ܫܘܐܠܐ ܕܒܘܨܝܐ ܘܗܘܦܘܬܣ̈ܝܣ

ܡܕܒܪܢܐ (guide)

ܡܐ ܐܝܬ ܓܘ ܐܗܐ ܦܐܬܐ (On this page)

ܣܓܝܐܐ ܡܢ ܥܣ̈ܩܘܬܐ ܓܘ ܦܘܫܩܐ (analysis) ܣܛܐܛܝܣܛܝܩܝܐ ܠܐ ܟܡܬܝܠܕܝ ܓܘ ܦܘܫܩܐ – ܟܡܬܝܠܕܝ ܩܕܡ، ܐܡܢ ܕܫܘܐܠܐ ܕܒܘܨܝܐ ܠܐ ܗܘܐ ܗܘܦܘܬܣܝܣ ܕܡܨܝܚ ܠܡܒܛܠܬܗ̇، ܘܐܡܢ ܕܦܘ̈ܣܩܢܐ ܕܣܢܝܩܝ ܗܘܘ ܕܡܬܩܝܡܝ ܩܕܡ ܟܢܫܐ ܕܝܗܝ̈ܒܬܐ ܐܬܝܠܗܘܢ ܩܝ̈ܡܐ ܒܬܪܗ. ܦܐܬܐ ܟܐܙܠܐ ܒܬܪ ܐܘܪܚܐ ܕ-Field (2024، ܨܚ̈ܚܐ 1-3): ܚܙܝܬܐ ← ܬܐܘܪܝܐ ← ܗܘܦܘܬܣܝܣ (hypothesis) ← ܡܢܒܝܢܘܬܐ (prediction) ← ܝܗܝ̈ܒܬܐ، ܘܗܝܕܝܟ ܗܘܦܘܬܣܝܣ ܕܣܦܝܩܘܬܐ (null hypothesis) ܘܚܠܦܝܬܐ، ܐܘܪܚܐ ܕܒܘܚܪܢܐ، ܕܪܓܐ ܕܪܫܝܡܘܬܐ، ܪܒܘܬܐ ܕܕܘܡܝܐ – ܘܡܕܡ ܕܐܬܝܠܗ ܓܠܝܐ ܓܘ ܥܣܪܐ ܫܢ̈ܐ ܐܚܪ̈ܝܐ ܥܠ ܡܕܡ ܕܟܗܘܐ ܐܡܢ ܕܟܦܣܩܚ ܥܠ ܐܢܝ ܒܬܪ ܡܕܡ ܕܗܘܐ. ܟܡܫܠܡܐ ܒܡܕܡ ܕ-p ܟܐܡܪ ܘܡܘܕܝ ܠܐ، ܘܒܪܒܘܬܐ ܕܡܥܒܕܢܘܬܐ (effect size) – ܡܢܝܢܐ ܕܣܢܝܩܐ ܝܠܗ ܕܐܙܠ ܥܡ ܟܠ p.

1. ܚܕܪܐ ܕܒܘܨܝܐ – ܘܩܡܘܕܝ ܗܘܦܘܬܣܝܣ ܠܝܠܗ̇ ܡܢܒܝܢܘܬܐ

ܒܘܨܝܐ ܟܫܪܐ ܡܢ ܚܙܝܬܐ (observation) ܕܣܢܝܩܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܠܡܦܫܩܢܘܬܐ – ܡܢ ܬܫܥܝܬܐ ܕܚܝ̈ܐ ("ܚܙܐܠܝ ܕ...") ܝܢ ܡܣܡܟܬܐ ܥܠ ܝܗܝ̈ܒܬܐ – ܘܡܢ ܫܘܐܠܐ "ܩܡܘܕܝ". ܩܐ ܒܘܚܪܢܐ ܕܐܢ ܚܙܝܬܐ ܓܢܗ̇ ܫܪܝܪܬܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܘܠܐ ܡܣܒܐ ܒܐܦ̈ܐ، ܣܢܝܩܘܬܐ ܐܝܬ ܩܕܡ ܟܠ ܠܚܕ ܡܫܬܚܠܦܢܐ (variable) ܠܦܚܘܬ ܕܟܡܫܚ ܠܗ̇ ܒܡܢܝܢܐ؛ ܘܒܬܪܗ ܟܦܢܚ ܠܬܐܘܪ̈ܝܐ ܕܦܝܫܝ ܠܗ̇، ܟܡܦܩܚ ܡܢܝܗܝ ܡܦܫܩܢܘܬܐ (ܗܘܦܘܬܣܝܣ)، ܘܡܢ ܗܘܦܘܬܣܝܣ – ܡܢܒ̈ܝܢܘܝܬܐ. ܡܢܒ̈ܝܢܘܝܬܐ ܣܢܝܩ̈ܐ ܝܢܐ ܠܝܗܝ̈ܒܬܐ: ܟܡܦܪܫܚ ܡܘܕܝ ܡܨܐ ܕܡܫܬܚ، ܟܡܟܢܫܚ، ܟܦܫܩܚ. ܦܘܫܩܐ (analysis) ܝܢ ܟܡܣܡܟ ܠܗܘܦܘܬܣܝܣ، ܝܢ ܟܡܘܠܕ ܚܕܐ ܚܕܬܐ، ܝܢ ܟܡܬܪܨ ܠܬܐܘܪܝܐ – ܘܒܗܝ ܣܒܒܐ ܡܟܢܫܬܐ ܕܝܗܝ̈ܒܬܐ ܘܬܐܘܪܝܐ ܐܣܝܪ̈ܐ ܝܢܐ ܚܕ ܥܡ ܐܚܪܢܐ ܒܬܪܬܝܢ ܐܘܪ̈ܚܬܐ (Field, 2024, Sections 1.2-1.3).

ܦܘܪܫܢܐ ܕܦܫܝܩ ܡܢ ܟܠܗ ܠܡܛܥܝܐ – ܘ-Field (2024، ܦܣܩܐ 1.4) ܟܝܗܒ ܠܗ ܬܘܪܨܐ ܓܠܝܐ – ܝܠܗ ܒܝܢܝ ܗܘܦܘܬܣܝܣ ܘܡܢܒܝܢܘܬܐ. ܗܘܦܘܬܣܝܣ ܝܠܗ̇ ܡܦܫܩܢܘܬܐ، ܡܐܡܪܐ ܥܠ ܡܟܢܝܘܬܐ (mechanism)، ܘܠܐ ܡܨܐ ܕܡܬܚܙܝܐ. ܡܢܒܝܢܘܬܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܡܐ ܕܟܢܦܩ ܡܢܗ̇ ܘܟܡܥܒܪ ܠܗ̇ ܠܬܚܘܡܐ ܚܙܝܐ: ܗܝ ܝܠܗ̇ ܡܐ ܕܟܡܨܐ ܠܡܟܢܫܬܐ ܕܝܗܝ̈ܒܬܐ ܕܐܝܬ ܠܗܝܢ ܡܥܒܕܢܘܬܐ ܥܠ ܡܣܬܒܪܢܘܬܐ ܕܗܘܦܘܬܣܝܣ. ܡܬܠܐ ܕܒܕ ܕܥܪܚ ܠܗ ܓܘ ܐܗܐ ܦܐܬܐ: ܚܙܝܬܐ – ܓܘ ܡܬ̈ܘܬܐ ܕܐܝܬ ܓܘܗܝ ܚܘܝܕܐ ܡܬܝܐ ܦܥܠܐ، ܥܡܘܪ̈ܐ ܟܡܘܕܥܝ ܥܠ ܪܓܫܐ ܪܡܐ ܝܬܝܪ ܕܕܝܠܢܝܘܬܐ (belonging). ܬܐܘܪܝܐ – ܪܝܫ ܡܐܠܐ ܟܢܫܝܐ (social capital): ܡܨܕ̈ܐ ܕܝܕܥܬܐ ܘܬܘܟܠܢܐ ܟܡܘܠܕܝ ܕܝܠܢܝܘܬܐ ܘܥܒܕܐ ܡܫܘܬܦܐ. ܗܘܦܘܬܣܝܣ – ܫܘܬܦܘܬܐ (participation) ܓܘ ܦܥܠܘܬܐ ܕܟܢܫܐ ܟܡܚܝܠܐ ܪܓܫܐ ܕܕܝܠܢܝܘܬܐ ܠܡܬܐ. ܡܢܒܝܢܘܬܐ – ܥܡܘܪ̈ܐ ܕܟܫܬܘܬܦܝ ܓܘ ܦܥܠܘܬܐ ܕܟܢܫܐ ܒܕ ܡܘܕܥܝ ܥܠ ܕܝܠܢܝܘܬܐ ܪܡܬܐ ܝܬܝܪ ܡܢ ܥܡܘܪ̈ܐ ܕܠܐ ܟܫܬܘܬܦܝ، ܐܦ ܐܡܢ ܕܟܦܚܡܚ ܥܡܘܪ̈ܐ ܕܐܝܬ ܠܗܘܢ ܗܘ ܐܘܪܟܐ ܓܢܗ ܕܥܡܪܐ ܓܘ ܡܬܐ. ܗܫܐ ܐܝܬ ܡܐ ܕܡܫܬܚ: ܫܘܬܦܘܬܐ (ܫܥ̈ܐ ܒܝܪܚܐ، ܝܢ ܐܝܢ/ܠܐ) ܘܕܝܠܢܝܘܬܐ (ܣܒܠܬܐ ܕܦܣܘ̈ܩܐ ܣܓܝ̈ܐܐ (multi-item scale) – ܚܙܝܡܘܢ ܫܪܝܪܘܬܐ ܘܬܪܝܨܘܬܐ).

ܚܙܝܡܘܢ (Note) ܕܗܝ ܚܙܝܬܐ ܓܢܗ̇ ܦܐܝܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܐܦ ܥܡ ܗܘܦܘܬܣܝܣ ܗܦܝܟܬܐ – ܐܢܐ ܕܡܢ ܩܕܡ ܟܪܓܫ ܕܕܝܠܗ ܝܠܗ، ܗܘ ܝܠܗ ܕܟܡܫܬܘܬܦ ܓܘ ܦܥܠܘܬܐ – ܘܥܡ ܗܘܦܘܬܣܝܣ ܬܠܝܬܝܬܐ: ܐܘܪܟܐ ܕܥܡܪܐ ܓܘ ܡܬܐ ܟܡܘܠܕ ܐܦ ܕܝܠܢܝܘܬܐ ܘܐܦ ܫܘܬܦܘܬܐ. ܡܢܒܝܢܘܬܐ ܛܒܬܐ ܟܦܪܫܐ ܒܝܢܝ ܗܘܦܘܬܣ̈ܝܣ: ܐܢ ܗܘܦܘܬܣܝܣ ܩܕܡܝܬܐ ܫܪܝܪܬܐ ܝܠܗ̇، ܐܢܐ ܕܥܠܠܗ ܠܦܥܠܘܬܐ ܐܗܐ ܫܢܬܐ ܓܪܓ ܕܡܚܘܐ ܣܠܩܐ ܓܘ ܕܝܠܢܝܘܬܐ ܩܘܒܠ ܫܢܬܐ ܕܥܒܪܐ؛ ܐܢ ܬܪܝܢܝܬܐ ܫܪܝܪܬܐ ܝܠܗ̇ – ܕܝܠܢܝܘܬܐ ܐܬܝܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܩܕܡ ܡܥܠܬܐ. ܡܐ ܕܗܘܦܘܬܣ̈ܝܣ ܡܬܚܪ̈ܝܢܐ ܟܒܥܝ ܝܠܗ ܬܘܩܢܐ ܕܒܘܨܝܐ (research design) ܕܡܨܐ ܕܦܪܫ ܒܝܢܬܘܗܝ، ܘܐܗܐ ܡܠܬܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܩܐ ܦܐܬܐ ܡܫܬܚܠܦ̈ܢܐ، ܕܪ̈ܓܐ ܕܡܫܘܚܬܐ ܘܬܘܩ̈ܢܐ ܕܒܘܨܝܐ. ܗܪܟܐ ܥܩܪܐ: ܗܘܦܘܬܣܝܣ ܕܟܡܦܫܩܐ ܟܠ ܦܐܪܐ ܕܡܨܐ ܕܗܘܐ ܠܝܠܗ̇ ܗܘܦܘܬܣܝܣ.

2. ܬܐܘܪܝܐ، ܗܘܦܘܬܣܝܣ، ܡܢܒܝܢܘܬܐ – ܘܡܘܕܝ ܟܥܒܕܐ ܡܐܡܪܐ ܝܕܥܬܢܝܐ

Field (2024، ܦܣܩܐ 1.4) ܟܦܪܫ ܒܝܢܝ ܐܢܝ ܬܠܬܐ ܠܦܘܬ ܦܬܝܘܬܐ ܘܕܪܓܐ: ܬܐܘܪܝܐ ܟܡܦܫܩܐ ܓܘܕܐ ܦܬܝܬܐ ܕܡܕ̈ܡܐ ܕܡܬܚܙܝܢ ܒܝܕ ܛܟܣܐ ܙܥܘܪܐ ܕܥܩܪ̈ܐ ܡܫܪܪ̈ܐ؛ ܗܘܦܘܬܣܝܣ ܟܡܦܫܩܐ ܡܕܡ ܥܝܩܐ ܝܬܝܪ، ܘܗܠ ܗܫܐ ܠܐ ܒܚܝܪܬܐ ܝܠܗ̇؛ ܡܢܒܝܢܘܬܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܡܐܡܪܐ ܚܙܝܐ ܕܟܢܦܩ ܡܢ ܗܘܦܘܬܣܝܣ. ܡܐܡܪܐ ܝܕܥܬܢܝܐ ܝܠܗ ܐܡܢ ܕܡܨܐ ܕܡܫܪܪܚ ܠܗ ܝܢ ܕܡܟܕܒܚ ܠܗ ܩܘܒܠ ܣܗܕ̈ܘܬܐ ܡܢ ܢܣܝܘܢܐ. "The Beatles ܝܢܐ ܙܡܪ̈ܐ ܕܐܝܬ ܠܗܘܢ ܡܥܒܕܢܘܬܐ ܝܬܝܪ ܡܢ ܟܠ ܚܕ ܡܢ ܡܬܘܡ" ܠܝܠܗ ܝܕܥܬܢܝܐ – "ܡܥܒܕܢܘܬܐ" ܡܨܐ ܕܗܘܐ ܠܐ ܡܨܐ ܕܡܬܡܢܝܐ ܒܡܢܝܢܐ ܕܐܝܬ ܠܗ ܣܘܟܠܐ – ܐܝܢܐ "The Beatles ܝܢܐ ܙܡܪ̈ܐ ܕܙܒܢܠܗܘܢ ܝܬܝܪ ܡܢ ܟܠ ܚܕ ܡܢ ܡܬܘܡ" ܝܠܗ ܝܕܥܬܢܝܐ، ܣܒܒ ܕܡܨܐ ܕܡܟܢܫܚ ܝܗܝ̈ܒܬܐ ܕܙܒܢܐ ܘܒܚܪܚ. ܡܐܡܪ̈ܐ ܠܐ ܝܕܥܬܢ̈ܝܐ ܓܗ̈ܝ ܡܨܐ ܕܡܬܟܬܒܝ ܡܢ ܪܝܫ ܐܝܟ ܡܐܡܪ̈ܐ ܝܕܥܬܢ̈ܝܐ، ܘܬܐܘܪܝܐ ܛܒܬܐ ܟܡܘܠܕܐ ܡܢܒ̈ܝܢܘܝܬܐ ܕܐܝܬܝܗܝ ܡܐܡܪ̈ܐ ܕܐܗܐ ܙܢܐ (Field ܗܪܟܐ ܟܡܕܟܪ ܠ-Popper). ܘܒܠܫܢܐ ܕܒܘܨܝܐ ܟܢܫܝܐ: "ܬܪܬܝܒܐ ܚܝܠܠܗ ܠܟܢܫܐ" ܠܝܠܗ̇ ܡܢܒܝܢܘܬܐ؛ "ܫܢܬܐ ܒܬܪ ܬܪܬܝܒܐ، ܡܢܬܐ ܕܥܡܘܪ̈ܐ ܕܝܕܥܝ ܒܫܡܐ ܚܡܫܐ ܫܒܒ̈ܐ ܠܦܚܘܬ ܒܕ ܣܠܩܐ" – ܐܝܢ.

ܓܢܒܐ ܐܚܪܢܐ ܕܗܝ ܙܘܙܐ ܓܢܗ̇ ܝܠܗ ܡܟܕܒܬܐ (falsification): ܝܗܝ̈ܒܬܐ ܕܟܡܟܕܒܝ ܠܗܘܦܘܬܣܝܣ. Field ܟܡܚܘܐ ܐܗܐ ܒܬܫܥܝܬܐ ܐܪܝܟܬܐ ܥܠ ܡܬܚܪ̈ܢܐ ܕܬܘܢ̈ܝܐ ܕ-reality ܘܥܠ ܬܐܘܪܝܐ ܕܝܠܗ ܕܠܐ ܡܨܠܚܠܗ̇: ܚܕܐ ܡܢܒܝܢܘܬܐ ܡܢܗ̇ ܡܟܕܒܬܐ ܝܠܗ̇، ܡܫܟܚ̈ܢܘܬܐ (findings) ܕܒܨܘ̈ܝܐ ܐܚܪ̈ܢܐ ܠܐ ܦܐܝܠܗܘܢ ܥܡܗ̇، ܘܬܐܘܪܝܐ ܡܬܚܪܢܝܬܐ – ܕܦܫܩܠܗ̇ ܐܦ ܠܚܙܝܬܐ ܩܕܡܝܬܐ ܘܐܦ ܠܡܫܟܚ̈ܢܘܬܐ ܚܕ̈ܬܐ – ܙܟܝܠܗ̇. ܒܘܚܪܢܐ ܕܬܐܘܪܝܐ ܠܝܠܗ ܕܗܝ ܟܫܡܥܐ ܫܪܝܪܬܐ؛ ܝܠܗ ܕܗܝ ܟܡܦܫܩܐ ܝܗܝ̈ܒܬܐ، ܕܡܢܒ̈ܝܢܘܝܬܐ ܕܝܠܗ̇ ܟܡܫܬܪܪܝ ܒܝܗܝ̈ܒܬܐ ܚܕ̈ܬܐ، ܘܕܗܝ ܟܡܦܫܩܐ ܐܦ ܡܫܟܚ̈ܢܘܬܐ ܕܐܚܪ̈ܢܐ. ܬܐܘܪܝܐ ܕܠܐ ܡܨܝܐ ܕܡܦܠܐ ܒܚܕ ܝܗܝܒܬܐ ܠܐ ܟܡܦܫܩܐ ܡܕܡ.

3. ܡܢ ܡܢܒܝܢܘܬܐ ܠܗܘܦܘܬܣܝܣ ܣܛܐܛܝܣܛܝܩܝܬܐ

ܡܢܒܝܢܘܬܐ ܟܡܬܦܪܩܐ ܠܬܪܬܝܢ ܗܘܦܘܬܣ̈ܝܣ ܣܛܐܛܝܣܛܝܩ̈ܝܬܐ (Field, 2024, Section 2.10.2). ܗܘܦܘܬܣܝܣ ܚܠܘܦܝܬܐ (H₁) ܝܠܗ̇ ܡܢܒܝܢܘܬܐ ܡܢ ܬܐܘܪܝܐ – ܒܥܕܢܐ ܡܥܡܪܢܝܐ ܕܐܝܬ ܡܥܒܕܢܘܬܐ: ܡܫܬܘܬܦ̈ܢܐ (participants) ܒܕ ܡܘܕܥܝ ܥܠ ܕܝܠܢܝܘܬܐ ܪܡܬܐ ܝܬܝܪ. ܗܘܦܘܬܣܝܣ ܕܣܦܝܩܘܬܐ (null hypothesis) (H₀) ܝܠܗ̇ ܗܘܦܟܐ ܕܝܠܗ̇ – ܠܝܬ ܡܥܒܕܢܘܬܐ: ܡܫܬܘܬܦ̈ܢܐ ܘܐܢܝ ܕܠܐ ܟܫܬܘܬܦܝ ܒܕ ܡܘܕܥܝ ܥܠ ܗܝ ܕܝܠܢܝܘܬܐ ܓܢܗ̇. ܗܘܦܘܬܣܝܣ ܕܣܦܝܩܘܬܐ ܡܦܠܚܢܝܬܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܣܒܒ ܕܟܝܗܒܐ ܣܪܛܐ ܕܫܬܐܣܐ: ܟܡܐ ܡܣܬܒܪܐ ܗܘܐ ܕܩܒܠܚ ܗܢ ܝܗܝ̈ܒܬܐ ܕܩܒܠܠܢ – ܝܢ ܝܬܝܪ ܩܝܣܢ̈ܝܐ ܡܢܝܗܝ – ܐܢ ܠܐ ܗܘܐ ܐܝܬ ܡܥܒܕܢܘܬܐ ܡܕܡ؟ ܐܗܐ ܝܠܗ ܡܐ ܕ-p ܟܡܫܚ، ܘܠܐ ܝܬܝܪ. Field ܟܡܙܗܪ ܡܢ ܠܫܢܐ ܕ"ܩܘܒܠܐ" ܘ"ܡܛܠܩܬܐ" ܕܗܘܦܘܬܣ̈ܝܣ: ܛܝ̈ܡܐ ܕ-p ܠܐ ܟܝܗܒܝ ܣܗܕܘܬܐ ܩܐ ܦܘܣ̈ܩܢܐ ܕܐܟܡܐ-ܚܘܪܐ ܕܐܗܐ ܙܢܐ، ܘܐܦܠܐ ܐܡܢ ܕܚܠܘܦܝܬܐ ܡܣܬܒܪܢܝܬܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܝܬܝܪ ܡܢ ܕܣܦܝܩܘܬܐ، ܡܨܐ ܕܗܘܐ ܐܝܬ ܡܘ̈ܕܝܠܐ ܐܚܪ̈ܢܐ – ܕܠܐ ܒܚܪܠܢ – ܕܦܐܝܝ ܠܝܗܝ̈ܒܬܐ ܛܒܐܝܬ ܝܬܝܪ. ܟܡܡܠܠܚ ܥܠ ܡܣܬܒܪܢܘܬܐ ܡܩܪܒܬܐ، ܠܐ ܥܠ ܫܪܪܐ.

ܐܘܪܚܐ. ܗܘܦܘܬܣܝܣ ܕܥܡ ܐܘܪܚܐ (directional hypothesis) ܟܐܡܪܐ ܐܦ ܠܐܝܢܐ ܐܘܪܚܐ ܝܠܗ ܡܥܒܕܢܘܬܐ ("ܡܫܬܘܬܦ̈ܢܐ ܒܕ ܡܘܕܥܝ ܥܠ ܕܝܠܢܝܘܬܐ ܪܡܬܐ ܝܬܝܪ")؛ ܕܠܐ ܐܘܪܚܐ ܟܐܡܪܐ ܒܠܚܘܕ ܕܐܝܬ ܡܥܒܕܢܘܬܐ ("ܫܘܬܦܘܬܐ ܐܣܝܪܬܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܥܡ ܕܝܠܢܝܘܬܐ"). ܒܘܚܪܢܐ ܣܛܐܛܝܣܛܝܩܝܐ ܩܐ ܗܘܦܘܬܣܝܣ ܕܥܡ ܐܘܪܚܐ ܝܠܗ ܕܚܕ ܕܘܢܒܐ (one-tailed)؛ ܩܐ ܕܠܐ ܐܘܪܚܐ – ܕܬܪܝܢ ܕܘܢ̈ܒܐ (two-tailed) (Field, 2024, Section 2.10.6). ܦܘܪܫܢܐ ܠܝܠܗ ܛܟܢܝܩܝܐ: ܓܘ ܒܘܚܪܢܐ ܕܚܕ ܕܘܢܒܐ ܦܐܪܐ ܪܫܝܡܐ ܓܘ ܐܘܪܚܐ ܗܦܝܟܬܐ ܠܐ ܟܡܬܚܫܒ – ܘܒܗܝ ܣܒܒܐ ܙܕܝܩܐ ܝܠܗ ܒܠܚܘܕ ܐܡܢ ܕܦܐܪܐ ܗܦܝܟܐ ܗܘܐ ܡܒܠܐ ܠܗܘ ܥܒܕܐ ܓܢܗ ܐܝܟ ܦܐܪܐ ܠܐ ܪܫܝܡܐ (ܣܡܐ ܕܒܝܫܐ ܝܠܗ ܡܢ ܣܡܐ ܕܐܝܬ ܠܐ ܒܕ ܡܬܩܒܠ، ܐܝܟ ܣܡܐ ܕܠܐ ܛܒܐ ܝܠܗ ܡܢܗ)، ܝܢ ܐܡܢ ܕܦܐܪܐ ܗܦܝܟܐ ܠܝܬ ܠܗ ܣܘܟܠܐ ܬܐܘܪܝܐ. Field ܟܡܝܬܐ ܬܪܝܢ ܒܘܨ̈ܝܐ ܕܫܘܐ̈ܠܐ ܥܠ ܟܬܒ̈ܐ ܕܙܒܢܐ ܓܘ ܐܝܩܘܠܘܓܝܐ (ecology): ܓܘ ܚܕ "ܟܠ ܡܦܠܚܢܘ̈ܝܬܐ ܕܒܘܚܪ̈ܢܐ ܕܚܕ ܕܘܢܒܐ ܡܬܚܙܝܢ ܗܘܘ ܠܐ ܬܪ̈ܝܨܐ"، ܘܓܘ ܬܪܝܢܐ ܚܕ ܡܢ 17 ܡܐܡܪ̈ܐ ܒܠܚܘܕ ܙܕܝܩܐ ܗܘܐ. ܘܢܣܝܘܢܐ ܓܠܝܐ ܝܠܗ: p = .06 ܕܬܪܝܢ ܕܘܢ̈ܒܐ ܟܗܘܐ p = .03 ܕܚܕ ܕܘܢܒܐ – ܐܝܢܐ ܢܡܘ̈ܣܐ ܠܐ ܡܨܝ ܕܫܚܠܦܚ ܠܗܘܢ ܒܬܪ ܕܝܗܝ̈ܒܬܐ ܟܢܝܫ̈ܐ ܝܢܐ. ܓܘܒܝܐ ܡܩܕܡܐ (default) ܓܘ ܣܐܝܛ، ܐܝܟ ܓܘ Field: ܕܬܪܝܢ ܕܘܢ̈ܒܐ.

4. ܡܘܕܝ ܟܦܣܩܚ ܩܕܡ ܡܟܢܫܬܐ ܕܝܗܝ̈ܒܬܐ – ܘܟܡܐ ܟܡܥܠܐ ܡܦܣܩܬܐ ܒܬܪܗ

ܒܘܚܪܢܐ ܣܛܐܛܝܣܛܝܩܝܐ ܟܦܠܚ ܒܠܚܘܕ ܐܢ ܗܘܦܘܬܣ̈ܝܣ ܘܡܫܘ̈ܚܬܐ ܦܣܝܩ̈ܐ ܗܘܘ ܩܕܡ ܡܟܢܫܬܐ ܕܝܗܝ̈ܒܬܐ (Field, 2024, Section 2.10.3). ܡܬܠܐ ܕ-Field: ܡܬܚܪܘܬܐ ܥܠ ܡܘܢܕܝܐܠ. ܟܓܒܚ ܓܘܕܐ ܘܟܩܒܠܚ ܣܟܘܝܐ (odds) ܩܕܡ ܡܬܚܪܘܬܐ؛ ܠܐ ܡܨܝܐ ܕܫܚܠܦܚ ܓܘܕܐ ܓܘ ܦܠܓܐ، ܘܕܘܟܬܐ ܕܡܬܚܪܘ̈ܬܐ ܠܐ ܡܨܝܐ ܕܫܚܠܦܐ ܣܟܘܝܐ ܒܬܪ ܐܚܪܝܬܐ. ܒܨܘ̈ܝܐ "ܟܡܙܝܦܝ" ܐܡܢ ܕܟܟܬܒܝ ܗܘܦܘܬܣ̈ܝܣ ܒܬܪ ܕܝܗܝ̈ܒܬܐ ܟܢܝܫ̈ܐ ܝܢܐ، ܟܡܫܚܠܦܝ ܠܗܝܢ ܓܘ ܦܠܓܐ، ܝܢ ܟܓܒܝ ܪܡܐ ܕܪܫܝܡܘܬܐ (significance level) ܒܬܪ ܕܚܙܐܠܗܘܢ ܦܐܪܐ – ܘܟܠ ܫܘܚܠܦܐ ܕܐܗܐ ܙܢܐ ܟܡܪܒܐ ܣܟܘܝܐ ܕܦܐܪܐ ܪܫܝܡܐ، ܘܐܦ ܣܟܘܝܐ ܕܚܕ ܠܐ ܡܨܐ ܕܡܬܢܐ ܠܗ. ܐܪܒܥ ܦܘܣ̈ܩܢܐ ܕܐܗܐ ܕܪܓܐ ܝܢܐ:

ܪܡܐ ܕܪܫܝܡܘܬܐ (α). ܡܢܬܐ ܕܛܥܝܘܬܐ ܓܘ ܙܒܢܐ ܐܪܝܟܐ ܕܡܛܝܒܝܚ ܠܡܩܒܠܬܐ – ܡܣܬܒܪܢܘܬܐ (probability) ܕܡܘܕܥܚ ܥܠ ܡܥܒܕܢܘܬܐ ܕܠܝܬ (ܛܥܝܘܬܐ ܕܙܢܐ I). Field ܟܡܚܝܠ ܕܐܗܐ ܓܪܓ ܕܗܘܐ ܦܘܣܩܢܐ ܕܐܝܬ ܠܗ ܣܘܟܠܐ ܠܦܘܬ ܬܚܘܡܐ ܕܒܘܨܝܐ ܘܡܘܕܝ ܟܡܬܒܚܪ، ܘܟܡܘܕܐ ܕܒܫܪܪܐ ܟܠ ܢܫ̈ܐ ܟܡܦܠܚܝ ܒ-.05 "ܕܠܐ ܚܫܒܐ ܡܘܕܝ ܟܐܡܪ ܘܩܡܘܕܝ"؛ Fisher ܓܢܗ ܡܢ ܡܬܘܡ ܠܐ ܡܘܪܝܠܗ ܕ-.05 ܡܢܝܢܐ ܕܚܪܫܘܬܐ ܝܠܗ (Field, 2024, Sections 2.10.1, 2.10.3; Box 3.1). ܢܡܘܣܐ: ܟܦܣܩܚ ܡܢ ܩܕܡ، ܘܟܝܗܒܚ ܥܠܬܐ ܐܢ ܟܢܦܩܚ ܡܢ ܥܝܕܐ.

ܪܒܘܬܐ ܕܕܘܡܝܐ (sample size) – ܘܡܢ ܩܕܡ. ܛܝܡܐ p ܝܠܗ ܡܣܬܒܪܢܘܬܐ ܕܙܒܢܐ ܐܪܝܟܐ: ܟܡܐ ܓܗ̈ܐ ܗܘܐ ܩܒܠܚ ܡܢܝܢܐ ܣܛܐܛܝܣܛܝܩܝܐ ܕܐܗܐ ܙܢܐ ܐܢ ܗܘܐ ܡܬܢܝܚ ܗܘ ܚܕܪܐ ܓܢܗ ܕܓܘܒܝܐ ܕܕܘܡܝܐ ܓܗ̈ܐ ܕܠܐ ܣܟ. ܒܗܝ ܣܒܒܐ ܓܪܓ ܕܡܟܢܫܚ ܡܢܝܢܐ ܕܡܫܬܘܬܦ̈ܢܐ ܕܬܩܢܠܢ: ܐܝܬ ܐܘܪܚܐ ܠܚܘܫܒܢܐ ܕ-p ܩܐ ܕܘ̈ܡܝܐ ܡܬܢ̈ܝܐ ܕ-80، ܐܝܢܐ ܠܝܬ ܐܘܪܚܐ ܠܡܝܕܥ ܡܘܕܝ ܝܠܗ p ܩܐ ܕܘ̈ܡܝܐ ܕ-74 "ܣܒܒ ܕܣܡܣܛܪ ܬܡܡܠܗ ܘܠܐ ܡܫܟܚܠܢ ܡܫܬܘܬܦ̈ܢܐ ܐܚܪ̈ܢܐ" (Field, 2024, Section 2.10.3). ܡܟܠܝܬܐ ܡܢ ܩܕܡ ܙܒܢܐ ܝܢ ܡܬܡܡܬܐ ܗܠ ܕܦܐܪܐ ܪܫܝܡܐ ܗܘܐ – ܬܪܝܢ ܓܢܒ̈ܐ ܕܗܝ ܛܥܝܘܬܐ ܓܢܗ̇. ܟܡܐ ܡܫܬܘܬܦ̈ܢܐ ܣܢܝܩ̈ܐ ܝܢܐ؟ ܐܗܐ ܝܠܗ ܫܘܐܠܐ ܕܚܝܠܐ ܣܛܐܛܝܣܛܝܩܝܐ (statistical power): ܡܣܬܒܪܢܘܬܐ ܕܒܘܚܪܢܐ ܡܫܟܚ ܡܥܒܕܢܘܬܐ ܕܐܝܬ ܓܘ ܟܢܫܐ ܟܠܢܝܐ، 1 − β، ܐܡܢ ܕ-β ܝܠܗ̇ ܡܣܬܒܪܢܘܬܐ ܕܡܦܠܬܐ ܡܢܗ (ܛܥܝܘܬܐ ܕܙܢܐ II). ܥܝܕܐ، ܒܬܪ Cohen (1988, 1992, as cited in Field, 2024, Sections 2.10.7 and 2.10.9)، ܝܠܗ ܚܝܠܐ ܕ-.80 – ܣܟܘܝܐ ܕ-80% ܠܡܫܟܚܬܐ ܡܥܒܕܢܘܬܐ ܫܪܝܪܬܐ، ܗܢܘ ܕܡܦܠܬܐ ܡܢ ܚܕ ܡܢ ܟܠ ܚܡܫܐ. ܚܝܠܐ ܬܠܝܐ ܝܠܗ ܒܪܒܘܬܐ ܕܡܥܒܕܢܘܬܐ، ܒ-α ܘܒܪܒܘܬܐ ܕܕܘܡܝܐ؛ ܐܡܢ ܕܝܕܥܚ ܬܠܬܐ، ܟܚܫܒܚ ܐܪܒܥܝܐ. ܡܦܠܚܢܘܬܐ ܡܘܬܪܢܝܬܐ، ܠܦܘܬ Field، ܝܠܗ̇ ܩܕܡ ܒܘܨܝܐ: ܟܫܥܪܚ ܪܒܘܬܐ ܕܡܥܒܕܢܘܬܐ ܕܟܡܣܟܚ ܠܗ ܡܢ ܒܘܨ̈ܝܐ ܩܕܡܝ̈ܐ، ܟܦܣܩܚ α = .05 ܘܚܝܠܐ .80، ܘܟܩܒܠܚ ܡܢܝܢܐ ܕܡܫܬܘܬܦ̈ܢܐ ܕܣܢܝܩ ܝܠܗ – ܒܡܐܢܐ ܡܓܢܐ ܐܝܟ G*Power ܝܢ ܨܪܪܐ pwr ܒ-R. ܚܘܫܒܢܐ ܕܚܝܠܐ ܒܬܪ ܒܘܨܝܐ، ܗܘ ܟܡܘܣܦ، ܡܢ ܡܬܘܡ ܠܐ ܦܗܡܠܗ: ܐܢ ܦܐܪܐ ܠܐ ܪܫܝܡܐ ܝܠܗ – ܠܐ ܗܘܐ ܐܝܬ ܚܝܠܐ ܣܦܩܐ؛ ܐܢ ܪܫܝܡܐ ܝܠܗ – ܐܝܬ ܗܘܐ.

ܗܘܦܘܬܣ̈ܝܣ ܘܬܘܩܢܐ ܕܦܘܫܩܐ. "ܕܪ̈ܓܐ ܕܚܐܪܘܬܐ ܕܒܨܘܝܐ" (Simmons et al., 2011, as cited in Field, 2024, Section 3.3.2) ܝܢܐ ܟܠ ܦܘܣ̈ܩܢܐ ܕܒܨܘܝܐ ܟܫܩܠ ܓܘ ܐܘܪܚܐ: ܐܝܢܐ ܡܘܕܝܠ، ܡܘܕܝ ܟܥܒܕܚ ܥܡ ܛܝ̈ܡܐ ܩܝܣܢ̈ܝܐ، ܐܝܢܝ ܡܫܬܚܠܦ̈ܢܐ ܕܢܛܘܪܘܬܐ، ܐܝܢܝ ܡܚܘ̈ܝܢܐ، ܐܝܡܢ ܟܟܠܚ ܡܢ ܡܟܢܫܬܐ. Field ܟܡܝܬܐ ܒܘܨܝܐ ܕܓܘܗ 29 ܓܘ̈ܕܐ ܕܒܨܘ̈ܝܐ ܩܒܠܠܗܘܢ ܗܢܝ ܝܗܝ̈ܒܬܐ ܓܢܗܝܢ ܘܗܘ ܫܘܐܠܐ ܓܢܗ – ܐܢ ܕܝܢ̈ܐ ܕܦܘܛܒܘܠ ܟܝܗܒܝ ܣܓܝ ܝܬܝܪ ܟܪܛܐ ܣܡܘܩܐ ܠܡܛܥܒ̈ܢܐ ܐܘܟܡ̈ܝ ܡܫܟܐ – 20 ܡܫܟܚܠܗܘܢ ܡܥܒܕܢܘܬܐ ܪܫܝܡܬܐ ܘܬܫܥܐ ܠܐ، ܒܙܢ̈ܐ ܣܓܝ̈ܐܐ ܕܡܘ̈ܕܝܠܐ. ܐܡܢ ܕܐܢܝ ܦܘܣ̈ܩܢܐ ܟܡܬܓܒܝ ܠܦܘܬ ܡܘܕܝ ܟܡܢܚܬ p ܠܬܚܬ ܡܢ .05 – ܟܡܢܣܚ ܦܘܫܩ̈ܐ ܣܓܝ̈ܐܐ ܘܟܬܢܚ ܚܕ، ܟܡܘܣܦܚ ܝܢ ܟܡܫܩܠܚ ܡܫܬܚܠܦ̈ܢܐ ܠܦܘܬ ܡܥܒܕܢܘܬܐ ܕܝܠܗܘܢ ܥܠ p، ܟܡܫܚܚ ܥܣܪܐ ܦܐܪ̈ܐ ܘܟܬܢܚ ܐܗܘ ܕܪܫܝܡܐ ܝܠܗ – ܐܗܐ ܝܠܗ p-hacking؛ ܘܐܡܢ ܕܟܡܚܘܚ ܓܘ ܡܐܡܪܐ ܗܘܦܘܬܣܝܣ ܕܟܬܝܒܬܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܒܬܪ ܦܐܪ̈ܐ ܐܝܟ ܕܟܬܝܒܬܐ ܗܘܐ ܩܕܡܝܗܝ – ܐܗܐ ܝܠܗ HARKing، "ܗܘܦܘܬܣܝܣ ܒܬܪ ܕܦܐܪ̈ܐ ܝܕܝ̈ܥܐ ܝܢܐ" (Field, 2024, Section 3.3.3). ܣܡܐ ܕܝܕܥܬܐ ܩܒܠܠܗ ܝܠܗ ܡܟܬܒܬܐ ܡܢ ܩܕܡ (preregistration): ܡܦܪܣܬܐ ܓܠܝܬܐ ܕܥܠܬܐ، ܕܗܘܦܘܬܣ̈ܝܣ، ܕܬܘܩܢܐ ܘܕܬܘܩܢܐ ܕܦܘܠܚܢܐ ܘܦܘܫܩܐ ܕܝܗܝ̈ܒܬܐ ܩܕܡ ܡܟܢܫܬܐ ܕܝܗܝ̈ܒܬܐ – ܒܡܘܕܥܢܘܬܐ ܟܬܝܒܬܐ ܓܘ ܟܬܒܐ ܕܙܒܢܐ، ܕܟܡܬܕܝܢܐ ܩܕܡ ܕܐܝܬ ܦܐܪ̈ܐ ܘܟܡܬܦܪܣܐ ܡܐ ܕܗܘܘ ܦܐܪ̈ܐ، ܝܢ ܒܦܫܝܛܘܬܐ ܓܘ ܒܝܬ ܓܙܐ ܦܬܝܚܐ ܐܝܟ Open Science Framework (Field, 2024, Section 3.6). ܢܦܩܬܐ ܡܢ ܬܘܩܢܐ ܫܪܝܬܐ ܝܠܗ̇ – ܒܣ ܟܗܘܝܐ ܓܠܝܬܐ. ܘܓܘ ܒܘܨܝܐ ܕܠܐ ܡܟܬܒܬܐ ܪܫܡܝܬܐ: ܟܬܒܐ ܕܬܘܩܢܐ ܥܡ ܝܘܡܐ، ܥܡ ܗܘܦܘܬܣ̈ܝܣ، ܒܘܚܪ̈ܢܐ ܘܕܘܡܝܐ، ܩܕܡ ܦܢܩܝܬܐ ܕܫܘܐ̈ܠܐ ܩܕܡܝܬܐ.

5. ܡܘܕܝ p ܟܐܡܪ – ܘܡܘܕܝ ܠܐ

p ܝܠܗ ܡܣܬܒܪܢܘܬܐ ܕܩܒܠܚ ܦܐܪܐ ܕܩܒܠܠܢ، ܝܢ ܩܝܣܢܝܐ ܝܬܝܪ ܡܢܗ، ܐܢ ܣܡܚ ܕܗܘܦܘܬܣܝܣ ܕܣܦܝܩܘܬܐ ܫܪܝܪܬܐ ܝܠܗ̇. Field (2024، ܦܣܩܐ 3.2.1) ܟܫܪܐ ܒܬܠܬܐ ܛܥܝ̈ܘܬܐ ܕܡܬܚܙܝܢ ܣܓܝ ܓܘ ܡܐ ܕܟܡܦܩܚ ܡܢ ܦܐܪܐ ܪܫܝܡܐ. "ܪܫܝܡܐ" ܠܝܠܗ "ܚܫܝܚܐ": p ܬܠܝܐ ܝܠܗ ܒܪܒܘܬܐ ܕܕܘܡܝܐ، ܘܒܗܝ ܣܒܒܐ ܡܥܒܕ̈ܢܘܝܬܐ ܙܥܘܪ̈ܐ ܘܕܠܐ ܚܫܝܚܘܬܐ ܒܕ ܗܘܝ ܪܫܝܡ̈ܐ ܐܢ ܡܟܢܫܚ ܝܗܝ̈ܒܬܐ ܣܦܩ̈ܐ، ܘܡܥܒܕ̈ܢܘܝܬܐ ܪܒ̈ܐ ܘܚܫܝܚ̈ܐ ܒܕ ܦܠܬܝ ܓܘ ܕܘܡܝܐ ܙܥܘܪܐ. ܠܐ ܪܫܝܡܐ ܠܝܠܗ "ܗܘܦܘܬܣܝܣ ܕܣܦܝܩܘܬܐ ܫܪܝܪܬܐ ܝܠܗ̇": ܦܐܪܐ ܠܐ ܪܫܝܡܐ (not significant) ܟܐܡܪ ܒܠܚܘܕ ܕܡܥܒܕܢܘܬܐ ܠܐ ܗܘܐ ܪܒܐ ܒܣܦܩܘܬܐ ܕܡܫܬܟܚ ܓܘ ܐܗܐ ܕܘܡܝܐ؛ ܠܐ ܟܐܡܪ ܕܪܒܘܬܐ ܕܝܠܗ ܨܦܪܐ ܝܠܗ. ܡܥܒܕܢܘܬܐ ܕ-.000000001 ܓܘ ܟܢܫܐ ܟܠܢܝܐ ܠܝܠܗ ܨܦܪܐ، ܘܓܘ ܕܘܡܝܐ ܪܒܐ ܒܣܦܩܘܬܐ ܐܦ ܗܘ "ܒܕ ܡܫܬܟܚ"؛ ܒܗܝ ܣܒܒܐ ܠܐ ܓܪܓ ܕܦܫܩܚ ܦܐܪܐ ܠܐ ܪܫܝܡܐ ܐܝܟ "ܠܝܬ ܦܘܪܫܢܐ" ܝܢ "ܠܝܬ ܐܣܘܪܐ". ܘܪܫܝܡܐ ܠܝܠܗ "ܗܘܦܘܬܣܝܣ ܕܣܦܝܩܘܬܐ ܕܓܠܬܐ ܝܠܗ̇": ܫܘܠܡܐ ܕܡܣܬܒܪܢܘܬܐ ܠܐ ܟܫܒܩ ܠܐܗܐ ܫܘܠܡܐ – Field ܟܡܚܘܐ ܐܗܐ ܒܣܘܠܓܝܣܡܘܣ (syllogism) ܥܡ ܙܡܪ̈ܐ ܕ-Iron Maiden: "ܐܢ ܢܫܐ ܟܡܙܡܪ ܒܓܝܬܪܐ، ܠܐ ܡܣܬܒܪܐ ܝܠܗ ܕܗܘ ܚܕ ܡܢ Iron Maiden ܝܠܗ؛ ܐܗܐ ܢܫܐ ܚܕ ܡܢ ܙܡܪ̈ܐ ܝܠܗ؛ ܒܗܝ ܣܒܒܐ ܠܐ ܡܣܬܒܪܐ ܝܠܗ ܕܗܘ ܟܡܙܡܪ ܒܓܝܬܪܐ" – ܘܫܘܠܡܐ ܕܓܠܐ ܝܠܗ، ܣܒܒ ܕܦܠܓܐ ܕܚܒܪ̈ܐ ܕܙܡܪ̈ܐ ܟܡܙܡܪܝ ܒܓܝܬܪܐ. ܪܫܝܡܘܬܐ (significance) ܠܐ ܟܝܗܒܐ ܣܗܕܘܬܐ ܥܠ ܚܕܐ ܡܢ ܬܪܬܝܢ ܗܘܦܘܬܣ̈ܝܣ.

ܥܩܬܐ ܥܒܕܢܝܬܐ ܪܒܬܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܚܫܒܐ ܕܟܠ-ܝܢ-ܡܕܡ ܠܐ (Field, 2024, Section 3.2.2): p = .0499 ܪܫܝܡܐ ܝܠܗ ܘ-p = .0501 ܠܐ، ܘܟܡܛܝܚ ܠܫܘܠܡ̈ܐ ܗܦܝܟ̈ܐ ܡܢ ܡܢܝ̈ܢܐ ܕܦܘܪܫܢܐ ܒܝܢܬܘܗܝ .0002 ܝܠܗ ܘܟܡܚܘܝ ܗܝ ܪܒܘܬܐ ܓܢܗ̇ ܕܡܥܒܕܢܘܬܐ. Field ܟܡܚܘܐ ܥܣܪܐ ܒܘܨ̈ܝܐ ܥܠ ܗܘ ܣܡܐ ܓܢܗ ܕܠܐ ܐܝܬ: ܐܪܒܥܐ ܪܫܝܡ̈ܐ ܘܫܬܐ ܠܐ – ܘܠܦܘܬ ܟܬܒܐ ܕܒܘܫܠܐ ܕ-NHST، "ܣܗܕ̈ܘܬܐ ܡܬܢܓܕ̈ܢ ܝܢܐ". ܘܒܬܪܗ ܟܚܙܚ ܬܚܘ̈ܡܐ ܕܬܘܟܠܢܐ (confidence intervals): ܟܠ ܥܣܪܐ ܦܘܪ̈ܫܢܐ ܥܠ ܡܢ ܨܦܪܐ ܝܢܐ، ܬܚܘ̈ܡܐ ܕܬܘܟܠܢܐ ܟܡܛܦܝ ܚܕ ܥܠ ܐܚܪܢܐ ܣܓܝ، ܘܦܠܓܐ ܪܒܐ ܕܟܠ ܬܚܘܡܐ ܥܠ ܡܢ ܨܦܪܐ ܝܠܗ – ܣܗܕܘܬܐ ܫܠܡܬܐ ܕܡܥܒܕܢܘܬܐ ܓܘ ܟܢܫܐ ܟܠܢܝܐ ܡܨܐ ܕܗܘܐ ܥܠ ܡܢ ܨܦܪܐ ܝܠܗ. ܬܚܘܡܐ ܕܬܘܟܠܢܐ ܟܡܚܘܐ ܫܠܡܘܬܐ ܕ-p ܟܛܫܐ. ܓܘ ܨܚܚܐ "ܗܘܢܐ ܬܪܝܨܐ" (ܦܣܩܐ 3.5) ܗܘ ܟܡܝܬܐ ܫܬܐ ܦܘܩ̈ܕܢܐ ܕܚܘܝܕܐ ܣܛܐܛܝܣܛܝܩܝܐ ܐܡܪܝܟܝܐ (Wasserstein & American Statistical Association, 2016, as cited in Field): p ܡܨܐ ܕܡܚܘܐ ܟܡܐ ܝܗܝ̈ܒܬܐ ܠܐ ܦܐܝ̈ܐ ܝܢܐ ܥܡ ܗܘܦܘܬܣܝܣ ܕܣܦܝܩܘܬܐ – ܘܟܡܦܠܚܚ ܒܛܝܡܐ ܚܬܝܬܐ ܕܝܠܗ، ܠܐ ܒܓܢܒܐ ܕܬܚܘܡܐ؛ p ܠܝܠܗ ܡܣܬܒܪܢܘܬܐ ܕܗܘܦܘܬܣܝܣ ܫܪܝܪܬܐ ܝܠܗ̇، ܘܠܐ ܡܣܬܒܪܢܘܬܐ ܕܝܗܝ̈ܒܬܐ ܗܘܝ̈ܐ ܝܢܐ ܒܓܕܫܢܝܘܬܐ؛ ܫܘܠܡ̈ܐ ܝܕܥܬܢ̈ܝܐ ܘܦܘܣ̈ܩܢܐ ܕܡܕܒܪܢܘܬܐ ܠܐ ܡܣܡܟ̈ܐ ܝܢܐ ܒܠܚܘܕ ܥܠ ܥܒܪܬܐ ܕܬܚܘܡܐ؛ ܠܐ ܓܪܓ ܕܬܢܚ ܛܝ̈ܡܐ ܕ-p ܒܓܘܒܝܐ، ܘܟܬܢܚ ܟܡܐ ܗܘܦܘܬܣ̈ܝܣ ܒܚܝܪ̈ܐ ܝܢܐ؛ ܪܫܝܡܘܬܐ ܠܝܠܗ̇ ܚܫܝܚܘܬܐ ܥܒܕܢܝܬܐ؛ ܘ-p ܒܠܚܘܕܗ ܠܝܠܗ ܡܚܘܝܢܐ ܛܒܐ ܕܣܗܕܘܬܐ ܩܐ ܡܘܕܝܠ ܝܢ ܗܘܦܘܬܣܝܣ.

6. ܪܒܘܬܐ ܕܡܥܒܕܢܘܬܐ – ܡܢܝܢܐ ܕܐܬܐ ܥܡ ܟܠ p

ܫܪܝܐ ܕܡܘܣܟܬܐ "ܪܫܝܡܐ ܠܝܠܗ ܚܫܝܚܐ" ܝܠܗ ܡܫܘܚܬܐ ܕܪܒܘܬܐ ܕܡܥܒܕܢܘܬܐ (effect size): ܟܡܐ ܪܒܬܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܡܥܒܕܢܘܬܐ ܘܐܘܪܚܐ ܕܝܠܗ̇ (Field, 2024, Section 3.7). ܐܝܬ ܬܪܝܢ ܙܢ̈ܐ. ܓܘܠܡܝܐ (raw) – ܒܚܕ̈ܝܘܬܐ ܕܡܫܘܚܬܐ ܩܕܡܝ̈ܬܐ: ܦܘܪܫܢܐ ܕ-2 ܩܛܝܢ̈ܬܐ ܒܝܢܝ ܓܘ̈ܕܐ، ܡܢܝܢܐ ܡܫܘܬܦܐ b ܓܘ ܪܝܓܪܫܢ (regression) ܕܟܐܡܪ ܟܡܐ ܢܘܩ̈ܙܐ ܕܕܝܠܢܝܘܬܐ ܟܡܘܣܦܐ ܟܠ ܫܥܬܐ ܕܫܘܬܦܘܬܐ. Field (ܒܬܪ Baguley) ܟܚܙܐ ܒܗ ܐܘܪܚܐ ܡܘܬܪܢܝܬܐ ܝܬܝܪ ܡܢ ܟܠܗ ܠܡܢܝܢܐ ܕܡܥܒܕܢܘܬܐ، ܣܒܒ ܕܟܡܬܦܗܡ ܒܬܪܝܨܘܬܐ – ܐܢ ܚܕ̈ܝܘܬܐ ܐܝܬ ܠܗܝܢ ܣܘܟܠܐ. ܡܬܩܢܐ (standardized) – ܒܚܕ̈ܝܘܬܐ ܕܣܛܝ̈ܘܬܐ ܬܩܝ̈ܢܬܐ، ܩܐ ܦܘܚܡܐ ܒܝܢܝ ܒܘܨ̈ܝܐ ܕܡܫܚܠܗܘܢ ܡܫܬܚܠܦ̈ܢܐ ܦܪ̈ܝܫܐ: d ܕ-Cohen ܩܐ ܦܘܪܫܢܐ ܒܝܢܝ ܡܨܥܝ̈ܬܐ، r ܩܐ ܐܣܘܪܐ، ܦܘܚܡܐ ܕܣܟܘ̈ܝܐ (odds ratio) ܩܐ ܦܐܪ̈ܐ ܕܬܪܝܢ ܛܝ̈ܡܐ. ܛܝܡܐ ܕܝܠܗ: ܗܘܢܐ ܠܒܢܝܐ (intuition). ܡܘܕܝ ܝܠܗ "ܦܠܓܐ ܕܣܛܝܘܬܐ ܬܩܝܢܬܐ" ܓܘ ܥܠܡܐ؟ ܘܐܡܢ ܕܠܝܬ ܦܗܡܐ ܬܪܝܨܐ، ܢܫ̈ܐ ܟܐܚܕܝ ܒܟܢ̈ܘܢܐ.

ܟܢ̈ܘܢܐ ܕ-Cohen (1988, 1992, as cited in Field, 2024, Sections 3.7.3-3.7.4) – d ܕ-.2 (ܙܥܘܪܐ)، .5 (ܡܨܥܝܐ)، .8 (ܪܒܐ)؛ r ܕ-.10 (1% ܡܢ ܫܘܚܠܦܐ)، .30 (9%)، .50 (25%) – ܦܪ̈ܝܣܐ ܝܢܐ، ܐܝܢܐ Field ܟܡܕܟܪ ܕ-Cohen ܓܢܗ ܡܘܕܝܠܗ ܕܐܢܝ ܟܡܓܪܓܝ ܚܫܒܐ ܚܒܢܢܐ ܘܟܡܛܥܝ ܡܢ ܐܬܪܐ ܕܡܥܒܕܢܘܬܐ: ܡܐܢܐ ܕܡܫܘܚܬܐ، ܥܝ̈ܕܐ ܕܬܚܘܡܐ. ܗܘ ܟܡܝܬܐ ܡܐܡܪܐ ܕ-Lenth: ܐܡܢ ܕܟܦܫܩܚ ܪܒܘܬܐ ܕܡܥܒܕܢܘܬܐ ܠܐ ܟܙܒܢܚ ܟܘܬܝ̈ܢܐ – "ܒܕ ܫܩܠܢ ܡܥܒܕܢܘܬܐ ܕ-Metallica ܒܪܒܘܬܐ M". ܟܫܥܪܚ ܡܥܒܕܢܘܬܐ ܓܘ ܐܬܪܐ ܕܫܘܐܠܐ ܕܒܘܨܝܐ: r = .30 ܒܝܢܝ ܫܘܬܦܘܬܐ ܘܕܝܠܢܝܘܬܐ ܝܠܗ ܡܫܟܚܢܘܬܐ ܚܕܐ ܐܡܢ ܕܝܠܗ ܒܘܨܝܐ ܕܫܘܐ̈ܠܐ ܥܡ ܥܣܪ̈ܝܬܐ ܕܡܫܬܚܠܦ̈ܢܐ ܕܫܬܐܣܐ، ܘܐܚܪܬܐ ܐܡܢ ܕܗܘ ܒܠܚܘܕ ܡܫܬܟܚ ܝܠܗ. ܝܘܬܪܢܐ ܐܚܪܢܐ ܕܪܒܘܬܐ ܕܡܥܒܕܢܘܬܐ (ܦܣܩܐ 3.7.6): ܠܝܬ ܠܗ ܢܡܘܣܐ ܕܦܘܣܩܢܐ. ܟܡܬܦܫܩ ܥܠ ܡܬܡܫܚܢܘܬܐ، ܘܒܗܝ ܣܒܒܐ ܠܐ ܟܬܒܪ ܒܝܢܝ .0499 ܘ-.0501، ܘܒܨܝܪ ܪܓܝܫܐ ܝܠܗ ܠܫܘܠܡܐ ܡܩܕܡܐ ܝܢ ܡܚܪܐ ܕܡܟܢܫܬܐ ܕܝܗܝ̈ܒܬܐ – ܐܦܢ ܕܟܡܫܬܥܪ ܛܒܐܝܬ ܝܬܝܪ ܓܘ ܕܘܡܝܐ ܪܒܐ.

7. ܟܬܝܒܘܬܐ ܘܬܘܢܝܐ

ܓܘ ܡܩܪܒܬܐ ܕܒܘܨܝܐ: ܫܘܐܠܐ ܕܒܘܨܝܐ ܒܚܕ ܡܐܡܪܐ؛ ܗܘܦܘܬܣܝܣ ܐܝܟ ܡܦܫܩܢܘܬܐ؛ ܡܢܒ̈ܝܢܘܝܬܐ ܐܝܟ ܡܐܡܪ̈ܐ ܚܙ̈ܝܐ، ܥܡ ܐܘܪܚܐ ܝܢ ܕܠܐ، ܟܠ ܚܕܐ ܥܡ ܡܫܬܚܠܦ̈ܢܐ ܕܟܡܫܚܝ ܠܗ̇، ܒܘܚܪܢܐ ܕܒܕ ܒܚܪ ܠܗ̇ ܘܡܚܘܝܢܐ ܕܡܥܒܕܢܘܬܐ؛ ܪܡܐ ܕܪܫܝܡܘܬܐ؛ ܪܒܘܬܐ ܕܕܘܡܝܐ ܕܬܩܝܢܐ ܝܠܗ ܘܕܟܝ ܦܣܝܩܐ ܝܠܗ (ܪܒܘܬܐ ܕܡܥܒܕܢܘܬܐ ܕܫܥܝܪܐ ܝܠܗ، ܚܝܠܐ ܣܛܐܛܝܣܛܝܩܝܐ). ܡܐ ܕܠܐ ܟܬܝܒܐ ܝܠܗ ܗܪܟܐ ܠܝܠܗ ܡܢܒܝܢܘܬܐ – ܝܠܗ̇ ܡܫܟܚܢܘܬܐ ܡܒܨܝܢܝܬܐ، ܘܟܬܢܚ ܠܗ̇ ܐܝܟ ܕܝܠܗ̇.

ܓܘ ܨܚܚܐ ܕܦܐܪ̈ܐ (Field, 2024, Sections 2.11 and 3.9): ܛܝܡܐ p ܚܬܝܬܐ – p = .023، ܠܐ p < .05 – ܣܒܒ ܕܚܘܫܒܢܐ (computer) ܟܚܫܒ ܠܗ، ܘܗܘ ܟܝܗܒ ܠܩܪܝܢܐ ܡܘܕܥܢܘܬܐ ܝܬܝܪ ܡܢ "ܠܬܚܬ ܡܢ ܬܚܘܡܐ ܕܡܢ ܨܒܝܢܐ"؛ ܢܦܩܬܐ ܝܚܝܕܝܬܐ ܝܠܗ̇ p < .001، ܕܠܬܚܬ ܡܢܗ ܡܢܝ̈ܢܐ ܠܐ ܚܫܝܚ̈ܐ ܝܢܐ. ܬܚܘܡܐ ܕܬܘܟܠܢܐ ܓܘ ܬܚܘܡ̈ܐ ܡܪ̈ܒܥܐ، ܥܡ ܪܡܐ ܕܝܠܗ: M = 30, 95% CI [20, 40]. ܘܪܒܘܬܐ ܕܡܥܒܕܢܘܬܐ ܓܢܒ ܟܠ p، ܣܒܒ ܕ-p ܬܠܝܐ ܝܠܗ ܒܪܒܘܬܐ ܕܕܘܡܝܐ: "ܕܝܠܢܝܘܬܐ ܪܡܬܐ ܝܬܝܪ ܗܘܐ ܓܘ ܡܫܬܘܬܦ̈ܢܐ، t(148) = 2.31, p = .022, d = 0.38, 95% CI [0.05, 0.71]". ܦܐܪܐ ܠܐ ܪܫܝܡܐ ܟܬܢܚ ܠܗ ܒܗܝ ܨܘܪܬܐ ܓܢܗ̇، ܥܡ p ܚܬܝܬܐ ܘܪܒܘܬܐ ܕܡܥܒܕܢܘܬܐ – ܠܐ "ܠܐ ܡܫܬܟܚܠܗ ܦܘܪܫܢܐ". ܓܘ ܣܐܝܛ، ܐܝܟ ܓܘ APA (2020، ܦܣܩܐ 6.36)، ܡܢܝ̈ܢܐ ܡܫܘܬܦ̈ܐ ܕܠܐ ܡܨܝ ܕܣܠܩܝ ܥܠ ܡܢ 1 ܟܡܬܟܬܒܝ ܕܠܐ ܨܦܪܐ ܩܕܡܝܐ (p = .023، r = .30)؛ Field ܟܡܕܟܪ ܢܡܘܣܐ ܘܟܓܒܐ ܕܠܐ ܥܒܕ ܠܦܘܬܗ ܓܘ ܟܬܒܐ ܕܝܠܗ – ܡܐܡܪ̈ܐ ܕܬܘܢܝܐ (report sentences) ܕܟܡܘܠܕܝ ܡܚܫܒ̈ܢܐ (calculators) ܕܣܐܝܛ ܟܥܒܕܝ ܠܦܘܬܗ.

ܛܥܝ̈ܘܬܐ ܕܡܬܚܙܝܢ ܣܓܝ (Common mistakes)

ܟܬܒܬܐ ܕܗܘܦܘܬܣܝܣ ܐܝܟ ܡܢܒܝܢܘܬܐ. "ܡܫܬܟܚܠܗ ܦܘܪܫܢܐ ܒܝܢܝ ܓܘ̈ܕܐ" ܠܝܠܗ ܡܦܫܩܢܘܬܐ ܩܐ ܡܕܡ. ܗܘܦܘܬܣܝܣ ܟܐܡܪܐ ܩܡܘܕܝ؛ ܡܢܒܝܢܘܬܐ ܟܐܡܪܐ ܡܘܕܝ ܒܕ ܚܙܚ. ܕܠܐ "ܩܡܘܕܝ" ܠܝܬ ܬܐܘܪܝܐ ܠܬܘܪܨܐ ܐܡܢ ܕܡܢܒܝܢܘܬܐ ܟܦܠܐ.

ܗܘܦܘܬܣܝܣ ܕܟܠ ܦܐܪܐ ܟܡܫܪܪ ܠܗ̇. ܐܢ ܣܠܩܐ ܓܘ ܕܝܠܢܝܘܬܐ ܟܡܣܡܟ ܠܬܐܘܪܝܐ، ܘܐܦ ܢܚܬܐ ("ܩܘܝܡܐ ܩܕܡܝܐ ܠܩܘܒܠ")، ܘܐܦ ܕܠܐ ܫܘܚܠܦܐ ("ܡܥܒܕܢܘܬܐ ܡܘܚܪܬܐ") – ܗܪܟܐ ܠܝܬ ܡܢܒܝܢܘܬܐ. ܡܢܒܝܢܘܬܐ ܟܡܬܟܬܒܐ ܗܕܟܐ ܕܦܐܪܐ ܦܪܝܫܐ ܡܟܕܒ ܠܗ̇.

ܦܣܩܬܐ ܕܚܕ ܕܘܢܒܐ ܒܬܪ ܚܙܝܐ ܕ-p = .06. ܚܕ ܕܘܢܒܐ ܙܕܝܩܐ ܝܠܗ ܒܠܚܘܕ ܐܡܢ ܕܦܐܪܐ ܗܦܝܟܐ ܗܘܐ ܡܒܠܐ ܠܗܘ ܥܒܕܐ ܓܢܗ ܐܝܟ ܦܐܪܐ ܠܐ ܪܫܝܡܐ، ܘܒܠܚܘܕ ܐܢ ܦܣܝܩܐ ܗܘܐ ܡܢ ܩܕܡ. ܐܢ ܠܐ – ܕܬܪܝܢ ܕܘܢ̈ܒܐ، ܘܦܐܪܐ ܠܝܠܗ ܪܫܝܡܐ.

"ܒܕ ܡܟܢܫܚ ܩܠܝܠ ܝܬܝܪ ܘܒܕ ܚܙܚ." ܡܬܡܡܬܐ ܕܡܟܢܫܬܐ ܗܠ ܕܦܐܪܐ ܪܫܝܡܐ ܗܘܐ، ܝܢ ܡܟܠܝܬܐ ܐܡܢ ܕܪܫܝܡܐ ܝܠܗ، ܟܡܚܪܒ ܣܘܟܠܐ ܕ-p. ܪܒܘܬܐ ܕܕܘܡܝܐ ܟܡܬܦܣܩܐ ܡܢ ܩܕܡ ܡܢ ܚܘܫܒܢܐ ܕܚܝܠܐ ܘܟܡܬܢܛܪܐ؛ ܐܢ ܠܐ ܡܛܐܠܗ، ܟܬܢܚ ܐܗܐ.

ܚܘܫܒܢܐ ܕܚܝܠܐ ܒܬܪ ܒܘܨܝܐ ܩܐ ܡܦܫܩܬܐ ܕܦܐܪܐ ܠܐ ܪܫܝܡܐ. ܐܗܐ ܚܕܪܢܝܐ ܝܠܗ: ܦܐܪܐ ܠܐ ܪܫܝܡܐ ܟܠ ܐܡܢ ܒܕ ܡܬܚܙܐ "ܕܠܐ ܚܝܠܐ". ܚܝܠܐ ܟܡܬܚܫܒ ܩܕܡ، ܩܐ ܦܣܩܬܐ ܕܕܘܡܝܐ.

ܬܘܢܝܐ ܕܪܫܝܡܐ ܘܫܬܩܐ ܥܠ ܫܪܟܐ. ܥܣܪܝܢ ܒܘܚܪ̈ܢܐ، ܚܕ ܪܫܝܡܐ – ܥܡ ܬܚܘܡܐ ܕ-.05 ܐܗܐ ܝܠܗ ܒܚܬܝܬܘܬܐ ܡܐ ܕܟܡܣܟܚ ܒܓܕܫܢܝܘܬܐ. ܟܬܢܚ ܟܡܐ ܗܘܦܘܬܣ̈ܝܣ ܒܚܝܪ̈ܐ ܝܢܐ، ܘܡܫܟܚܢܘܬܐ ܕܠܐ ܡܢܒܝܬܐ ܗܘܬ ܟܡܬܚܘܝܐ ܐܝܟ ܡܒܨܝܢܝܬܐ، ܩܐ ܒܘܚܪܢܐ ܓܘ ܕܘܡܝܐ ܚܕܬܐ.

ܩܪܝܬܐ ܕ"ܠܐ ܪܫܝܡܐ" ܐܝܟ "ܠܝܬ ܐܣܘܪܐ". ܦܐܪܐ ܠܐ ܪܫܝܡܐ ܠܝܠܗ ܣܗܕܘܬܐ ܩܐ ܨܦܪܐ؛ ܝܠܗ ܣܗܕܘܬܐ ܕܐܗܐ ܕܘܡܝܐ ܠܐ ܣܦܩܠܗ. ܬܚܘܡܐ ܕܬܘܟܠܢܐ ܟܐܡܪ ܐܝܢܝ ܪ̈ܒܘܝܬܐ ܕܡܥܒܕܢܘܬܐ ܗܠ ܗܫܐ ܡܣܬܒܪ̈ܢܝܐ ܝܢܐ.

ܬܘܟܠܢܐ ܥܠ ܟܢܘܢܐ ܕܪܒܘܬܐ ܒܕܘܟܬܐ ܕܐܬܪܐ. "ܡܥܒܕܢܘܬܐ ܡܨܥܝܬܐ" ܠܝܠܗ̇ ܦܘܫܩܐ. ܫܘܐܠܐ ܝܠܗ ܡܘܕܝ d = 0.4 ܟܐܡܪ ܒܚܕ̈ܝܘܬܐ ܩܕܡܝ̈ܬܐ، ܘܡܘܕܝ ܛܝܡܐ ܕܝܠܗ ܓܘ ܐܗܐ ܒܘܨܝܐ – ܩܐ ܐܢܐ ܕܟܡܬܩܢ ܬܪܬܝܒܐ ܕܟܢܫܐ، ܬܪܬܝܢ ܢܘܩ̈ܙܐ ܓܘ ܣܒܠܬܐ ܕܕܝܠܢܝܘܬܐ ܕ-7 ܝܢܐ ܡܫܟܚܢܘܬܐ ܐܚܪܬܐ ܡܢ ܩܐ ܬܐܘܪܝܩܝܐ.

ܪܫܝܡܬܐ ܕܒܘܚܪܢܐ – ܩܕܡ ܦܢܩܝܬܐ ܕܫܘܐ̈ܠܐ ܩܕܡܝܬܐ

ܡܒܘ̈ܥܐ

American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1037/0000165-000

Field, A. (2024). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics (6th ed.). SAGE.