦܣܐ ܬܩܝܢܐ، ܠܘܚܐ 1). ܦܘܪܫܢܐ: ܓܘ Pallant ܟܬܒܐ ܕܪ̈ܡܙܐ ܟܬܒܐ ܦܪܝܫܐ ܝܠܗ ܕܡܢܗ ܟܟܬܒܚ ܠ-SPSS؛ ܓܘ ܣܐܝܛ ܐܗܘ ܓܠܝܘܢܐ ܝܠܗ ܓܘ ܦܐܝܠ، ܘܡܚܫܒ̈ܢܐ ܟܩܪܝ ܠܗ – ܪܘ̈ܫܡܐ ܟܡܬܚܙܝ ܓܘ ܠܘ̈ܚܐ، ܙܢܐ ܕܡܫܬܚܠܦܢܐ ܟܦܣܩ ܡܘܕܝ ܫܠܝܛܐ ܝܠܗ ܠܚܫܒܢܐ، ܘܣܝܢܬܐܟܣ (syntax) ܕܟܡܚܬܬܚ ܐܝܬ ܓܘܗ ܦܘܩ̈ܕܢܐ ܕܟܬܒܐ ܕܪ̈ܡܙܐ.

ܕܪܓܐ ܕܡܫܘܚܬܐ – ܥܡܘܕܐ ܪܒܝܥܝܐ: nominal (ܓܢ̈ܣܐ ܕܠܐ ܛܟܣܐ)، ordinal (ܓܢ̈ܣܐ ܡܛܟ̈ܣܐ)، scale (ܡܢܝ̈ܢܐ ܡܬܡܫ̈ܚܢܐ). ܡܬ̈ܠܐ ܕ-Pallant: ܓܢܣܐ – nominal، "ܡܛܠ ܕܡܢܝ̈ܢܐ ܡܢ ܨܒܝܢܐ ܝܢܐ"؛ ܝܘܠܦܢܐ – ordinal، "ܡܛܠ ܕܡܢܝ̈ܢܐ ܟܡܚܘܝ ܕܪ̈ܓܐ ܕܣܠܩܝ"؛ ܥܘܡܪܐ ܒܫܢ̈ܐ – scale؛ "ܐܢ ܡܦܠܚܢ ܗܘܐ ܒܓܢ̈ܣܐ ܕܥܘܡܪܐ (18-30، 31-50، 51+) ܡܫܬܚܠܦܢܐ ordinal ܗܘܐ ܗܘܐ". ܓܘ ܣܐܝܛ ܟܟܬܒܚ ܒܐܢܓܠܝܙܝܐ: id / nominal / ordinal / scale (ܡܢܝܢܐ ܡܦܪܫܢܐ (ID) / ܕܓܢ̈ܣܐ (categorical) / ܕܛܟܣܐ (ordinal) / ܡܬܡܫܚܢܐ (continuous))؛ ܘܥܝܕܐ ܕܣܐܝܛ (site convention) – ܦܣܘܩܐ ܕܛܟܣܐ ܝܚܝܕܝܐ ordinal ܝܠܗ، ܡܢܝܢܐ ܕܣܒܠܬܐ ܕܦܣܘ̈ܩܐ ܣܓܝ̈ܐܐ ܡܬܡܫܚܢܐ ܝܠܗ (ܦܐܬܐ ܡܫܬܚܠܦ̈ܢܐ ܘܕܪ̈ܓܐ ܕܡܫܘܚܬܐ).

ܫܡ̈ܗܐ ܕܡܫܬܚܠܦ̈ܢܐ. ܝܚܝܕܝ̈ܐ؛ ܟܪ̈ܝܐ ("ܫܡ̈ܗܐ ܐܪ̈ܝܟܐ ܒܣܓܝ ܟܥܣܩܝ ܩܪܝܢܐ ܕܡܦܩܢܐ")؛ ܩܐ ܦܣܘ̈ܩܐ ܕܣܒܠܬܐ – ܩܘܨܪܐ ܘܡܢܝܢܐ (op1, op2, op3). ܢܡܘ̈ܣܐ ܕ-SPSS (Pallant): ܟܫܪܝ ܒܐܬܘܬܐ، ܕܠܐ ܦܬܝ̈ܘܬܐ، ܢܘ̈ܩܙܐ ܘܐܬ̈ܘܬܐ، ܕܠܐ ܡ̈ܠܐ ܢܛܝܪ̈ܬܐ (all, and, by, eq, ge, gt, le, lt, ne, not, or, to, with)، ܗܠ 64 ܐܬ̈ܘܬܐ. ܓܘ ܣܐܝܛ ܫܡ̈ܗܐ ܥܒܪ̈ܝܐ ܡܩܒܠ̈ܐ ܝܢܐ (עמדות1, עמדות_ציון)، ܥܡ ܣܪܛܐ ܬܚܬܝܐ ܒܕܘܟܬܐ ܕܦܬܝܘܬܐ؛ ܣܝܢܬܐܟܣ ܕܡܚܫܒ̈ܢܐ ܟܡܚܬܬܝ ܟܡܦܠܚ ܒܫܡ̈ܗܐ ܐܝܟ ܕܐܝܬܠܗܘܢ. ܡܫܬܚܠܦܢܐ ܩܕܡܝܐ – ܡܢܝܢܐ ܡܦܪܫܢܐ (ID): "ܡܢܝܢܐ ܝܚܝܕܝܐ ܩܐ ܟܠ ܚܙܝܬܐ… ܟܬܘܒܘܢ ܠܗ ܒܓܠܝܘܬܐ ܥܠ ܦܐܬܐ ܩܕܡܝܬܐ ܕܟܠ ܦܢܩܝܬܐ ܕܫܘܐ̈ܠܐ؛ ܐܢ ܒܬܪ ܗܕܐ ܐܫܟܚܬܘܢ ܛܥܝܘܬܐ ܓܘ ܦܐܝܠ، ܡܨܝܬܘܢ ܕܕܥܪܝܬܘܢ ܘܡܫܟܚܝܬܘܢ ܐܝܟܐ ܗܘܝܐ ܝܠܗ̇" (Pallant, Chapter 2). ܡܚܫܒ̈ܢܐ ܟܡܫܬܘܕܥܝ ܥܠ ܥܡܘܕܐ ܒܫܡܐ "id" (ܝܢ "מזהה") ܘܟܡܦܠܛܝ ܠܗ ܡܢ ܦܘܫܩܐ.

2. ܫܘܐ̈ܠܐ ܣܟܝܪ̈ܐ – ܡܢ ܦܘܢܝܐ ܪܫܝܡܐ ܠܡܢܝܢܐ

"ܟܠ ܦܘܢܝܐ ܣܢܝܩ ܝܠܗ ܠܪܡܙܐ ܡܢܝܢܝܐ" (Pallant, 2020, Chapter 2). ܡܢܬܐ ܡܢ ܩܕܡ ܡܢܝ̈ܢܐ ܝܢܐ (ܥܘܡܪܐ ܒܫܢ̈ܐ)؛ ܫܪܟܐ – ܓܢܣܐ، ܐܝܟܢܝܘܬܐ ܕܒܝܬܐ – ܡܫܚܠܦ̈ܐ ܝܢܐ. ܐܢ ܓܘ̈ܒܝܐ ܡܢܝ̈ܐ ܝܢܐ ܥܠ ܦܢܩܝܬܐ ܕܫܘܐ̈ܠܐ (questionnaire)، ܪܡܙܢܘܬܐ (coding) ܩܪܝܒܐܝܬ ܒܚܘܕܝܗ ܝܠܗ̇؛ ܘܐܢ ܠܐ – "ܦܣܘܩܘܢ ܥܠ ܚܕ ܥܝܕܐ ܘܢܛܘܪܘܢ ܠܗ: ܦܘܢܝܐ ܩܕܡܝܐ ܓܘ ܪܫܝܡܬܐ = 1، ܬܪܝܢܝܐ = 2، ܘܗܕܟܐ ܠܩܕܡ ܥܠ ܟܠܗ̇ ܦܐܬܐ". Field (2024، ܦܣܩܐ 4.6.5) ܟܡܥܗܕ ܕܓܘ ܡܫܬܚܠܦܢܐ ܕܓܘ̈ܕܐ (grouping variable) "ܪ̈ܡܙܐ ܡܢ ܨܒܝܢܐ ܝܢܐ، ܡܛܠ ܕܡܢܝ̈ܢܐ ܒܢܦܫܝܗܘܢ ܠܐ ܒܕ ܦܫܝܩ̈ܐ ܗܘܝܐ" – ܡܨܝܚ 0 ܘ-1، ܡܨܝܚ 616 ܘ-11 – ܐܠܐ ܐܝܬ ܥܝ̈ܕܐ ܕܟܥܒܕܝ ܚܝ̈ܐ ܦܫܝܩ̈ܐ: ܓܘܕܐ ܕܦܘܚܡܐ (control group) = 0 ܘܢܣܝܘܢܐ = 1 (Field)، ܐܝܢ/ܠܐ = 1/0، ܘܓܢ̈ܣܐ ܒܛܟܣܐ ܕܒܗ ܟܡܬܚܙܝ ܓܘ ܦܢܩܝܬܐ ܕܫܘܐ̈ܠܐ. ܠܘܚܐ 1 ܟܟܢܫ ܙܢ̈ܐ ܕܫܘܐ̈ܠܐ ܣܟܝܪ̈ܐ ܘܥܡܘ̈ܕܐ ܕܟܠ ܚܕ ܡܢܝܗܝ ܟܥܒܕ.

3. ܫܘܐ̈ܠܐ ܦܬܝ̈ܚܐ – ܡܢ ܡ̈ܠܐ ܠܓܢ̈ܣܐ

"ܩܐ ܫܘܐ̈ܠܐ ܦܬܝ̈ܚܐ ܪܡܙܢܘܬܐ ܩܠܝܠ ܥܣܩܬܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܝܬܝܪ" (Pallant, 2020, Chapter 2). ܡܬܠܐ ܕܝܠܗ̇: "ܡܘܢܐ ܝܠܗ ܡܒܘܥܐ ܪܫܝܐ ܕܥܩܬܐ ܓܘ ܚܝ̈ܐ ܕܝܘܟ ܗܫܐ؟" – ܟܥܒܪܚ ܥܠ ܦܢܩܝ̈ܬܐ ܕܫܘܐ̈ܠܐ (questionnaires) ܘܟܡܫܬܘܕܥܚ ܥܠ ܡ̈ܠܐ ܕܟܕܥܪܝ (ܥܒܕܐ، ܟܣܦܐ، ܚܒܪܘܬܐ، ܚܘܠܡܢܐ، ܚܣܝܪܘܬܐ ܕܙܒܢܐ)، ܟܟܬܒܚ ܐܢܝ ܓܘ ܟܬܒܐ ܕܪ̈ܡܙܐ (codebook) ܬܚܘܬ ܡܫܬܚܠܦܢܐ stress ܥܡ ܡܢܝܢܐ ܩܐ ܟܠ ܡܠܬܐ (ܥܒܕܐ = 1، ܒܪ/ܒܪܬ ܙܘܓܐ = 2…)، ܘܟܡܘܣܦܚ ܪܡܙܐ ܩܐ ܦܘܢ̈ܝܐ ܕܠܐ ܟܥܐܠܝ ܓܘ ܚܕ ܓܢܣܐ (ܐܚܪܢܐ = 99)؛ ܘܒܬܪ ܗܕܐ ܩܐ ܟܠ ܡܫܬܘܬܦܢܐ ܟܦܚܡܚ ܦܘܢܝܐ ܥܡ ܪܫܝܡܬܐ ܘܟܟܬܒܚ ܪܡܙܐ. ܬܠܬܐ ܬܘܣܦ̈ܬܐ ܕܣܐܝܛ، ܕܠܐ ܐܝܬܠܗܘܢ ܓܘ Pallant:

ܥܡܘܕܐ ܕܡ̈ܠܐ ܟܦܝܫܐ. ܪܡܙܢܘܬܐ (coding) ܥܡܘܕܐ ܚܕܬܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܓܢܒ ܦܘܢܝܐ ܫܪܫܝܐ (ܥܩܬܐ_ܡ̈ܠܐ، ܥܩܬܐ_ܪܡܙܐ) – ܕܡܨܝܚ ܕܪܡܙܚ ܡܢ ܪܝܫ ܐܝܡܢ ܕܡܬܓܠܝܐ ܕܓܢܣܐ ܚܣܝܪܐ ܝܠܗ، ܘܕܡܝܬܚ ܦܘܢ̈ܝܐ ܓܘ ܡܘܕܥܢܘܬܐ. "ܐܚܪܢܐ" ܕܟܪܒܐ ܐܬܐ ܝܠܗ ܕܪܫܝܡܬܐ ܠܐ ܣܦܩܐ ܝܠܗ̇: ܐܢ 20% ܡܢ ܦܘܢ̈ܝܐ 99 ܝܢܐ، ܟܡܘܣܦܚ ܓܢ̈ܣܐ ܘܟܥܒܪܚ ܬܘܒ. ܬܪܝܢ ܪܡܙ̈ܢܐ (coders). ܪܡܙܢܘܬܐ ܕܡ̈ܠܐ ܕܝܢܐ ܝܠܗ̇، ܘܕܝܢܐ ܣܢܝܩ ܝܠܗ ܠܒܘܚܪܢܐ: ܕܘܡܝܐ (sample) ܡܢ ܦܘܢ̈ܝܐ ܟܡܫܬܠܡ ܠܪܡܙܢܐ ܬܪܝܢܝܐ ܥܡ ܗܘ ܟܬܒܐ ܕܪ̈ܡܙܐ، ܘܫܠܡܘܬܐ ܡܫܝܚܬܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܒܫܪܝܪܘܬܐ ܒܝܢܝ ܪܡܙ̈ܢܐ (ܩܐܦܐ ܕ-Cohen، ܐܠܦܐ ܕ-Krippendorff)؛ ܠܐ ܫܠܡܘܬܐ ܡܬܬܩܢܬܐ ܥܠ ܓܢܣܐ ܦܪܝܫܐ ܟܐܡܪܐ ܕܬܚܘܡܐ ܕܝܠܗ ܓܘ ܟܬܒܐ ܕܪ̈ܡܙܐ ܠܐ ܝܠܗ ܓܠܝܐ – ܟܚܪܦܚ ܬܚܘܡܐ، ܠܐ ܪܡܙܢܐ. ܡܢܝܢܐ ܕܓܢ̈ܣܐ – ܓܘ ܦܐܬܐ ܕܣܓܝܐܘ̈ܬܐ.

4. ܚܣܝ̈ܪܐ ܘܪ̈ܡܙܐ ܦܪ̈ܝܫܐ

Field (2024، ܦܣܩܐ 4.6.8): ܐܘܪܚܐ ܦܫܝܛܬܐ ܕܟܬܝܒܬܐ ܕܚܣܝܪܐ ܩܠܝܬܐ ܣܦܝܩܬܐ (empty cell) ܝܠܗ̇؛ ܘܐܢ ܓܒܚ ܪܡܙܐ ܡܢܝܢܝܐ، ܣܢܝܩ ܝܠܗ ܕܗܘܝܐ ܛܝܡܐ "ܕܠܐ ܡܨܐ ܗܘܐ" – ܪܒܐ ܡܢ ܛܝܡܐ ܥܠܝܐ (maximum) ܕܡܚܘܝܢܐ (101، 999، ܝܢ "666، ܡܛܠ ܕܛܝ̈ܡܐ ܚܣܝ̈ܪܐ ܥܒܕܐ ܕܣܛܢܐ ܝܢܐ") – ܡܛܠ ܕܐܢ ܓܒܚ 9 ܘܟܡܐ ܡܫܬܘܬܦ̈ܢܐ (participants) ܒܫܪܪܐ ܦܢܝܠܗܘܢ 9، ܐܢܝ ܒܕ ܡܬܚܫܒܝ ܚܣܝ̈ܪܐ. ܓܘ SPSS ܡܨܝܚ ܕܡܚܕܕܚ ܗܠ ܬܠܬܐ ܪ̈ܡܙܐ ܦܪ̈ܝܫܐ، ܘܗܕܟܐ ܕܥܗܕܚ ܩܐ ܡܘܕܝ ܚܣܝܪܐ ܝܠܗ: 8 = ܠܐ ܐܣܝܪܐ، 9 = ܠܐ ܝܕܥܢ، 99 = ܠܐ ܦܢܝܠܗ – ܬܘܟܢܝܬܐ ܠܐ ܟܚܫܒܐ ܠܟܠܗܘܢ ܒܗܘ ܐܣܟܝܡܐ، ܐܠܐ ܪܡܙܐ ܟܐܡܪ ܩܐܠܘܟܘܢ ܥܠܬܐ. ܓܘ ܣܐܝܛ ܢܡܘܣܐ ܝܠܗ ܩܠܝܬܐ ܣܦܝܩܬܐ = ܚܣܝܪܐ، ܕܠܐ ܬܚܘ̈ܡܐ (ܦܐܬܐ ܛܘܦܣܐ ܬܩܝܢܐ، "ܛܝ̈ܡܐ ܚܣܝ̈ܪܐ"): ܪܡܙܐ ܐܝܟ 99 ܓܘ ܥܡܘܕܐ ܕܥܘܡܪܐ ܒܕ ܡܬܚܫܒ ܐܝܟ ܥܘܡܪܐ. ܘܡܛܠ ܗܕܐ ܡܐ ܕܟܥܒܕܚ ܒܫܪܪܐ: ܠܐ ܨܒܝܢܐ / ܠܐ ܦܢܝܠܗ / ܫܘܪܬܐ ܕܠܐ ܨܒܝܢܐ – ܩܠܝܬܐ ܣܦܝܩܬܐ؛ "ܠܐ ܐܣܝܪܐ" ܒܬܪ ܫܘܐܠܐ ܕܡܨܠܠܢܘܬܐ (filter) – ܩܠܝܬܐ ܣܦܝܩܬܐ، ܘܥܠܬܐ ܟܬܝܒܬܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܓܘ ܥܡܘܕܐ ܕܡܥܝܪ̈ܢܘܬܐ ܓܘ ܡܦܫܩܢܐ (legend / codebook sheet) ("ܣܦܝܩܐ = ܠܐ ܫܬܝܐ ܬܬܘܢ، ܠܦܘܬ ܫܘܐܠܐ 4")؛ "ܠܐ ܝܕܥܢ" ܓܘ ܫܘܐܠܐ ܕܝܕܥܬܐ ܝܢ ܕܥܒܕܐ – ܐܗܐ ܦܘܢܝܐ ܝܠܗ، ܠܐ ܚܣܝܪܐ: ܪܡܙܐ ܕܝܠܗ (ܡܬܠܐ 9) ܕܟܬܝܒܐ ܝܠܗ ܓܘ ܡܦܫܩܢܐ، ܕܟܦܝܫ ܓܘ ܣܓܝܐܘ̈ܬܐ (frequencies) ܘܕܦܠܝܛܐ ܝܠܗ (ܡܫܚܠܦܐ ܒܩܠܝܬܐ ܣܦܝܩܬܐ ܓܘ ܢܘܣܚܐ ܕܥܒܕܐ) ܩܕܡ ܡܨܥܝܬܐ (mean)، ܐܣܘܪܐ ܕܚܕ̈ܕܐ (correlation) ܝܢ ܒܘܚܪܢܐ. ܦܘܪܫܢܐ ܒܝܢܝ ܚܣܝܪܐ ܕܙܕܩܐ ܘܕܠܐ ܙܕܩܐ، ܘܩܐ ܡܘܕܝ "ܠܐ ܝܕܥܢ" ܓܒ ܙܒ̈ܢܐ ܡܫܟܚܢܘܬܐ ܝܠܗ̇ – ܓܘ ܦܐܬܐ ܕܛܘܦܣܐ (ܠܦܘܬ Cunningham & Muir, 2023، ܐܝܟ ܕܡܝܬܐ ܝܠܗ ܬܡܢ)؛ ܡܘܕܝ ܟܥܒܕܐ ܟܠ ܐܘܪܚܐ ܕܡܕܒܪܢܘܬܐ ܕܚܣܝ̈ܪܐ ܠܦܐܪ̈ܐ – ܓܘ ܛܝ̈ܡܐ ܚܣܝ̈ܪܐ.

5. ܡܢ ܦܣܘ̈ܩܐ ܠܡܢܝܢܐ ܕܣܒܠܬܐ

"ܩܕܡ ܕܡܨܝܚ ܕܦܫܩܚ، ܣܢܝܩ ܝܠܗ ܕܚܫܒܚ ܡܢܝ̈ܢܐ ܕܣܒܠܬܐ ܩܐ ܟܠ ܣܒܠܬܐ ܓܘ ܒܘܨܝܐ. ܬܪܝܢ ܕܪ̈ܓܐ: 1. ܗܦܟܐ ܕܟܠ ܦܣܘܩܐ ܕܟܬܝܒܐ ܝܠܗ ܒܠܐ؛ 2. ܟܢܫܐ ܕܡܢܝ̈ܢܐ ܕܟܠ ܦܣܘ̈ܩܐ ܕܒܢܝ ܣܒܠܬܐ ܝܢ ܣܒܠܬܐ ܡܢܬܢܝܬܐ" (Pallant, 2020, Chapter 8). ܗܘܦܟܐ (reverse-scoring): ܓܘ ܣܒܠܬܐ (scale) 1-5، ܡܢܝܢܐ ܚܕܬܐ ܝܠܗ 6 − x (1 ↔ 5، 2 ↔ 4، 3 ܟܦܝܫ)؛ ܓܘ ܣܒܠܬܐ 1-7 – 8 − x؛ ܓܘ ܣܒܠܬܐ 0-4 – 4 − x. ܢܡܘܣܐ: (ܛܝܡܐ ܥܠܝܐ + ܛܝܡܐ ܬܚܬܝܐ) − x. ܬܠܬܐ ܙܘܗܪ̈ܐ ܕ-Pallant: ܒܘܚܪܢܐ ܓܘ ܡܕܒܪܢܐ ܕܣܒܠܬܐ ܝܢ ܓܘ ܡܐܡܪܐ ܫܪܫܝܐ ܐܝܢܝ ܦܣܘ̈ܩܐ ܟܗܦܟܚ ܘܕܟܝ ܟܚܫܒܚ (ܓܘܡܪܐ ܝܢ ܡܨܥܝܬܐ؛ ܣܒ̈ܠܬܐ ܡܢܬܢ̈ܝܬܐ ܕܫܠܝܛܐ ܝܢ ܠܐ ܫܠܝܛܐ ܝܠܗ ܠܟܢܫܐ ܕܝܠܗܝ) – "ܦܫܝܩܐ ܝܠܗ ܒܣܓܝ ܕܥܒܕܬ ܫܦܝܪ ܓܘ ܙܒܢܐ ܩܕܡܝܐ ܡܢ ܕܕܥܪܬ ܥܠ ܦܘܫ̈ܩܐ"؛ ܥܒܕܐ ܕܐܗܐ ܒܣ ܥܠ ܦܐܝܠ ܓܡܝܪܐ، "ܡܛܠ ܕܬܘܟܢܝܬܐ ܠܐ ܟܡܚܕܬܐ ܦܘܩ̈ܕܢܐ ܐܝܡܢ ܕܡܘܣܦܚ ܝܗܝ̈ܒܬܐ"؛ ܘܒܢܝܢܐ ܕܡܫܬܚܠܦ̈ܢܐ ܚܕ̈ܬܐ ܘܠܐ ܟܬܝܒܬܐ ܥܠ ܥܬܝܩ̈ܐ – "ܫܠܝܡܐ ܝܠܗ ܒܣܓܝ ܝܬܝܪ، ܘܟܢܛܪ ܝܗܝ̈ܒܬܐ ܫܪܫܝ̈ܬܐ". ܓܘ ܣܐܝܛ ܟܠ ܐܗܐ ܟܡܬܥܒܕ ܒܚܕ ܕܚܩܐ: ܦܐܬܐ ܐܠܦܐ ܕ-Cronbach ܘܡܢܝܢܐ ܕܣܒܠܬܐ ܟܩܪܐ ܓܘ ܡܦܫܩܢܐ (legend / codebook sheet) "item" ܘ"reverse"، ܟܗܦܟ، ܟܚܫܒ ܐܠܦܐ ܘܟܡܚܬܬ ܦܐܝܠ ܕܝܘܟܘܢ ܥܡ ܥܡܘܕܐ ܕܡܢܝܢܐ ܕܣܒܠܬܐ (ܡܨܥܝܬܐ ܝܢ ܓܘܡܪܐ، ܥܡ ܬܚܘܡܐ ܩܐ ܚܣܝ̈ܪܐ) – ܘܥܡܘ̈ܕܐ ܫܪܫܝ̈ܐ ܓܘ ܕܘܟܬܐ ܕܝܠܗܘܢ. ܡܐ ܕܟܦܝܫ ܩܐܠܘܟܘܢ: ܪܫܡܐ ܓܘ ܡܦܫܩܢܐ، ܘܟܬܝܒܬܐ ܓܘ ܡܥܝܪ̈ܢܘܬܐ ܕܟܝ ܚܫܝܒܐ ܝܠܗ ܡܢܝܢܐ.

6. ܟܢܫܐ ܕܡܫܬܚܠܦܢܐ ܡܬܡܫܚܢܐ ܘܚܘܝܕܐ ܕܓܢ̈ܣܐ

ܡܬܡܫܚܢܐ ܠܓܘ̈ܕܐ. "ܩܐ ܦܘܫ̈ܩܐ ܦܪ̈ܝܫܐ، ܝܢ ܐܝܡܢ ܕܦܘܠܓܐ ܥܩܝܡܐ ܝܠܗ ܒܣܓܝ، ܡܨܝܚ ܕܦܠܓܚ ܕܘܡܝܐ ܠܓܘ̈ܕܐ ܫܘ̈ܝܐ ܠܦܘܬ ܡܢܝܢܐ" – Pallant (2020، ܨܚܚܐ 8) ܟܦܠܓܐ ܥܘܡܪܐ ܠܬܠܬܐ ܓܘ̈ܕܐ ܒܪܒܘܬܐ ܕܡܝܬܐ (Visual Binning، ܠܦܘܬ ܕܪ̈ܓܐ ܡܢ ܡܐܐ (percentiles))، ܘܟܡܥܗܕܐ ܕܗܝ̇ ܐܘܡܢܘܬܐ ܟܝܗܒܐ ܦܘܠܓܐ ܕܛܝܡܐ ܡܨܥܝܐ (median split) ܠܬܪܝܢ ܓܘ̈ܕܐ؛ ܦܐܪܐ ܡܫܬܚܠܦܢܐ ܚܕܬܐ ܝܠܗ (agegp3) ܘܡܫܬܚܠܦܢܐ ܡܬܡܫܚܢܐ (continuous) ܟܦܝܫ. ܬܪܝܢ ܙܘܗܪ̈ܐ ܕܝܠܗ̇: "ܟܡܘܒܕܝܬܘܢ ܝܕܥܬܐ" – ܘܡܛܠ ܗܕܐ ܟܢܫܐ ܩܐ ܒܘܚܪܢܐ ܝܠܗ ܕܣܢܝܩ ܝܠܗ ܠܓܘ̈ܕܐ (ܦܘܫܩܐ ܕܫܘܚܠܦܐ (ANOVA)، ܟܝ ܡܪܒܥܐ (chi-square))، ܠܐ ܚܠܦܐ ܕܐܣܘܪܐ ܕܚܕ̈ܕܐ (correlation) ܝܢ ܕܪܝܓܪܫܢ (regression) ܥܠ ܡܫܬܚܠܦܢܐ ܡܬܡܫܚܢܐ؛ ܘܩܐ ܣܒܠܬܐ ܩܠܝܢܝܬܐ ܛܒ ܝܠܗ ܬܚܘܡܐ ܡܢ ܟܬܒ̈ܐ (ܢܘܩ̈ܙܐ ܕܦܘܣܩܐ ܡܦܪ̈ܣܡܐ) ܡܢ ܕܪ̈ܓܐ ܡܢ ܡܐܐ. ܓܘ ܐܩܣܠ: ܥܡܘܕܐ ܚܕܬܐ ܥܡ =IF(B2<30,1,IF(B2<45,2,3))، ܘܣܕܪܐ ܓܘ ܡܦܫܩܢܐ (legend / codebook sheet): ܥܘܡܪܐ_ܓܘܕܐ – ordinal – 1 = ܗܠ 29; 2 = 30-44; 3 = 45+، ܘܓܘ ܡܥܝܪ̈ܢܘܬܐ "ܢܦܝܩܐ ܡܢ ܥܘܡܪܐ". ܚܘܝܕܐ ܕܓܢ̈ܣܐ. ܡܢ ܥܠܬܐ ܬܐܘܪܝܬܐ (ܐܝܟܢܝܘܬܐ ܕܒܝܬܐ ← "ܓܘ ܚܒܪܘܬܐ / ܠܐ ܓܘ ܚܒܪܘܬܐ") ܝܢ ܒܬܪ ܕܚܙܠܘܟܘܢ ܣܓܝܐܘ̈ܬܐ (frequencies) – "ܒܣ ܬܪܝܢ ܐܢܫ̈ܐ ܓܘ ܓܢܣܐ ܕܝܘܠܦܢܐ ܩܕܡܝܐ" – ܘܒܬܪ ܗܕܐ ܟܡܚܝܕܚ ܥܡ ܓܢܣܐ ܕܓܢܒܗ ܘܟܪܫܡܚ ܡܢ ܪܝܫ ("ܠܐ ܫܠܡܠܗܘܢ ܬܝܟܘܢ")؛ "ܚܫܝܚܐ ܝܠܗ ܒܣܓܝ: ܟܒܢܚ ܡܫܬܚܠܦܢܐ ܚܕܬܐ، ܡܘܣܦܐ" (Pallant). ܐܝܡܢ ܐܗܐ ܣܢܝܩ ܝܠܗ: ܟܝ ܡܪܒܥܐ ܥܡ ܣܓܝܐܘ̈ܬܐ ܡܣܟ̈ܝܬܐ (expected frequencies) ܙܥܘܪ̈ܐ (ܦܐܬܐ ܕܟܝ ܡܪܒܥܐ ܟܡܙܗܪ)، ܦܘܫܩܐ ܕܫܘܚܠܦܐ ܥܡ ܓܘܕܐ ܕܬܪܝܢ ܡܫܬܘܬܦ̈ܢܐ (ܦܘܫܩܐ ܕܫܘܚܠܦܐ ܟܦܠܛ ܓܘ̈ܕܐ ܥܡ ܒܨܝܪ ܡܢ ܬܪܬܝܢ ܚܙ̈ܝܬܐ)، Kruskal-Wallis ܥܡ ܒܨܝܪ ܡܢ ܚܡܫܐ ܓܘ ܓܘܕܐ.

7. ܪܡܙܢܘܬܐ ܕܡܫܬܚܠܦ̈ܢܐ ܕܡܘܬܐ – ܓܢ̈ܣܐ ܓܘ ܪܝܓܪܫܢ

ܪܝܓܪܫܢ (regression) ܟܩܒܠ ܡܫܬܚܠܦܢܐ ܕܬܪܝܢ ܛܝ̈ܡܐ (binary / dichotomous) ܐܝܟ ܕܐܝܬܘܗܝ (0/1)؛ ܡܫܬܚܠܦܢܐ ܥܡ ܬܠܬܐ ܓܢ̈ܣܐ ܘܠܥܠ ܠܐ ܡܨܝܚ ܕܡܥܠܚ ܐܝܟ ܚܕ ܥܡܘܕܐ، ܡܛܠ ܕܡܢܝ̈ܢܐ 1، 2، 3 ܒܕ ܡܬܩܪܝ ܐܝܟ ܛܟܣܐ ܘܐܝܟ ܪ̈ܘܚܩܐ. ܦܘܫܪܐ – ܪܡܙܢܘܬܐ ܕܡܫܬܚܠܦ̈ܢܐ ܕܡܘܬܐ (dummy coding؛ Field, 2024, Section 12.3.1)، ܒܬܡܢܝܐ ܕܪ̈ܓܐ: ܟܡܢܚ ܓܘ̈ܕܐ ܘܟܒܨܪܚ 1 – ܐܗܐ ܝܠܗ ܡܢܝܢܐ ܕܡܫܬܚܠܦ̈ܢܐ ܕܡܘܬܐ؛ ܟܒܢܚ ܐܢܝ؛ ܟܓܒܚ ܓܘܕܐ ܕܫܬܐܣܐ – ܓܘܕܐ ܕܦܘܚܡܐ (control group)، ܝܢ، ܕܠܐ ܗܘܦܘܬܣܝܣ (hypothesis) ܦܪܝܫܬܐ، ܓܘܕܐ ܪܒܬܐ ܡܢ ܟܠ ("ܓܘ ܓܘ̈ܕܐ ܕܠܐ ܫܘ̈ܝܐ ܚܫܝܚܐ ܝܠܗ ܕܓܘܕܐ ܕܫܬܐܣܐ ܗܘܝܐ ܪܒܬܐ، ܗܕܟܐ ܕܫܘܥܪ̈ܐ ܗܘܝܝ ܡܗܝܡܢ̈ܐ")؛ ܩܐ ܓܘܕܐ ܕܫܬܐܣܐ 0 ܓܘ ܟܠ ܡܫܬܚܠܦ̈ܢܐ ܕܡܘܬܐ؛ ܓܘ ܡܫܬܚܠܦܢܐ ܩܕܡܝܐ 1 ܩܐ ܓܘܕܐ ܩܕܡܝܬܐ ܕܟܦܚܡܚ ܥܡ ܫܬܐܣܐ ܘ-0 ܩܐ ܟܠ ܫܪܟܐ؛ ܘܗܕܟܐ ܠܩܕܡ؛ ܘܟܠ ܡܫܬܚܠܦ̈ܢܐ ܕܡܘܬܐ ܟܥܐܠܝ ܠܡܘܕܝܠ (model) ܓܘ ܗܘ ܓܘܫܡܐ (block). ܡܬܠܐ ܕ-Field: ܬܠܬܐ ܓܘ̈ܕܐ ܕ-treatment (ܕܠܐ، 15 ܩܛܝܢ̈ܐ، 30 ܩܛܝܢ̈ܐ) – ܬܪܝܢ ܡܫܬܚܠܦ̈ܢܐ ܕܡܘܬܐ، "ܕܠܐ" ܐܝܟ ܫܬܐܣܐ، ܘܟܠ ܡܢܝܢܐ ܡܫܘܬܦܐ (coefficient) ܦܘܪܫܢܐ ܝܠܗ ܒܝܢܝ ܗܝ̇ ܓܘܕܐ ܘܫܬܐܣܐ. ܓܘ ܐܩܣܠ: ܥܡܘܕܐ ܩܐ ܟܠ ܓܘܕܐ ܒܪ ܡܢ ܫܬܐܣܐ، =IF(C2=2,1,0)، ܘܓܘ ܡܦܫܩܢܐ: ܝܘܠܦܢܐ_ܠܥܠ_ܡܢ_ܬܝܟܘܢ – nominal – 1 = ܠܥܠ ܡܢ ܬܝܟܘܢ; 0 = ܐܚܪܢܐ، ܓܘ ܡܥܝܪ̈ܢܘܬܐ "ܕܡܘܬܐ؛ ܫܬܐܣܐ = ܬܝܟܘܢ". ܦܐܬܐ ܕܪܝܓܪܫܢ ܟܩܒܠ ܡܫܬܚܠܦܢܐ ܕܬܪܝܢ ܛܝ̈ܡܐ ܘܟܡܙܗܪ ܥܠ ܡܫܬܚܠܦܢܐ ܕܓܢ̈ܣܐ ܥܡ ܒܝܫ ܡܢ ܬܪܝܢ ܕܪ̈ܓܐ؛ ܥܡ ܡܫܬܚܠܦ̈ܢܐ ܕܡܘܬܐ ܐܗܘ ܟܚܫܒ ܡܘܕܝܠ، ܘܓܘܕܐ ܕܫܬܐܣܐ ܟܐܡܪܚ ܠܗ̇ ܓܘ ܡܐܡܪܐ ܕܬܘܢܝܐ (report sentence).

8. ܡܢ ܡ̈ܠܐ ܠܡܢܝܢܐ – ܘܠܗܦܘܟܐ

ܥܡܘܕܐ ܕܟܬܝܒܐ ܝܠܗ ܒܡ̈ܠܐ ("ܓܒܪܐ"، "ܐܢܬܬܐ"؛ "ܬܠ ܐܒܝܒ"، "ܚܝܦܐ") ܝܗܝܒܬܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܓܘ ܟܠ ܡܕܡ – ܐܠܐ ܒܣ ܐܝܟ ܕܓܢ̈ܣܐ (categorical). ܓܘ SPSS ܟܫܚܠܦܚ ܠܗ ܠܡܢܝ̈ܢܐ ܒ-Automatic Recode – ܡܫܬܚܠܦܢܐ ܚܕܬܐ، ܘܓܘ ܡܦܩܢܐ (output) ܟܢܘܫܝܐ ܕܛܝ̈ܡܐ ܥܬܝܩ̈ܐ ܘܕܪ̈ܡܙܐ ܕܝܗܝ̈ܒܐ ܝܢܐ (Pallant, 2020, Chapter 8). ܓܘ ܣܐܝܛ ܠܐ ܣܢܝܩ ܝܠܗ: ܡܚܫܒ̈ܢܐ (calculators) ܟܡܫܬܘܕܥܝ ܥܠ ܥܡܘܕܐ ܕܪܘܒܐ ܕܛܝ̈ܡܐ ܕܝܠܗ ܡ̈ܠܐ ܝܢܐ ܐܝܟ ܕܓܢ̈ܣܐ، ܘܟܩܒܠܝ ܠܗ ܐܝܟ ܡܫܬܚܠܦܢܐ ܕܓܘ̈ܕܐ (ܒܘܚܪܢܐ t، Mann-Whitney، ܦܘܫܩܐ ܕܫܘܚܠܦܐ، ܟܝ ܡܪܒܥܐ، ܣܓܝܐܘ̈ܬܐ) – ܐܠܐ ܠܐ ܐܝܟ ܡܫܬܚܠܦܢܐ ܬܠܝܐ، ܘܠܐ ܐܝܟ ܡܢܒܝܢܐ (predictor). ܬܪܬܝܢ ܦܚ̈ܐ: ܟܬܝܒܘܬܐ ܕܠܐ ܫܘܝܐ ("ܬܠ ܐܒܝܒ" / "ܬܠ-ܐܒܝܒ" / "ܬ"ܐ") ܟܥܒܕܐ ܚܕ ܓܢܣܐ ܬܠܬܐ – ܡܒܚܪܢܐ ܕܛܘܦܣܐ ܟܡܚܘܐ ܪܫܝܡܬܐ ܕܛܝ̈ܡܐ ܦܪ̈ܝܫܐ؛ ܘܡܢܝܢܐ ܕܟܬܝܒܐ ܝܠܗ ܥܡ ܡ̈ܠܐ ("35 ܫܢ̈ܐ"، "ܩܪܝܒ 5") ܟܥܒܕ ܥܡܘܕܐ ܡܬܡܫܚܢܐ ܡ̈ܠܐ – ܡܒܚܪܢܐ ܟܡܙܗܪ، ܘܟܬܪܨܚ ܓܘ ܢܘܣܚܐ. ܒܐܘܪܚܐ ܗܦܘܟܬܐ – ܡܢܝ̈ܢܐ ܕܒܥܝܚ ܕܚܙܚ ܐܝܟ ܡ̈ܠܐ – ܠܐ ܟܡܫܚܠܦܚ ܝܗܝ̈ܒܬܐ: ܟܟܬܒܚ ܪܘ̈ܫܡܐ (labels) ܓܘ ܡܦܫܩܢܐ ("1 = ܓܒܪܐ؛ 2 = ܐܢܬܬܐ")، ܘܐܢܝ ܟܡܬܚܙܝ ܓܘ ܟܠ ܠܘܚܐ، ܨܘܪܬܐ ܘܡܐܡܪܐ ܕܬܘܢܝܐ.

9. ܫܘܢܝ̈ܐ (transformations) – ܘܡܘܕܝ ܟܥܒܕܚ ܒܕܘܟܬܝܗܘܢ

"ܓܒ ܙܒ̈ܢܐ ܣܓܝ̈ܐܐ، ܐܝܡܢ ܕܟܒܚܪܚ ܦܘܠܓܐ (distribution) ܕܣܒܠܬܐ، ܟܡܫܟܚܚ (ܥܡ ܥܩܬܐ!) ܕܡܢܝ̈ܢܐ ܠܐ ܦܠܝܓ̈ܐ ܝܢܐ ܢܘܪܡܠܐܝܬ" – Pallant (2020، ܨܚܚܐ 8) ܟܡܢܝܐ ܬܠܬܐ ܐܘܪ̈ܚܬܐ: ܫܒܩܐ ܕܦܪܡܝܛܪܝܐ ܘܥܒܪܐ ܠܚܠܦܐ ܠܐ ܦܪܡܝܛܪܝܐ (nonparametric) (Spearman، Mann-Whitney، Wilcoxon، Kruskal-Wallis – ܟܠܗܘܢ ܓܘ ܣܐܝܛ)؛ ܟܢܫܐ ܠܓܢ̈ܣܐ – ܓܘ ܣܒܠܬܐ ܕ-depression ܥܩܝܡܬܐ ܗܝ̇ ܟܦܣܩܐ ܓܘ ܢܘܩ̈ܙܐ ܕܦܘܣܩܐ ܩܠܝܢ̈ܝܐ ܡܦܪ̈ܣܡܐ ("ܢܘܪܡܠܝܐ" / "ܩܠܝܢܝܐ") ܘܟܥܒܪܐ ܠܒܘܚܪܢܐ ܩܐ ܓܢ̈ܣܐ، "ܐܠܐ ܒܕ ܡܘܒܕܝܬܘܢ ܝܕܥܬܐ"؛ ܝܢ ܫܘܢܝܐ ܕܡܢܝ̈ܢܐ ܒܐܘܪܚܐ ܡܬܡܛܝܩܝܬܐ – ܘܥܠ ܐܗܐ "ܐܝܬ ܚܪܝܢܐ ܪܒܐ ܓܘ ܟܬܒ̈ܐ، ܐܝܬ ܡܣܡܟ̈ܢܐ ܚܡܝ̈ܡܐ ܘܐܝܬ ܡܩܘܒܠ̈ܢܐ، ܘܐܗܐ ܟܫܚܠܦ ܒܝܢܝ ܝܘܠܦ̈ܢܐ – ܒܘܚܪܘܢ ܡܐܡܪ̈ܐ ܓܘ ܕܘܟܬܐ ܕܝܘܟܘܢ" (ܦܘܪܫܐ ܝܬܝܪ – Tabachnick ܘ-Fidell, 2013، ܐܝܟ ܕܡܝܬܝ̈ܐ ܝܢܐ ܓܘ Pallant). ܥܝܕܐ ܕܣܐܝܛ (site convention)، ܒܬܪ ܐܗܐ ܚܕܪܐ: ܡܚܫܒ̈ܢܐ ܠܐ ܟܥܒܕܝ ܫܘܢܝ̈ܐ؛ ܩܕܡ ܕܫܚܠܦܚ ܡܢܝ̈ܢܐ ܟܒܚܪܚ ܡܘܕܝ ܟܐܡܪܐ ܬܒܪܬܐ ܕܫܪܛܐ ܡܢ ܟܠ ܥܠܡ (ܒܘܚܪܢܐ ܕܢܘܪܡܠܝܘܬܐ – ܓܘ ܕܘܡܝܐ (sample) ܪܒܐ ܪܘܒܐ ܕܙܒ̈ܢܐ ܠܐ ܟܥܒܕܐ ܥܘܟܒܐ؛ ܛܝ̈ܡܐ ܢܘܟܪ̈ܝܐ ܘܫܪ̈ܛܐ)، ܘܐܢ ܦܣܩܚ ܥܡ ܟܠ ܗܕܐ – ܫܘܢܝܐ ܡܫܬܚܠܦܢܐ ܚܕܬܐ ܝܠܗ ܓܘ ܐܩܣܠ (=LOG10(B2)، =SQRT(B2))، ܥܡ ܣܕܪܐ ܓܘ ܡܦܫܩܢܐ (legend / codebook sheet)، ܘܟܡܘܕܥܚ ܠܗ ܘܓܘ ܐܝܢܐ ܣܒܠܬܐ ܡܫܟܚܢܘܬܐ ܡܬܦܫܩܐ ܝܠܗ̇.

10. ܟܬܒܐ ܕܫܘܢܝ̈ܐ

"ܐܝܡܢ ܕܟܫܚܠܦܚ ܡܫܬܚܠܦ̈ܢܐ (variables) ܝܢ ܟܒܢܚ ܡܫܬܚܠܦ̈ܢܐ ܚܕ̈ܬܐ، ܚܫܝܚܐ ܝܠܗ ܕܟܬܒܚ ܐܗܐ ܓܘ ܟܬܒܐ ܕܪ̈ܡܙܐ (codebook)" (Pallant, 2020, Chapter 8) – ܘܓܘܬܗ̇ ܟܠ ܦܘܠܚܢܐ ܟܫܠܡ ܒ-Paste ܠܟܘܬܐ ܕܣܝܢܬܐܟܣ (syntax)، "ܡܐܢܐ ܡܘܬܪܢܐ ܩܐ ܢܛܪܬܐ ܕܟܬܝܒܬܐ ܕܟܠ ܫܘܢܝܐ ܓܘ ܦܐܝܠ". ܓܘ ܣܐܝܛ، ܕܓܘܗ ܥܒܕܐ ܓܘ ܐܩܣܠ ܝܠܗ، ܟܬܝܒܬܐ ܓܘ ܬܠܬܐ ܕܘܟ̈ܝܬܐ ܝܠܗ̇: ܥܡܘܕܐ ܫܪܫܝܐ ܟܦܝܫ ܘܚܕܬܐ ܓܢܒܗ، ܒܫܡܐ ܕܟܡܚܘܐ ܐܣܘܪܐ (ܥܘܡܪܐ ← ܥܘܡܪܐ_ܓܘܕܐ؛ עמדות2 ← עמדות2_הפוך)؛ ܣܕܪܐ ܓܘ ܡܦܫܩܢܐ (legend / codebook sheet) ܩܐ ܟܠ ܡܫܬܚܠܦܢܐ ܚܕܬܐ – ܙܢܐ، ܪ̈ܡܙܐ، ܘܓܘ ܡܥܝܪ̈ܢܘܬܐ ܡܢ ܡܘܕܝ ܘܕܟܝ ܢܦܝܩܐ ܝܠܗ ("ܢܦܝܩܐ ܡܢ ܥܘܡܪܐ: ܗܠ 29 / 30-44 / 45+"؛ "ܕܡܘܬܐ، ܫܬܐܣܐ = ܬܝܟܘܢ")؛ ܘܣܝܢܬܐܟܣ ܕܟܠ ܡܚܫܒܢܐ ܟܡܚܬܬ، ܕܟܟܬܒ ܡܘܕܝ ܪܗܛܐ ܝܠܗ ܘܥܠ ܐܝܢܝ ܡܫܬܚܠܦ̈ܢܐ. ܢܡܘܣܐ ܕܠܥܠ ܡܢ ܟܠܗܘܢ، ܡܢ ܦܐܬܐ ܕܛܘܦܣܐ: ܫܪܫܐ ܩܦܝܠܐ ܝܠܗ، ܥܒܕܐ ܓܘ ܢܘܣܚܐ – ܘܟܠ ܛܝܡܐ ܕܡܬܘܪܨܐ ܝܠܗ ܒܐܝܕܐ ܟܡܬܟܬܒ: ܡܢܘ، ܐܝܡܢ، ܡܘܕܝ ܘܩܐ ܡܘܕܝ.

ܛܥܝ̈ܘܬܐ ܕܡܬܚܙܝܢ ܣܓܝ (Common mistakes)

ܟܬܝܒܬܐ ܩܕܡ ܟܬܒܐ ܕܪ̈ܡܙܐ. ܘܒܬܪ ܗܕܐ ܡܫܟܚܬܐ ܓܘ ܦܠܓܐ ܕ"ܡܣܟܡ ܒܣܓܝ" 1 ܝܠܗ ܓܘ ܚܕܐ ܦܢܩܝܬܐ ܕܫܘܐ̈ܠܐ ܘ-5 ܓܘ ܐܚܪܬܐ (Pallant, 2020, Chapter 2).

99 ܐܝܟ ܚܣܝܪܐ ܕܠܐ ܐܡܪܬܐ ܠܚܕ ܐܢܫܐ. ܓܘ SPSS ܕܠܐ ܬܚܘܡܐ ܕ-user-missing، ܘܓܘ ܣܐܝܛ ܟܠ ܐܡܢ – 99 ܥܘܡܪܐ ܝܠܗ (Field, 2024، ܦܣܩܐ 4.6.8؛ ܦܐܬܐ ܕܛܘܦܣܐ).

"ܠܐ ܝܕܥܢ" ܐܝܟ ܩܠܝܬܐ ܣܦܝܩܬܐ، ܝܢ ܐܝܟ ܡܨܥܬܐ ܕܣܒܠܬܐ. ܦܘܢܝܐ ܥܡ ܪܡܙܐ ܕܝܠܗ، ܕܦܠܝܛܐ ܝܠܗ ܩܕܡ ܡܨܥܝܬܐ (ܦܣܩܐ 4).

"1، 3، 5" ܓܘ ܚܕ ܩܠܝܬܐ ܩܐ ܫܘܐܠܐ ܕ"ܪܫܘܡܘܢ ܟܠ ܡܐ ܕܦܐܐ". ܥܡܘܕܐ ܩܐ ܟܠ ܓܘܒܝܐ، 0/1 (ܠܘܚܐ 1).

ܗܦܟܐ ܕܦܣܘܩܐ ܒܟܬܝܒܬܐ ܥܠ ܥܬܝܩܐ، ܝܢ ܛܥܝܘܬܐ ܕܗܦܟܐ. ܐܠܦܐ ܢܚܝܬܐ ܝܢ ܬܚܘܬ ܨܦܪܐ، ܐܣܘܪܐ ܕܚܕ̈ܕܐ ܕܦܣܘܩܐ-ܣܒܠܬܐ (item-total correlation) ܬܚܘܬ ܨܦܪܐ؛ "reverse" ܓܘ ܡܦܫܩܢܐ ܘܦܐܬܐ ܕܐܠܦܐ ܟܥܒܕܝ ܐܗܐ ܓܘ ܥܡܘܕܐ ܚܕܬܐ (ܦܣܩܐ 5).

ܚܘܫܒܢܐ ܕܡܢܝܢܐ ܕܣܒܠܬܐ ܩܕܡ ܕܦܐܝܠ ܓܡܝܪܐ ܗܘܝܐ. ܘܒܬܪ ܗܕܐ ܡܘܣܦܬܐ ܕܡܫܬܘܬܦ̈ܢܐ ܕܠܐ ܡܢܝܢܐ (Pallant, Chapter 8).

ܟܢܫܐ ܕܥܘܡܪܐ ܠܓܘ̈ܕܐ ܘܒܬܪ ܗܕܐ ܚܘܫܒܢܐ ܕܐܣܘܪܐ ܕܚܕ̈ܕܐ ܥܡ ܓܘ̈ܕܐ. ܝܕܥܬܐ ܐܒܝܕܬܐ ܝܠܗ̇؛ ܐܣܘܪܐ ܕܚܕ̈ܕܐ (correlation) – ܥܠ ܡܫܬܚܠܦܢܐ ܡܬܡܫܚܢܐ (ܦܣܩܐ 6).

ܡܫܬܚܠܦܢܐ ܕܓܢ̈ܣܐ ܥܡ 1، 2، 3 ܬܪܝܨܐܝܬ ܓܘ ܪܝܓܪܫܢ. ܡܘܕܝܠ (model) ܟܩܪܐ ܛܟܣܐ ܘܪ̈ܘܚܩܐ ܕܠܝܬ؛ ܪܡܙܢܘܬܐ ܕܡܫܬܚܠܦ̈ܢܐ ܕܡܘܬܐ (dummy coding) (ܦܣܩܐ 7).

ܓܘܕܐ ܕܫܬܐܣܐ ܕܬܠܬܐ ܡܫܬܘܬܦ̈ܢܐ. ܫܘܥܪ̈ܐ (estimates) ܕܟܠ ܡܫܬܚܠܦ̈ܢܐ ܕܡܘܬܐ ܣܡܝܟ̈ܐ ܝܢܐ ܥܠܗ̇ (Field, 2024, Section 12.3.1).

ܟܬܝܒܘܬܐ ܕܠܐ ܫܘܝܐ ܓܘ ܥܡܘܕܐ ܕܡ̈ܠܐ. ܬܠܬܐ ܓܢ̈ܣܐ ܒܕܘܟܬܐ ܕܚܕ (ܦܣܩܐ 8).

ܫܘܢܝܐ (transformation) ܕܠܐ ܬܘܢܝܐ. ܡܫܟܚܢܘܬܐ ܡܬܦܫܩܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܓܘ ܣܒܠܬܐ ܕܠܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܣܒܠܬܐ ܫܪܫܝܬܐ (ܦܣܩܐ 9).

ܫܘܢܝܐ ܓܘ ܫܪܫܐ. ܕܠܐ ܢܘܣܚܐ، ܕܠܐ ܥܡܘܕܐ ܚܕܬܐ، ܕܠܐ ܣܕܪܐ ܓܘ ܡܦܫܩܢܐ – ܘܠܐ ܡܨܝܚ ܕܕܥܪܚ (ܦܣܩܐ 10).

ܪܫܝܡܬܐ ܕܒܘܚܪܢܐ – ܩܕܡ ܟܬܝܒܬܐ ܘܩܕܡ ܦܘܫܩܐ

ܡܒܘ̈ܥܐ

Field, A. (2024). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics (6th ed.). SAGE.

Pallant, J. (2020). SPSS survival manual: A step by step guide to data analysis using IBM SPSS (7th ed.). Open University Press.

Tabachnick ܘ-Fidell (2013) – ܐܝܟ ܕܡܬܝ̈ܬܐ ܝܢܐ ܓܘ Pallant (2020، ܨܚܚܐ 8)؛ Cunningham ܘ-Muir (2023) – ܐܝܟ ܕܡܬܝ̈ܬܐ ܝܢܐ ܓܘ ܦܐܬܐ ܕܛܘܦܣܐ ܬܩܝܢܐ. ܠܦܘܬ ܢܡܘܣܐ ܕܣܐܝܛ (site rule)، ܓܘ ܪܫܝܡܬܐ ܕܡܒܘ̈ܥܐ (reference list) ܟܡܬܚܙܝ ܒܣ ܡܒܘ̈ܥܐ ܕܩܪܝ̈ܐ ܝܢܐ ܓܘ ܫܪܫܐ ܕܝܗܝ: Pallant (2020) – ܨܚܚ̈ܐ 2 ܘ-8 ܓܡܝܪܐܝܬ، ܠܦܘܬ ܨܚܚܐ ܕܢܘܣܚܐ ܛܒܝܥܐ؛ Field (2024) ܓܘ ܢܘܣܚܐ ܕܝܓܝܛܠܝܐ ܪܕܝܐ (reflowable) – ܦܣ̈ܩܐ 4.6.1، 4.6.5، 4.6.8 ܘ-12.3.1، ܠܦܘܬ ܦܣܩܐ.