ܣܓܝܐܘ̈ܬܐ ܘܣܛܐܛܝܣܛܝܩܐ ܡܚܘܝܢܝܬܐ

ܡܚܫܒܢܐ (calculator)

ܛܥܢܐ ܕܝܗܝ̈ܒܬܐ (loading the data)

ܟܡܕܒܩܚ ܥܡܘ̈ܕܐ ܬܪܝܨܐܝܬ ܡܢ ܓܠܝܘܢܐ (worksheet)، ܥܡ ܣܕܪܐ ܕܪ̈ܫܐ (header row) – ܟܪܫܡܚ ܓܘ ܐܩܣܠ، ܟܢܣܚܚ، ܘܟܡܕܒܩܚ ܠܐܟܐ:

ܓܘܒܝܐ ܕܡܫܬܚܠܦ̈ܢܐ (Variable selection)

ܩܐ ܟܠ ܡܫܬܚܠܦܢܐ ܟܓܒܚ ܡܘܕܝ ܒܕ ܚܫܒܚ: ܣܓܝܐܘ̈ܬܐ – ܠܘܚܐ ܕܣܓܝܐܘ̈ܬܐ ܘܨܘܪܬܐ ܕܥܡܘ̈ܕܐ (ܩܐ ܡܫܬܚܠܦܢܐ ܕܓܢ̈ܣܐ ܝܢ ܕܛܟܣܐ)؛ ܡܚܘ̈ܝܢܐ – ܡܨܥܝܬܐ، ܣܛܝܘܬܐ ܬܩܝܢܬܐ، ܛܝܡܐ ܡܨܥܝܐ، ܦܬܝܘܬܐ ܘܠܐ ܫܘܝܘܬܐ ܥܡ ܗܝܣܛܘܓܪܡ (ܩܐ ܡܫܬܚܠܦܢܐ ܟܡܝܝܐ). ܓܘܒܝܐ ܡܩܕܡܐ (default) ܦܣܝܩܐ ܝܠܗ ܠܦܘܬ ܡܦܫܩܢܐ (legend)، ܘܕܠܐ ܡܦܫܩܢܐ – ܠܦܘܬ ܡܢܝܢܐ ܕܛܝ̈ܡܐ ܦܪ̈ܝܫܐ.

ܡܕܒܪܢܐ (guide)

ܐܝܡܢ ܡܦܠܚܝܚ (When to use)؟

ܟܠ ܐܝܡܢ – ܘܐܗܐ ܟܠ ܐܝܡܢ ܓܫܩܐ ܩܕܡܝܐ ܝܠܗ. Pallant (2020، ܨܚܚܐ 6) ܟܡܢܝܐ ܬܠܬܐ ܦܘܠܚ̈ܢܐ ܕܣܛܐܛܝܣܛܝܩܐ ܡܚܘܝܢܝܬܐ (descriptive statistics) ܟܡܫܠܡܐ: ܬܚܘܝܬܐ ܕܕܘܡܝܐ (sample) ܓܘ ܨܚܚܐ ܕܐܘܪܚܐ (ܟܡܐ ܡܫܬܘܬܦ̈ܢܐ، ܟܡܐ ܓܒܪ̈ܐ ܘܢܫ̈ܐ ܘܒܐܝܢܝ ܡܢܬܐ ܒܡܐܐ، ܦܬܝܘܬܐ ܕܥܘܡܪ̈ܐ ܘܡܨܥܝܬܐ ܕܝܠܗܘܢ، ܝܘܠܦܢܐ)، ܒܘܚܪܢܐ ܕܫܪ̈ܛܐ (assumptions) ܕܒܘܚܪ̈ܢܐ ܕܒܕ ܐܬܝ ܒܬܪܟܢ (ܡܨܥܝܬܐ، ܣܛܝܘܬܐ ܬܩܝܢܬܐ، ܦܬܝܘܬܐ، ܠܐ ܫܘܝܘܬܐ)، ܘܦܘܢܝܐ ܥܠ ܫܘܐ̈ܠܐ ܕܒܘܨܝܐ ܕܐܢܝ ܒܓܢܒܝܗܘܢ ܡܚܘܝܢ̈ܝܐ ܝܢܐ ("ܐܝܢܝ ܡܢܬܐ ܒܡܐܐ ܡܢ ܡܦܢܝ̈ܢܐ ܟܡܣܢܕܝ؟"). Gravetter ܘ-Wallnau (2017، ܦܐܬܐ 35) ܟܡܬܩܢܝ ܬܦܩܝܕܐ ܕܝܠܗ ܒܦܫܝܩܘܬܐ: ܛܟܣܐ ܕܦܐ̈ܬܐ ܕܡܢܝ̈ܢܐ ܠܨܘܪܬܐ ܕܡܬܦܗܡܐ، ܩܐ ܕܡܨܝܐ ܠܡܚܙܐ ܛܘܦܣܐ ܘܠܡܫܕܪ ܠܐܚܪ̈ܢܐ – ܘܠܘܚܐ ܕܣܓܝܐܘ̈ܬܐ ܐܘܪܚܐ ܝܠܗ ܕܡܬܚܙܝܐ ܣܓܝ ܡܢ ܟܠܗ ܩܐ ܥܒܕܐ ܕܐܗܐ. Field (2024، ܦܣܩܐ 1.7) ܟܦܬܚ ܦܘܫܩܐ ܕܝܗܝ̈ܒܬܐ ܓܘ ܗܘ ܕܘܟܐ: ܡܢܝܢܐ ܕܟܡܐ ܙܒ̈ܢܐ ܟܠ ܛܝܡܐ ܟܡܬܚܙܐ، ܨܝܪܐ ܕܦܘܠܓܐ (distribution)، ܘܒܣ ܒܬܪ ܗܕܐ ܟܢܘܫܝܐ ܕܝܠܗ ܒܚܕ ܡܢܝܢܐ ܝܢ ܬܪܝܢ.

ܦܐܬܐ ܟܚܫܒܐ ܬܪܝܢ ܙܢ̈ܐ ܕܬܚܘܝܬܐ – ܠܘܚܐ ܕܣܓܝܐܘ̈ܬܐ ܩܐ ܡܫܬܚܠܦܢܐ ܕܛܝ̈ܡܐ ܕܝܠܗ ܓܢ̈ܣܐ (categories) ܝܢܐ، ܘܡܚܘ̈ܝܢܐ ܕܡܨܥܬܐ ܘܕܒܕܪܐ ܩܐ ܡܫܬܚܠܦܢܐ ܟܡܝܝܐ – ܘܟܨܝܪܐ ܩܐ ܟܠ ܚܕ ܨܘܪܬܐ ܕܦܐܝܐ ܠܗ. ܡܐ ܕܠܝܬ ܗܪܟܐ: ܬܚܘܝܬܐ ܕܐܣܘܪܐ ܒܝܢܝ ܬܪܝܢ ܡܫܬܚܠܦ̈ܢܐ (ܐܣܘܪ̈ܐ ܕܚܕ̈ܕܐ، ܨܘܪܬܐ ܕܒܕܪܐ) ܘܨܠܝܒܘܬܐ ܕܬܪܝܢ ܡܫܬܚܠܦ̈ܢܐ ܕܓܢ̈ܣܐ (ܦܐܬܐ ܟܝ ܡܪܒܥܐ). ܘܡܘܕܥܢܘܬܐ ܕܠܘ̈ܚܐ ܩܐ ܟܠ ܫܘܐ̈ܠܐ ܕܒܘܨܝܐ ܕܫܘܐ̈ܠܐ (survey) ܒܚܕ ܙܒܢܐ – ܥܡ ܟܬܒܐ ܕܪ̈ܡܙܐ ܘܡܘܕܥܢܘܬܐ ܕܩܒܠܬܐ – ܓܘ ܦܐܬܐ ܦܘܠܚܢܐ ܕܒܘܨܝܐ ܕܫܘܐ̈ܠܐ: ܟܬܒܐ ܕܪ̈ܡܙܐ، ܒܘܚܪ̈ܢܐ ܘܠܘ̈ܚܐ.

ܐܝܢܝ ܬܚܘܝܬܐ ܦܐܝܐ ܠܐܝܢܝ ܡܫܬܚܠܦܢܐ؟

ܦܘܣܩܢܐ ܬܠܝܐ ܝܠܗ ܒܣܒܠܬܐ ܕܡܫܘܚܬܐ (ܦܐܬܐ ܡܫܬܚܠܦ̈ܢܐ، ܕܪ̈ܓܐ ܕܡܫܘܚܬܐ ܘܬܘܩ̈ܢܐ ܕܒܘܨܝܐ). Pallant (2020، ܨܚܚܐ 6) ܟܦܪܫܐ ܬܪܬܝܢ ܐܘܪ̈ܚܬܐ ܐܦ ܓܘ SPSS: ܩܐ ܡܫܬܚܠܦܢܐ ܕܓܢ̈ܣܐ (categorical) – Frequencies، ܡܛܠ ܕ"ܠܝܬ ܚܕ ܗܘܢܐ ܕܒܥܝܐ ܡܨܥܝܬܐ ܘܣܛܝܘܬܐ ܬܩܝܢܬܐ ܩܐ ܓܢܣܐ ܝܢ ܩܐ ܡܘܨܒܐ ܕܒܝܬܐ"؛ ܩܐ ܡܫܬܚܠܦܢܐ ܡܬܡܫܚܢܐ (continuous) – Descriptives. Gravetter ܘ-Wallnau (2017، ܦܐ̈ܬܐ 88-89) ܟܡܚܘܝܝ ܥܠܬܐ: ܓܘ ܣܒܠܬܐ ܕܫܡܗ̈ܐ (nominal) ܒܣ ܡܨܝܐ ܠܡܢܝܐ، ܘܡܛܠ ܗܕܐ ܛܝܡܐ ܕܣܓܝ ܡܬܚܙܐ (mode؛ ܓܢܣܐ ܪܒܐ ܡܢ ܟܠܗ) ܝܠܗ ܡܚܘܝܢܐ ܝܚܝܕܝܐ ܕܡܨܥܬܐ؛ ܓܘ ܣܒܠܬܐ ܕܛܟܣܐ (ordinal) ܡܨܝܐ ܠܡܦܣܩ ܐܘܪܚܐ ("ܝܬܝܪ" ܘ"ܒܨܪ") ܐܠܐ ܠܐ ܪܘܚܩܐ، ܘܡܛܠ ܗܕܐ ܛܝܡܐ ܡܨܥܝܐ (median) ܦܐܐ ܝܠܗ ܘܡܨܥܝܬܐ ܠܐ؛ ܘܒܣ ܓܘ ܣܒܠܬܐ ܕܪܘ̈ܚܩܐ ܫܘ̈ܝܐ ܝܢ ܕܦܘܚܡܐ (interval / ratio)، ܕܓܘܗ ܪܘ̈ܚܩܐ ܒܝܢܝ ܛܝ̈ܡܐ ܫܘ̈ܝܐ ܝܢܐ، ܡܨܥܝܬܐ ܘܣܛܝܘܬܐ ܬܩܝܢܬܐ ܟܐܡܪܝ ܡܕܡ.

ܥܝܕܐ ܕܣܐܝܛ ܩܐ ܣܒ̈ܠܬܐ ܕܕܪܓܐ (ܦܐܬܐ ܡܫܬܚܠܦ̈ܢܐ ܘܕܪ̈ܓܐ ܕܡܫܘܚܬܐ): ܦܣܘܩܐ ܕ-Likert ܝܚܝܕܝܐ ܡܫܬܚܠܦܢܐ ܕܛܟܣܐ (ordinal) ܝܠܗ ܘܡܚܘܝܐ ܝܠܗ ܓܘ ܠܘܚܐ ܕܣܓܝܐܘ̈ܬܐ؛ ܡܢܝܢܐ ܕܦܣܘ̈ܩܐ ܣܓܝ̈ܐܐ (ܡܨܥܝܬܐ ܝܢ ܓܘܡܪܐ ܕܟܡܐ ܦܣܘ̈ܩܐ – ܦܐܬܐ ܐܠܦܐ ܕ-Cronbach ܘܡܢܝܢܐ ܕܣܒܠܬܐ) ܡܬܚܫܒܐ ܝܠܗ ܐܝܟ ܕܪܘ̈ܚܩܐ ܫܘ̈ܝܐ ܘܡܚܘܝܐ ܝܠܗ ܒܡܚܘ̈ܝܢܐ. ܓܘܒܝܐ ܡܩܕܡܐ (default) ܕܦܐܬܐ ܟܦܠܚ ܠܦܘܬ ܡܦܫܩܢܐ (legend) ("ܕܓܢ̈ܣܐ"/"ܕܛܟܣܐ" ← ܣܓܝܐܘ̈ܬܐ، "ܡܬܡܫܚܢܐ" ← ܡܚܘ̈ܝܢܐ)، ܘܕܠܐ ܡܦܫܩܢܐ – ܥܡܘܕܐ ܡܢܝܢܝܬܐ ܥܡ ܥܕܡܐ ܫܒܥܐ ܛܝ̈ܡܐ ܦܪ̈ܝܫܐ ܡܬܚܫܒܐ ܝܠܗ ܐܝܟ ܦܣܘܩܐ ܕܕܪܓܐ؛ ܦܘܣܩܢܐ ܡܨܝܐ ܠܡܫܚܠܦ ܩܐ ܟܠ ܡܫܬܚܠܦܢܐ ܒܚܕ ܛܪܦܐ. ܥܡܘܕܐ ܕܡ̈ܠܐ (ܠܡܬܠܐ "ܓܪܒܝܐ / ܡܨܥܬܐ / ܬܝܡܢܐ") ܡܚܘܝܬܐ ܝܠܗ ܒܣܓܝܐܘ̈ܬܐ ܒܠܚܘܕ – ܡܨܥܝܬܐ ܕܡ̈ܠܐ ܠܝܬ.

ܕܟܝ ܟܩܪܝܚ ܠܘܚܐ ܕܣܓܝܐܘ̈ܬܐ؟

ܠܘܚܐ ܕܣܓܝܐܘ̈ܬܐ (frequency table) ܪܫܝܡܬܐ ܝܠܗ ܕܓܢ̈ܣܐ ܕܡܫܬܚܠܦܢܐ، ܘܒܓܢܒ ܟܠ ܚܕ – ܟܡܐ ܡܫܬܘܬܦ̈ܢܐ ܐܝܬ ܒܓܘܗ (Gravetter & Wallnau, 2017, pp. 35-36). ܐܪܒܥܐ ܥܡܘ̈ܕܐ ܕܠܘܚܐ ܝܢܐ ܒܚܬܝܬܘܬܐ ܐܪܒܥܐ ܥܡܘ̈ܕܐ ܕ-Frequencies ܓܘ SPSS (Pallant, 2020, Chapter 6):

ܣܓܝܐܘܬܐ (Frequency) – ܡܢܝܢܐ ܕܚܙ̈ܝܬܐ (observations) ܓܘ ܓܢܣܐ؛ ܓܘܡܪܐ ܕܥܡܘܕܐ ܝܠܗ N. ܡܢܬܐ ܒܡܐܐ (Percent) – ܣܓܝܐܘܬܐ ܡܦܠܓܬܐ ܥܠ ܟܠ ܚܙ̈ܝܬܐ، ܥܡ ܚܣܝ̈ܪܬܐ، ܡܟܘܦܠܬܐ ܒ-100؛ ܐܗܐ ܝܠܗ "ܣܓܝܐܘܬܐ ܕܦܘܚܡܐ" ܕ-Gravetter ܘ-Wallnau (ܦܐܬܐ 37). ܡܢܬܐ ܒܡܐܐ ܬܪܝܨܬܐ (Valid Percent) – ܡܢ ܚܙ̈ܝܬܐ ܬܪ̈ܝܨܬܐ ܒܠܚܘܕ، ܘܐܗܐ ܝܠܗ ܡܢܬܐ ܒܡܐܐ ܕܟܡܘܬܢܚ، ܡܛܠ ܕܐܝܢܐ ܕܠܐ ܦܢܐ ܠܐ ܝܠܗ "ܓܢܣܐ"؛ ܐܝܡܢ ܕܠܝܬ ܚܣܝ̈ܪܐ ܬܪܬܝܢ ܥܡܘ̈ܕܐ ܚܕ ܝܢܐ، ܘܐܝܡܢ ܕܐܝܬ – ܦܘܪܫܢܐ ܒܝܢܝ ܐܢܝ ܟܐܡܪ ܒܚܬܝܬܘܬܐ ܟܡܐ ܚܣܝܪܐ ܝܠܗ. ܡܢܬܐ ܒܡܐܐ ܟܢܝܫܬܐ (Cumulative Percent) – ܓܘܡܪܐ ܕܡܢ̈ܘܬܐ ܒܡܐܐ ܬܪ̈ܝܨܬܐ ܥܕܡܐ ܐܗܐ ܓܢܣܐ؛ ܐܝܬ ܠܗ ܣܘܟܠܐ ܓܘ ܡܫܬܚܠܦܢܐ ܕܛܟܣܐ ("72.6% ܥܡ ܝܘܠܦܢܐ ܥܕܡܐ ܕܪܓܐ ܩܕܡܝܐ ܕܓܡܢܣܝܘܢ") ܘܠܝܬ ܠܗ ܣܘܟܠܐ ܓܘ ܡܫܬܚܠܦܢܐ ܕܫܡܗ̈ܐ، ܕܓܘܗ ܛܟܣܐ ܕܓܢ̈ܣܐ ܡܢ ܨܒܝܢܐ ܝܠܗ (Gravetter & Wallnau, 2017، ܦܐܬܐ 36: ܓܘ ܣܒܠܬܐ ܕܫܡܗ̈ܐ ܡܨܝܐ ܠܡܛܟܣ ܓܢ̈ܣܐ ܒܟܠ ܛܟܣܐ). ܣܕܪܐ ܕ"ܚܣܝܪܐ" ܘܣܕܪܐ ܕ"ܓܘܡܪܐ" ܟܣܟܪܝ ܠܘܚܐ ܐܝܟ ܓܘ SPSS، ܘܡܥܝܪܢܘܬܐ ܕܠܘܚܐ ܟܐܡܪܐ ܥܠ ܟܡܐ ܚܙ̈ܝܬܐ ܬܪ̈ܝܨܬܐ ܚܫܝܒܬܐ ܝܠܗ ܡܢܬܐ ܒܡܐܐ ܬܪܝܨܬܐ.

Pallant (2020، ܨܚܚܐ 6) ܟܡܙܝܕܐ ܕܣܢܝܩܘܬܐ ܐܝܬ ܠܡܚܙܝܐ ܪܒܘܬܐ ܕܓܘ̈ܕܐ ܙܥܘܪ̈ܐ: ܓܘ̈ܕܐ ܙܥܘܪ̈ܐ ܣܓܝ ܝܢ ܠܐ ܫܘ̈ܝܐ ܣܓܝ ܪܘܫܡܐ ܕܙܘܗܪܐ ܝܢܐ ܩܐ ܦܘܫܩ̈ܐ (analyses) ܕܒܕ ܐܬܝ ܒܬܪܟܢ (ܠܡܬܠܐ ANOVA ܠܦܘܬ ܓܘ̈ܕܐ)، ܘܠܘܚܐ ܕܣܓܝܐܘ̈ܬܐ ܕܘܟܐ ܝܠܗ ܕܓܘܗ ܟܚܙܚ ܐܗܐ ܩܕܡܝܐ.

ܡܚܘ̈ܝܢܐ ܕܡܨܥܬܐ ܘܕܒܕܪܐ

ܡܨܥܝܬܐ (M) – ܓܘܡܪܐ ܕܛܝ̈ܡܐ ܡܦܠܓܐ ܥܠ ܡܢܝܢܐ ܕܝܠܗܘܢ. ܐܗܐ ܡܚܘܝܢܐ ܡܚܒܒܐ ܝܠܗ ܡܛܠ ܕܟܡܦܠܚ ܒܟܠ ܚܙ̈ܝܬܐ (observations) ܘܩܝܡܐ ܝܠܗ ܒܝܢܝ ܕܘ̈ܡܝܐ (Field, 2024, Section 1.7.4)، ܐܠܐ ܟܡܬܥܒܕ ܡܢ ܛܝ̈ܡܐ ܩܨܘ̈ܝܐ: ܓܘ ܡܬܠܐ ܕ-Field، ܚܕ ܡܫܬܘܬܦܢܐ ܥܡ 234 ܢܩܝ̈ܦܐ (followers) ܡܪܡܠܗ ܠܡܨܥܝܬܐ ܒܩܪܝܒ 14 ܐܝܡܢ ܕܛܝܡܐ ܡܨܥܝܐ ܙܝܥܠܗ ܒܣ ܡܢ 98 ܠ-95.5. ܛܝܡܐ ܡܨܥܝܐ (Mdn) – ܛܝܡܐ ܕܡܨܥܬܐ ܒܬܪ ܛܟܣܐ؛ ܓܘ ܡܢܝܢܐ ܙܘܓܢܝܐ ܕܚܙ̈ܝܬܐ – ܡܨܥܝܬܐ ܕܬܪܝܢ ܕܡܨܥܬܐ (Field، ܦܣܩܐ 1.7.3؛ ܗܟܢܐ ܐܦ SPSS ܘܦܐܬܐ). ܛܝܡܐ ܡܨܥܝܐ ܩܪܝܒܐ ܠܐ ܟܡܬܥܒܕ ܡܢ ܛܝ̈ܡܐ ܩܨܘ̈ܝܐ ܘܡܢ ܦܘܠܓܐ ܠܐ ܫܘܝܐ، ܘܦܐܐ ܝܠܗ ܐܦ ܩܐ ܣܒܠܬܐ ܕܛܟܣܐ. Gravetter ܘ-Wallnau (2017، ܦܐ̈ܬܐ 86-88) ܟܡܙܝܕܝ ܬܠܬܐ ܡܘܨ̈ܒܐ ܕܓܘܝܗܘܢ ܛܝܡܐ ܡܨܥܝܐ ܝܠܗ ܡܚܘܝܢܐ ܬܪܝܨܐ ܘܠܐ ܡܨܥܝܬܐ: ܛܝ̈ܡܐ ܩܨܘ̈ܝܐ (ܥܠܠܬܐ ܕܟܣܦܐ ܝܠܗ ܡܬܠܐ ܥܬܝܩܐ)، ܛܝܡܐ ܕܠܐ ܝܠܗ ܡܬܩܢܐ (ܡܫܬܘܬܦܢܐ ܕܠܐ ܫܠܡܠܗ ܦܘܠܚܢܐ – ܠܝܬ ܠܗ ܙܒܢܐ، ܐܠܐ ܐܝܬ ܠܗ ܕܘܟܬܐ ܓܘ ܛܟܣܐ)، ܘܓܢܣܐ ܦܬܝܚܐ ("5 ܘܠܥܠ"). ܛܝܡܐ ܕܣܓܝ ܡܬܚܙܐ – ܛܝܡܐ ܕܡܬܚܙܐ ܣܓܝ ܡܢ ܟܠܗ، ܪܝܫܐ ܕܗܝܣܛܘܓܪܡ؛ ܓܘ ܡܫܬܚܠܦܢܐ ܕܓܢ̈ܣܐ ܐܗܐ ܝܠܗ ܓܢܣܐ ܩܕܡܝܐ ܓܘ ܡܐܡܪܐ ܕܬܘܢܝܐ. Field (ܦܣܩܐ 1.7.2) ܟܡܙܗܪ ܕܡܨܝܐ ܕܗܘܝܐ ܬܪܝܢ ܝܢ ܝܬܝܪ (ܕܬܪܝܢ ܪ̈ܝܫܐ، ܕܪ̈ܝܫܐ ܣܓܝ̈ܐܐ) ܘܕܪܓܝܫܐ ܝܠܗ ܩܐ ܟܡܐ ܚܙ̈ܝܬܐ ܝܚܝ̈ܕܝܬܐ؛ Gravetter ܘ-Wallnau (ܦܐ̈ܬܐ 88-89) ܟܡܥܗܕܝ ܕܩܐ ܡܫܬܚܠܦܢܐ ܦܪܝܫܐ (discrete) ܟܝܗܒ ܛܝܡܐ ܕܐܝܬ ܒܫܪܪܐ ("ܒܝܬܐ ܓܘܢܝܐ ܥܡ 2 ܝܠܘ̈ܕܐ" ܘܠܐ "2.4 ܝܠܘ̈ܕܐ").

ܣܛܝܘܬܐ ܬܩܝܢܬܐ (SD) – ܪܘܚܩܐ ܓܘܢܝܐ ܕܚܙܝܬܐ ܡܢ ܡܨܥܝܬܐ: ܥܩܪܐ ܕܡܨܥܝܬܐ ܕܡܪ̈ܒܥܐ ܕܣܛܝ̈ܘܬܐ (Field, 2024, Section 1.7.5; Gravetter & Wallnau, 2017, p. 121). ܦܐܬܐ، ܐܝܟ SPSS، ܟܦܠܓܐ ܓܘܡܪܐ ܕܡܪ̈ܒܥܐ ܕܣܛܝ̈ܘܬܐ ܥܠ n − 1 ܘܠܐ ܥܠ n: ܫܘܚܠܦܐ (variance) ܕܡܦܠܓܐ ܥܠ n ܟܡܫܘܥܪܐ ܒܚܣܝܪܘܬܐ ܫܘܚܠܦܐ ܕܟܢܫܐ ܟܠܢܝܐ (population)، ܘ-n − 1 ܟܬܪܨ ܥܩܝܡܘܬܐ (Gravetter & Wallnau, pp. 113, 117). ܣܛܝܘܬܐ ܬܩܝܢܬܐ ܙܥܘܪܬܐ ܠܘܩܒܠ ܡܨܥܝܬܐ ܟܐܡܪܐ ܕܚܙ̈ܝܬܐ ܩܪܝܒ̈ܐ ܝܢܐ ܠܗ؛ ܪܒܬܐ – ܕܒܕܝܪ̈ܐ ܝܢܐ؛ ܣܦܝܩܘܬܐ – ܕܟܠܗܝܢ ܚܕ ܝܢܐ (Field, Section 1.7.5). ܦܬܝܘܬܐ – ܛܝܡܐ ܥܠܝܐ ܒܨܪ ܛܝܡܐ ܬܚܬܝܐ؛ ܐܗܐ ܬܚܘܡܐ، ܕܐܦ SPSS ܟܡܦܠܚ ܒܗ (Gravetter & Wallnau, p. 102)، ܪܓܝܫܐ ܝܠܗ ܣܓܝ ܩܐ ܛܝܡܐ ܩܨܘܝܐ ܝܚܝܕܝܐ، ܘܡܛܠ ܗܕܐ ܟܡܫܠܡܐ ܣܛܝܘܬܐ ܬܩܝܢܬܐ ܘܠܐ ܝܠܗ ܒܕܘܟܬܗ. ܡܐ ܕܠܝܬ ܓܘ ܠܘܚܐ: ܪ̈ܘܒܥܐ ܘܦܬܝܘܬܐ ܒܝܢܝ ܪ̈ܘܒܥܐ (IQR) – ܦܬܝܘܬܐ ܕ-50% ܕܡܨܥܬܐ، ܕܠܐ ܟܡܬܥܒܕܐ ܡܢ ܣܦܪ̈ܐ (Field, Section 1.7.5)؛ Pallant (2020، ܨܚܚܐ 6) ܒܥܝܐ ܕܡܘܬܢܚ ܠܗ ܒܓܢܒ ܛܝܡܐ ܡܨܥܝܐ ܐܝܡܢ ܕܦܘܠܓܐ ܠܐ ܫܘܝܐ ܝܠܗ، ܘܟܡܚܘܝܐ ܕܟܫܩܠܚ ܠܗ ܒ-Frequencies › Statistics › Quartiles.

ܨܘܪܬܐ ܕܦܘܠܓܐ: ܠܐ ܫܘܝܘܬܐ

ܩܕܡ ܕܟܢܫܚ ܦܘܠܓܐ (distribution) ܒܡܢܝܢܐ، ܟܚܙܚ ܨܘܪܬܐ ܕܝܠܗ (Field, 2024, Section 1.7.1; Gravetter & Wallnau, 2017, p. 48). ܦܘܠܓܐ ܫܘܝܐ ܠܬܪܝܢ ܓܢ̈ܒܐ (symmetric) ܡܨܝܐ ܠܡܥܛܦ ܠܗ ܒܦܠܓܐ؛ ܓܘ ܦܘܠܓܐ ܠܐ ܫܘܝܐ ܚܙ̈ܝܬܐ ܟܡܬܟܢܫܝ ܓܘ ܣܦܪܐ ܚܕ ܘܟܡܬܡܫܚܝ ܒܕܘܢܒܐ ܓܘ ܣܦܪܐ ܐܚܪܢܐ. ܠܐ ܫܘܝܘܬܐ ܚܝܘܒܝܬܐ (positive skew) – ܕܘܢܒܐ ܠܝܡܝܢܐ، ܠܦܐܬܐ ܕܛܝ̈ܡܐ ܪ̈ܡܐ (ܒܘܚܪܢܐ ܩܫܝܐ، ܙܒ̈ܢܐ ܕܦܘܢܝܐ، ܥܠܠܬܐ ܕܟܣܦܐ)؛ ܣܠܒܝܬܐ – ܕܘܢܒܐ ܠܣܡܠܐ (ܒܘܚܪܢܐ ܦܫܝܩܐ، ܣܒܥܘܬܐ). Pallant (2020، ܨܚܚܐ 6) ܟܡܝܬܝܐ ܡܬܠ̈ܐ ܡܢ ܦܘܬܐ ܕܢܦܫܐ: ܡܚܘ̈ܝܢܐ ܕܣܒܥܘܬܐ ܡܢ ܚܝ̈ܐ ܟܡܨܠܝ ܠܠܐ ܫܘܝܘܬܐ ܣܠܒܝܬܐ، ܘܡܚܘ̈ܝܢܐ ܕܩܘܢܛܐ ܘܕܥܩܬܐ ܓܘ ܟܢܫܐ ܟܠܢܝܐ (population) ܓܘܢܝܐ – ܠܚܝܘܒܝܬܐ؛ ܐܗܐ ܕܝܠܢܝܘܬܐ ܝܠܗ ܕܓܕܫܐ، ܠܐ ܡܘܡܐ ܓܘ ܡܐܢܐ.

ܡܚܘܝܢܐ ܕܠܐ ܫܘܝܘܬܐ ܕܓܘ ܠܘܚܐ ܝܠܗ G₁ – ܫܘܝܘܬܐ (formula) ܕ-SPSS، ܕܟܝܗܒܐ 0 ܩܐ ܦܘܠܓܐ ܫܘܝܐ ܠܬܪܝܢ ܓܢ̈ܒܐ، ܛܝܡܐ ܚܝܘܒܝܐ ܩܐ ܕܘܢܒܐ ܕܝܡܝܢܐ ܘܣܠܒܝܐ ܩܐ ܕܘܢܒܐ ܕܣܡܠܐ؛ ܟܡܐ ܕܛܝܡܐ ܪܚܝܩܐ ܝܠܗ ܝܬܝܪ ܡܢ ܣܦܝܩܘܬܐ، ܠܐ ܫܘܝܘܬܐ ܩܫܝܬܐ ܝܠܗ ܝܬܝܪ (Field, 2024, Section 6.9.5). ܒܓܢܒܗ ܛܥܝܘܬܐ ܬܩܝܢܬܐ ܕܝܠܗ (SE)، ܐܦ ܐܝܗ ܠܦܘܬ SPSS. Field ܟܡܚܝܪ ܒܘܚܪܢܐ ܦܫܝܛܐ: z = G₁/SE، ܘ-|z| > 1.96 ܪܫܝܡܐ ܝܠܗ ܓܘ ܪܡܐ ܕ-.05 – ܘܡܚܕܐ ܟܡܣܝܓ: ܓܘ ܕܘܡܝܐ ܪܒܐ ܒܘܚܪܢܐ ܪܫܝܡܐ ܝܠܗ ܐܦ ܩܐ ܠܐ ܫܘܝܘܬܐ ܙܥܘܪܬܐ ܛܒܐ، ܘܓܘ ܕܘܡܝܐ ܙܥܘܪܐ ܠܝܬ ܠܗ ܚܝܠܐ (ܩܘܛܝܐ 6.7)؛ ܡܛܠ ܗܕܐ "ܓܘ ܕܘ̈ܡܝܐ ܪ̈ܒܐ ܠܐ ܥܒܕܝܬܘܢ ܐܢܝ ܒܘܚܪ̈ܢܐ – ܚܙܝܡܘܢ ܨܘܪܬܐ ܕܦܘܠܓܐ، ܦܫܘܩܘܢ ܛܝܡܐ ܕܠܐ ܫܘܝܘܬܐ، ܘܒܥܠܬܐ ܕܢܡܘܣܐ ܕܬܚܘܡܐ ܡܨܥܝܐ ܒܠܟܝ ܠܐ ܡܨܛܥܪܝܬܘܢ ܥܠ ܢܘܪܡܠܝܘܬܐ ܟܠܗ" (ܦܣܩܐ 6.9.5). Tabachnick ܘ-Fidell (as cited in Pallant, 2020, Chapter 6) ܟܐܡܪܝ ܗܝ ܡܠܬܐ: ܓܘ ܕܘܡܝܐ ܡܩܒܠܐ ܠܐ ܫܘܝܘܬܐ "ܠܐ ܒܕ ܥܒܕܐ ܦܘܪܫܢܐ ܥܩܪܢܝܐ ܓܘ ܦܘܫܩܐ"، ܘܐܘܪܚܐ ܕܕܝܢܐ ܝܠܗ ܗܝܣܛܘܓܪܡ. ܩܘܛܝܐ ܕ"ܩܪܝܢܐ ܕܦܐܪܐ" ܓܘ ܡܦܩܢܐ ܟܡܝܬܝܐ z ܥܡ ܐܗܐ ܣܝܓܐ.

ܪܘܫܡܐ ܬܪܝܢܝܐ ܕܠܐ ܫܘܝܘܬܐ ܝܠܗ ܦܘܪܫܢܐ ܒܝܢܝ ܡܨܥܝܬܐ ܘܛܝܡܐ ܡܨܥܝܐ: ܓܘ ܦܘܠܓܐ ܫܘܝܐ ܠܬܪܝܢ ܓܢ̈ܒܐ ܐܢܝ ܩܪܝܒܐ ܫܘ̈ܝܐ ܝܢܐ؛ ܠܐ ܫܘܝܘܬܐ ܚܝܘܒܝܬܐ ܟܓܪܫܐ ܠܡܨܥܝܬܐ ܠܥܠ ܐܠܐ ܠܐ ܠܛܝܡܐ ܡܨܥܝܐ، ܘܐܢ ܡܨܥܝܬܐ ܪܒܬܐ ܝܠܗ ܡܢ ܛܝܡܐ ܡܨܥܝܐ – ܒܠܟܝ ܕܘܢܒܐ ܕܝܡܝܢܐ، ܘܗܦܘܟܐܝܬ (Field, 2024، ܦܣܩܐ 6.9.5؛ Gravetter & Wallnau, 2017، ܦܐ̈ܬܐ 92-93: ܓܘ ܦܘܠܓܐ ܚܝܘܒܝܐ ܛܟܣܐ ܝܠܗ ܛܝܡܐ ܕܣܓܝ ܡܬܚܙܐ ← ܛܝܡܐ ܡܨܥܝܐ ← ܡܨܥܝܬܐ). ܥܝܕܐ ܕܦܐܬܐ: ܐܝܡܢ ܕ-|G₁| ܥܒܪ ܥܠ 1 ܩܪܝܒܐܝܬ – ܬܚܘܡܐ ܕܓܘܗ Field (ܦܣܩܐ 6.9.5) ܡܚܕܐ ܟܡܡܠܠ ܥܠ "ܠܐ ܫܘܝܘܬܐ ܚܝܘܒܝܬܐ" ܓܘ ܡܬܠܐ ܕܕܟܝܘܬܐ (hygiene) ܕܝܠܗ – ܡܐܡܪܐ ܕܬܘܢܝܐ ܟܡܚܝܪ ܠܡܘܬܢܐ ܐܦ ܛܝܡܐ ܡܨܥܝܐ، ܐܝܟ ܕ-Pallant ܒܥܝܐ ܩܐ ܝܗܝ̈ܒܬܐ ܠܐ ܫܘ̈ܝܬܐ. ܦܐܬܐ ܠܐ ܟܚܫܒܐ kurtosis (ܥܒܝܘܬܐ ܕܕܘܢ̈ܒܐ؛ Field، ܦܣܩܐ 1.7.1، ܟܡܥܗܕ ܕܒܥܕܢ̈ܐ ܣܓܝ̈ܐܐ ܟܡܬܚܠܛܐ ܥܡ "ܚܪܝܦܘܬܐ" ܕܦܘܠܓܐ)؛ SPSS ܟܛܒܥ ܠܗ ܒܓܢܒ ܠܐ ܫܘܝܘܬܐ، ܚܙܝܡܘܢ ܦܣܩܐ ܕ-SPSS.

ܫܪ̈ܛܐ ܘܙܘܗܪ̈ܐ (Assumptions and warnings)

ܠܝܬ ܫܪ̈ܛܐ – ܐܝܬ ܦܐܝܘܬܐ ܒܝܢܝ ܡܚܘܝܢܐ ܘܣܒܠܬܐ. ܣܛܐܛܝܣܛܝܩܐ ܡܚܘܝܢܝܬܐ (descriptive statistics) ܠܐ ܟܣܝܡܐ ܡܕܡ ܥܠ ܦܘܠܓܐ؛ ܫܘܐܠܐ ܝܚܝܕܝܐ ܝܠܗ ܐܢ ܡܚܘܝܢܐ ܦܐܐ ܝܠܗ ܠܣܒܠܬܐ ܕܡܫܘܚܬܐ (ܦܣܩܐ "ܐܝܢܝ ܬܚܘܝܬܐ ܩܐ ܐܝܢܝ ܡܫܬܚܠܦܢܐ"). ܡܛܠ ܗܕܐ ܦܐܬܐ ܟܡܙܗܪܐ ܐܝܡܢ ܕܡܫܬܚܠܦܢܐ ܕܪܫܝܡܐ ܝܠܗ ܓܘ ܡܦܫܩܢܐ (legend) ܐܝܟ ܕܓܢ̈ܣܐ ܡܫܬܕܪܐ ܝܠܗ ܠܨܘܪܬܐ "ܡܚܘ̈ܝܢܐ": ܡܨܥܝܬܐ ܕܪ̈ܡܙܐ ܕܫܡܗ̈ܐ (1 = ܓܒܪܐ، 2 = ܐܢܬܬܐ) ܡܢܝܢܐ ܝܠܗ ܕܠܐ ܦܘܫܩܐ (Gravetter & Wallnau, 2017, p. 88).

ܛܝ̈ܡܐ ܚܣܝ̈ܪܐ (missing values). ܟܠ ܡܫܬܚܠܦܢܐ ܡܚܘܝܐ ܝܠܗ ܥܠ ܚܙ̈ܝܬܐ ܬܪ̈ܝܨܬܐ ܕܝܠܗ ܒܠܚܘܕ – ܫܩܠܬܐ ܙܘܓܢܝܬܐ (pairwise deletion)، ܐܝܟ ܓܘܒܝܐ ܡܩܕܡܐ ܕ-Frequencies ܘ-Descriptives؛ ܡܛܠ ܗܕܐ N ܡܨܝܐ ܕܫܚܠܦ ܡܢ ܡܫܬܚܠܦܢܐ ܠܡܫܬܚܠܦܢܐ، ܘܠܘܚܐ ܟܐܡܪ ܟܡܐ ܚܣܝܪܐ ܝܠܗ. Pallant (2020، ܨܚܚܐ 6) ܒܥܝܐ ܕܒܚܪܚ ܡܚܕܐ ܗܪܟܐ ܡܢܬܐ ܒܡܐܐ ܕܚܣܝ̈ܪܐ ܓܘ ܟܠ ܡܫܬܚܠܦܢܐ ܘܕܫܐܠܚ ܩܐ ܡܘܕܝ: ܚܣܝܪܘܬܐ ܪܒܬܐ ܘܠܐ ܡܣܟܝܬܐ ܓܘ ܚܕ ܡܫܬܚܠܦܢܐ، ܝܢ ܛܘܦܣܐ ܕܡܬܬܩܢܐ (ܢܫ̈ܐ ܠܥܠ ܡܢ ܥܘܡܪܐ ܦܪܝܫܐ ܕܠܐ ܟܦܢܝܐ ܥܠ ܫܘܐܠܐ ܕܥܘܡܪܐ)، ܡܫܟܚܢܘܬܐ ܝܢܐ ܒܓܢܒܝܗܘܢ. ܛܝܡܐ ܠܐ ܡܢܝܢܝܐ ܓܘ ܥܡܘܕܐ ܡܢܝܢܝܬܐ (ܡ̈ܠܐ، ܚܛܐ ܩܛܝܢܐ، "999") ܡܬܚܫܒܐ ܝܠܗ ܐܝܟ ܚܣܝܪܐ ܘܡܘܬܢܐ ܝܠܗ ܒܙܘܗܪܐ ܓܘ ܛܥܢܐ ܥܡ ܡܢܝ̈ܢܐ ܕܣܕܪ̈ܐ؛ ܡܘܕܝ ܥܒܕܚ ܒܚܣܝ̈ܪܐ – ܦܐܬܐ ܛܝ̈ܡܐ ܚܣܝ̈ܪܐ.

ܛܝ̈ܡܐ ܩܨܘ̈ܝܐ. ܦܬܝܘܬܐ ܘܡܨܥܝܬܐ ܪܓܝܫ̈ܐ ܝܢܐ ܩܐ ܚܙܝܬܐ ܝܚܝܕܝܬܐ (Field, 2024, Section 1.7.4-1.7.5)؛ Pallant (2020، ܨܚܚܐ 6) ܟܡܚܝܪܐ ܠܦܚܡܐ ܡܨܥܝܬܐ ܥܡ ܡܨܥܝܬܐ ܓܙܝܙܬܐ (trimmed mean) ܕ-5% ܕ-Explore، ܘܠܒܚܪܐ ܐܢ ܛܝܡܐ ܩܨܘܝܐ ܛܥܝܘܬܐ ܕܟܬܝܒܘܬܐ ܝܠܗ ܝܢ ܚܙܝܬܐ ܫܪܝܪܬܐ. ܦܐܬܐ ܠܐ ܟܚܫܒܐ ܡܨܥܝܬܐ ܓܙܝܙܬܐ ܘܠܐ ܟܨܝܪܐ boxplot؛ ܗܝܣܛܘܓܪܡ ܟܡܚܘܐ ܚܙ̈ܝܬܐ ܝܚܝ̈ܕܝܬܐ ܓܘ ܕܘܢܒܐ، ܘܦܐܬܐ ܛܝ̈ܡܐ ܢܘܟܪ̈ܝܐ ܘܫܪ̈ܛܐ ܟܡܦܫܩܐ ܡܘܕܝ ܥܒܕܚ ܒܓܘܝܗܝܢ.

ܗܝܣܛܘܓܪܡ ܘܦܣ̈ܩܐ (bins). ܗܝܣܛܘܓܪܡ ܦܐܐ ܝܠܗ ܠܡܫܬܚܠܦܢܐ ܟܡܝܝܐ؛ ܩܐ ܡܫܬܚܠܦܢܐ ܕܓܢ̈ܣܐ ܝܢ ܕܛܟܣܐ ܟܨܝܪܚ ܨܘܪܬܐ ܕܥܡܘ̈ܕܐ (bar chart) ܥܡ ܦܬܝܘܬܐ ܒܝܢܝ ܥܡܘ̈ܕܐ، ܡܛܠ ܕܓܢ̈ܣܐ ܦܪ̈ܝܫܐ ܝܢܐ ܘܠܐ ܡܨܝܐ ܠܡܣܡ ܕܪܒܘܬܐ ܕܝܠܗܘܢ ܫܘܝܐ ܝܠܗ (Gravetter & Wallnau, 2017, pp. 43-45). ܦܬܝܘܬܐ ܕܦܣ̈ܩܐ ܓܘ ܗܝܣܛܘܓܪܡ ܦܣܝܩܬܐ ܝܠܗ ܠܦܘܬ ܢܡܘ̈ܣܐ ܕ-Gravetter ܘ-Wallnau (ܦܐ̈ܬܐ 39-40) ܩܐ ܠܘܚܐ ܕܣܓܝܐܘ̈ܬܐ ܡܟܢܫܐ: ܩܪܝܒ ܥܣܪܐ ܦܣ̈ܩܐ، ܦܬܝܘܬܐ "ܦܫܝܛܬܐ" (1، 2، 5، 10...)، ܫܘܪܝܐ ܕܟܠ ܦܣܩܐ ܓܘ ܡܟܘܦܠܬܐ ܕܦܬܝܘܬܐ، ܘܟܠܗܘܢ ܒܦܬܝܘܬܐ ܫܘܝܬܐ – ܘܡܛܠ ܗܕܐ ܗܝܣܛܘܓܪܡ ܕ-SPSS، ܕܓܒܐ ܦܣ̈ܩܐ ܒܐܘܪܚܐ ܐܚܪܬܐ، ܒܕ ܡܬܚܙܐ ܩܠܝܠ ܦܪܝܫܐ ܥܠ ܗܢܝ ܝܗܝ̈ܒܬܐ. ܣܪܛܐ ܕܛܝ̈ܡܐ (ܙܩܝܦܐ) ܟܠ ܐܝܡܢ ܟܫܪܐ ܡܢ ܣܦܝܩܘܬܐ: ܦܣܩܬܐ ܕܣܪܛܐ ܟܡܪܒܝܐ ܦܘܪ̈ܫܢܐ، ܘܡܬܚܬܐ ܕܝܠܗ ܟܡܛܫܝܐ ܠܗܘܢ (Gravetter & Wallnau، ܩܘܛܝܐ 2.1، ܦܐܬܐ 47؛ Field, 2024، ܦܣܩܐ 5.2.1 – "ܚܘܝܐ ܕܝܗܝ̈ܒܬܐ، ܠܐ ܥܘܩܡܐ ܕܝܠܗܝܢ"). ܗܝܣܛܘܓܪܡ ܠܐ ܝܠܗ ܨܝܪܐ ܩܐ ܒܨܪ ܡܢ ܚܡܫܐ ܚܙ̈ܝܬܐ ܝܢ ܐܝܡܢ ܕܟܠ ܛܝ̈ܡܐ ܫܘ̈ܝܐ ܝܢܐ؛ ܨܘܪܬܐ ܕܥܡܘ̈ܕܐ ܠܐ ܝܠܗ ܨܝܪܬܐ ܩܐ ܝܬܝܪ ܡܢ 25 ܓܢ̈ܣܐ – ܬܡܢ ܦܐܬܐ ܟܡܙܗܪܐ ܕܒܠܟܝ ܡܫܬܚܠܦܢܐ ܟܡܝܝܐ ܝܠܗ.

ܡܘܕܝ ܠܐ ܟܚܫܒܐ ܐܗܐ ܦܐܬܐ. ܛܝܡܐ ܕܣܓܝ ܡܬܚܙܐ ܐܝܟ ܡܢܝܢܐ (ܓܘ ܡܫܬܚܠܦܢܐ ܟܡܝܝܐ ܒܥܕܢ̈ܐ ܣܓܝ̈ܐܐ ܠܝܬ ܠܗ ܣܘܟܠܐ، ܘ-SPSS ܟܛܒܥ ܙܥܘܪܐ ܡܢ ܒܝܢܝ ܟܡܐ)، kurtosis، ܡܨܥܝܬܐ ܓܙܝܙܬܐ، ܬܚܘܡܐ ܕܬܘܟܠܢܐ ܩܐ ܡܨܥܝܬܐ، ܪ̈ܘܒܥܐ ܘ-IQR، boxplot، ܨܘ̈ܪܬܐ Q-Q ܘܒܘܚܪ̈ܢܐ ܕܢܘܪܡܠܝܘܬܐ (Kolmogorov-Smirnov، Shapiro-Wilk) – ܠܟܠܗܘܢ ܟܝܗܒ Explore ܕ-SPSS (Pallant, 2020, Chapter 6; Field, 2024, Section 6.9)، ܘܥܠ ܒܘܚܪ̈ܢܐ ܕܢܘܪܡܠܝܘܬܐ ܚܙܝܡܘܢ ܣܝܓܐ ܓܘ ܦܣܩܐ ܕܩܕܡ. ܬܚܘܝܬܐ ܠܦܘܬ ܓܘ̈ܕܐ (ܡܨܥܝܬܐ ܕܥܘܡܪܐ ܩܐ ܓܒܪ̈ܐ ܘܩܐ ܢܫ̈ܐ ܒܦܪܝܫܘܬܐ) – ܓܘ ܦܐ̈ܬܐ ܒܘܚܪܢܐ t ܘ-ANOVA.

ܘܕܟܝ ܟܥܒܕܚ ܐܗܐ ܒ-SPSS؟ (And how do you do it in SPSS?)

ܡܥܝܪܢܘܬܐ ܕܢܘܣ̈ܚܐ. ܦܘܠܚ̈ܢܐ ܕܓܘ ܐܗܐ ܦܣܩܐ ܩܝ̈ܡܐ ܝܢܐ ܒܟܠ ܢܘܣ̈ܚܐ، ܐܠܐ ܕܘܟܬܐ ܕܡܢ̈ܘܬܐ ܓܘ ܪܫܝܡܬܐ ܘܫܡܗ̈ܐ ܕܓܘܒ̈ܝܐ ܡܨܝܐ ܕܫܚܠܦܝ ܩܠܝܠ. Pallant (2020) ܟܬܝܒܬܐ ܝܠܗ ܠܦܘܬ ܢܘܣܚܐ 26 ܘ-Field (2024) ܠܦܘܬ ܢܘܣܚܐ 29؛ ܬܠܬܐ ܦܘܠܚ̈ܢܐ – Frequencies، Descriptives ܘ-Explore – ܝܬܝܒ̈ܐ ܝܢܐ ܓܘ ܗܝ ܪܫܝܡܬܐ ܓܘ ܟܠ ܢܘܣ̈ܚܐ.

ܡܫܬܚܠܦܢܐ ܕܓܢ̈ܣܐ (Pallant, 2020, Chapter 6): Analyze › Descriptive Statistics › Frequencies… – ܡܫܬܚܠܦ̈ܢܐ ܠܩܘܛܝܐ Variables، ܘ-OK. ܓܘ button Charts… ܡܨܝܐ ܠܒܥܝܐ ܨܘܪܬܐ ܕܥܡܘ̈ܕܐ (Bar charts، ܒܡܢ̈ܘܬܐ ܒܡܐܐ). ܣܝܢܬܐܟܣ (syntax):

FREQUENCIES VARIABLES=sex education
  /BARCHART PERCENT
  /ORDER=ANALYSIS.

ܡܫܬܚܠܦܢܐ ܟܡܝܝܐ (Pallant, Chapter 6): Analyze › Descriptive Statistics › Descriptives… – ܡܫܬܚܠܦ̈ܢܐ ܠܩܘܛܝܐ، ܘܓܘ button Options… ܟܪܫܡܚ Mean, Std. deviation, Minimum, Maximum, Range, Skewness (ܘ-Kurtosis ܐܢ ܒܥܝܚ). Descriptives ܠܐ ܟܛܒܥ ܛܝܡܐ ܡܨܥܝܐ؛ ܠܗ ܟܫܩܠܚ ܓܘ Frequencies › Statistics… › Median (ܘܬܡܢ ܐܦ Quartiles)، ܥܡ Charts… › Histograms ܘܕܠܐ ܠܘܚܐ ܕܣܓܝܐܘ̈ܬܐ (Display frequency tables ܒܛܝܠܐ). ܗܟܢܐ ܒܚܬܝܬܘܬܐ ܒܢܝܐ ܝܠܗ ܣܝܢܬܐܟܣ ܕܦܐܬܐ ܟܒܪܝܐ:

DESCRIPTIVES VARIABLES=age
  /STATISTICS=MEAN STDDEV MIN MAX RANGE SKEWNESS.
FREQUENCIES VARIABLES=age
  /FORMAT=NOTABLE
  /STATISTICS=MEDIAN
  /HISTOGRAM.

ܩܪܝܢܐ ܕܡܦܩܢܐ (output). ܓܘ ܠܘܚܐ Frequencies: Frequency, Percent, Valid Percent, Cumulative Percent ܐܪܒܥܐ ܥܡܘ̈ܕܐ ܕܠܘܚܐ ܕܓܘ ܦܐܬܐ ܝܢܐ، ܘܣܕܪܐ ܕ-Missing System ܝܠܗ ܣܕܪܐ ܕ"ܚܣܝܪܐ". ܓܘ ܠܘܚܐ Descriptive Statistics: N = N ܬܪܝܨܐ، Minimum, Maximum, Range, Mean, Std. Deviation ܐܝܟ ܫܡܗ̈ܐ ܕܝܠܗܘܢ، ܘ-Skewness ܓܘ ܬܪܝܢ ܥܡܘ̈ܕܐ – Statistic ܘ-Std. Error – ܕܐܢܝ ܝܢܐ ܠܐ ܫܘܝܘܬܐ ܘܛܥܝܘܬܐ ܬܩܝܢܬܐ ܕܓܘ ܠܘܚܐ ܕܡܚܘ̈ܝܢܐ. Pallant (ܨܚܚܐ 6) ܟܡܥܗܕܐ ܕܓܘ ܬܘܢܝܐ ܟܡܚܕܪܚ ܛܝ̈ܡܐ ܠܬܪܝܢ ܡܢܝ̈ܢܐ ܒܬܪ ܢܘܩܙܐ. ܣܕܪܐ Valid N (listwise) ܓܘ ܫܬܐܣܐ ܕܠܘܚܐ ܝܠܗ ܡܢܝܢܐ ܕܡܫܬܘܬܦ̈ܢܐ ܕܐܝܬ ܠܗܘܢ ܛܝܡܐ ܓܘ ܟܠ ܡܫܬܚܠܦ̈ܢܐ ܐܟܚܕܐ (ܫܩܠܬܐ ܕܣܕܪܐ ܟܠܗ – Field, 2024، ܦܣܩܐ 6.9.2) – ܠܐ N ܕܚܕ ܡܫܬܚܠܦܢܐ ܝܚܝܕܝܐ.

ܝܬܝܪ ܓܘ Explore (Pallant, Chapter 6; Field, 2024, Section 6.9.2): Analyze › Descriptive Statistics › Explore… ܟܝܗܒ ܓܘ ܚܕ ܠܘܚܐ ܐܦ ܬܚܘܡܐ ܕܬܘܟܠܢܐ (confidence interval) 95% ܩܐ ܡܨܥܝܬܐ، ܡܨܥܝܬܐ ܓܙܝܙܬܐ 5%، ܫܘܚܠܦܐ، ܦܬܝܘܬܐ ܒܝܢܝ ܪ̈ܘܒܥܐ ܘ-kurtosis، ܘܓܘ button Plots… – ܗܝܣܛܘܓܪܡ، boxplot ܘܨܘܪܬܐ Q-Q ܥܡ ܒܘܚܪ̈ܢܐ ܕܢܘܪܡܠܝܘܬܐ. Field ܟܡܥܗܕ ܕܓܒܚ ܓܘ Options ܠ-Exclude cases pairwise، ܐܢ ܠܐ Explore ܒܕ ܡܦܠܚ ܒܣ ܒܡܫܬܘܬܦ̈ܢܐ ܕܐܝܬ ܠܗܘܢ ܛܝܡܐ ܓܘ ܟܠ ܡܫܬܚܠܦ̈ܢܐ ܓܒܝ̈ܐ. Button "ܡܚܬܬܐ ܕܣܝܢܬܐܟܣ SPSS" ܓܘ ܡܦܩܢܐ ܟܒܪܝܐ ܟܠ ܓܫ̈ܩܐ – ܛܥܢܐ، ܟܬܒܐ ܕܪ̈ܡܙܐ (ܐܢ ܗܘܐ ܡܦܫܩܢܐ)، FREQUENCIES ܘ-DESCRIPTIVES – ܥܠ ܝܗܝ̈ܒܬܐ ܘܒܫܡܗ̈ܐ ܕܡܫܬܚܠܦ̈ܢܐ ܕܛܥܝ̈ܢܐ ܝܢܐ.

ܘܕܟܝ ܟܥܒܕܚ ܐܗܐ ܒ-R؟ (And how do you do it in R?)

ܓܘ R ܫܬܐܣܝܐ: table() ܩܐ ܣܓܝܐܘ̈ܬܐ ܘ-prop.table() ܩܐ ܡܢ̈ܘܬܐ ܒܡܐܐ (ܚܣܝ̈ܪܐ ܫܒܝܩ̈ܐ ܝܢܐ ܡܢ table ܐܝܟ ܓܘܒܝܐ ܡܩܕܡܐ، ܘܡܛܠ ܗܕܐ ܡܢܬܐ ܒܡܐܐ ܕܟܫܩܠܚ ܝܠܗ ܡܢܬܐ ܒܡܐܐ ܬܪܝܨܬܐ)، mean()، sd() (ܟܦܠܓܐ ܥܠ n − 1، ܐܝܟ SPSS)، median()، range()؛ ܠܐ ܫܘܝܘܬܐ ܒܫܘܝܘܬܐ ܕ-SPSS ܝܠܗ skewness(x, type = 2) ܡܢ ܚܙܡܐ (package) e1071. ܣܩܪܝܦܬ ܪܗܛܐ ܝܠܗ ܐܝܟ ܕܐܝܬܘܗܝ ܥܠ ܦܐܝܠ ܕܡܬܠܐ ܘܝܗܒܠܗ ܛܝ̈ܡܐ ܕܠܘ̈ܚܐ (ܓܘ ܡܥܝܪ̈ܢܘܬܐ). ܢܡܘܣܐ ܕܣܐܝܛ ܩܐ ܣܘܪܝܬ ܓܘ R: ܦܐܝܠ ܢܛܝܪܐ ܝܠܗ ܒ-UTF-8، ܟܠ ܣܕܪܐ ܕܡܥܝܪܢܘܬܐ ܟܫܪܐ ܒܡܠܬܐ ܕܣܘܪܝܬ، ܘܫܡܗ̈ܐ ܕܓܠܝܘ̈ܢܐ ܘܕܡܫܬܚܠܦ̈ܢܐ ܒܥܒܪܝܐ ܣܢܝܩ̈ܐ ܝܢܐ ܠܐܬܪܐ UTF-8 (ܓܘ Windows: R 4.2 ܘܠܥܠ، ܝܢ Sys.setlocale('LC_ALL', 'Hebrew')).

# ܣܓܝܐܘ̈ܬܐ ܘܣܛܐܛܝܣܛܝܩܐ ܡܚܘܝܢܝܬܐ – ܦܪܘܦܣܘܪ ܣܛܐܛ. ܐܗܐ ܦܐܝܠ ܢܛܝܪܐ ܝܠܗ ܒ-UTF-8؛ ܟܠ ܣܕܪܐ ܕܡܥܝܪܢܘܬܐ ܟܫܪܐ ܒܡܠܬܐ ܕܣܘܪܝܬ
library(readxl)   # ܩܪܝܢܐ ܕܐܩܣܠ
library(e1071)    # ܠܐ ܫܘܝܘܬܐ ܒܫܘܝܘܬܐ ܕ-SPSS: skewness(type = 2)

# ܛܥܢܐ: ܛܘܦܣܐ ܬܩܝܢܐ – ܣܕܪܐ = ܡܫܬܘܬܦܢܐ، ܥܡܘܕܐ = ܡܫܬܚܠܦܢܐ؛ ܓܠܝܘܢܐ "נתונים"
d <- read_excel("C:/Rdata/DATA_freq_example_heb.xlsx", sheet = "נתונים")

# ܠܘܚܐ ܕܣܓܝܐܘ̈ܬܐ ܩܐ ܡܫܬܚܠܦܢܐ ܕܓܢ̈ܣܐ: ܣܓܝܐܘܬܐ، ܡܢܬܐ ܒܡܐܐ (ܡܢ ܟܠܗܘܢ، ܥܡ ܚܣܝ̈ܪܐ)، ܡܢܬܐ ܒܡܐܐ ܬܪܝܨܬܐ ܘܡܢܬܐ ܒܡܐܐ ܟܢܝܫܬܐ
f <- table(d[["השכלה"]])
cbind(f, אחוז = round(100 * f / nrow(d), 1), אחוז_תקף = round(100 * prop.table(f), 1), מצטבר = round(100 * cumsum(prop.table(f)), 1))
# ܦܐܪܐ: 17 (14.2, 14.5, 14.5) · 18 (15.0, 15.4, 29.9) · 50 (41.7, 42.7, 72.6) · 32 (26.7, 27.4, 100.0)
sum(is.na(d[["השכלה"]]))   # ܚܣܝ̈ܪܐ = 3

# ܡܚܘ̈ܝܢܐ ܡܚܘܝܢ̈ܝܐ ܩܐ ܡܫܬܚܠܦܢܐ ܟܡܝܝܐ – ܥܠ ܚܙ̈ܝܬܐ ܬܪ̈ܝܨܬܐ ܒܠܚܘܕ
x <- na.omit(d[["גיל"]])
c(n = length(x), ממוצע = mean(x), ס_ת = sd(x), חציון = median(x), מינימום = min(x), מקסימום = max(x))
# ܦܐܪܐ: 116, 39.40, 12.97, 39.5, 18, 75
skewness(x, type = 2)                                   # ܠܐ ܫܘܝܘܬܐ G1 ܐܝܟ SPSS = 0.213
n <- length(x); sqrt(6 * n * (n - 1) / ((n - 2) * (n + 1) * (n + 3)))   # ܛܥܝܘܬܐ ܬܩܝܢܬܐ ܕܝܠܗ = 0.225

# ܗܝܣܛܘܓܪܡ ܒܗܢܝ ܦܣ̈ܩܐ ܐܝܟ ܓܘ ܦܐܬܐ: ܦܬܝܘܬܐ 10، ܟܫܪܐ ܒܡܟܘܦܠܬܐ ܕ-10، ܦܣܩܐ ܣܟܝܪܐ ܡܢ ܣܡܠܐ [10,20) …
hist(x, breaks = seq(10, 80, by = 10), right = FALSE)$counts   # 11 19 28 35 17 4 2

ܬܘܢܝܐ ܕܡܫܟܚ̈ܢܘܬܐ (reporting the results)

ܒܐܝܢܝ ܨܘܪܬܐ. Field (2024، ܦܣܩܐ 1.8.3) ܟܡܝܬܐ ܢܡܘܣܐ ܕܨܒܥܐ ܕ-APA: ܥܕܡܐ ܬܠܬܐ ܡܢܝ̈ܢܐ – ܓܘ ܡܐܡܪܐ؛ ܐܪܒܥܐ ܥܕܡܐ ܥܣܪܝܢ – ܓܘ ܠܘܚܐ (table)؛ ܝܬܝܪ ܡܢ ܥܣܪܝܢ – ܓܘ ܨܘܪܬܐ؛ ܘܠܐ ܠܡܬܢܝܐ ܗܢܝ ܡܢܝ̈ܢܐ ܒܬܪܬܝܢ ܨܘܪ̈ܬܐ. ܡܛܠ ܗܕܐ ܬܚܘܝܬܐ ܕܕܘܡܝܐ (ܓܢܣܐ، ܝܘܠܦܢܐ، ܥܘܡܪܐ) ܒܪܘܒܐ ܐܙܠܐ ܠܚܕ ܠܘܚܐ ܓܘ ܨܚܚܐ ܕܐܘܪܚܐ، ܒܛܘܦܣܐ ܕܠܘܚܐ 7.2 ܓܘ ܡܕܒܪܢܐ ܕ-APA (American Psychological Association [APA], 2020, Section 7.21): ܫܡܐ ܕܡܫܬܚܠܦܢܐ ܐܝܟ ܣܕܪܐ ܕܪܝܫܐ، ܓܢ̈ܣܐ ܙܝܚ̈ܐ ܠܓܘ ܬܚܘܬܗ، ܘܩܐ ܟܠ ܓܢܣܐ ܥܡܘܕܐ ܕ-n ܘܥܡܘܕܐ ܕ-%؛ ܓܘ ܥܡܘܕܐ ܕܪܝܫܗ "%" ܡܢܝ̈ܢܐ ܟܬܝܒ̈ܐ ܝܢܐ ܕܠܐ ܪܘܫܡܐ ܕܡܢܬܐ ܒܡܐܐ (ܦܣܩܐ 7.12)، ܘ-N ܓܘܢܝܐ ܝܗܝܒܐ ܝܠܗ ܓܘ ܪܝܫܐ ܝܢ ܓܘ ܡܥܝܪܢܘܬܐ ܕܠܘܚܐ. ܠܘ̈ܚܐ ܕܓܘ ܡܦܩܢܐ ܟܫܡܥܝ ܠܢܡܘ̈ܣܐ ܕܠܘܚܐ ܕ-APA: ܡܢܝܢܐ ܕܠܘܚܐ ܥܒܝܐ ܘܫܡܗ ܒܐܬܘܬܐ ܡܨܠܝܬܐ (ܦܣܩܐ 7.11)، ܣܪ̈ܛܐ ܦܫܝ̈ܛܐ ܒܠܚܘܕ (ܦܣܩܐ 7.17)، ܘܡܥܝܪܢܘܬܐ ܓܘܢܝܬܐ ܠܬܚܬ (ܦܣܩܐ 7.14).

ܓܘ ܡܐܡܪܐ. ܡܫܬܚܠܦܢܐ ܕܓܢ̈ܣܐ: "ܪܘܒܐ ܕܡܫܬܘܬܦ̈ܢܐ (n = 68، 56.7%) ܢܫ̈ܐ ܗܘܘ"؛ ܡܫܬܚܠܦܢܐ ܟܡܝܝܐ: ܡܨܥܝܬܐ ܘܣܛܝܘܬܐ ܬܩܝܢܬܐ ܐܟܚܕܐ – M = 39.40, SD = 12.97 – ܡܛܠ ܕܡܨܥܝܬܐ ܕܠܐ ܡܚܘܝܢܐ ܕܒܕܪܐ ܦܠܓܐ ܕܝܕܥܬܐ ܝܠܗ (Field, 2024, Section 1.8.3; Gravetter & Wallnau, 2017, pp. 89, 121)؛ ܩܐ ܝܗܝ̈ܒܬܐ ܠܐ ܫܘ̈ܝܬܐ – ܛܝܡܐ ܡܨܥܝܐ ܥܡ ܦܬܝܘܬܐ ܝܢ IQR: Mdn = 36, IQR = 21 (Field, Section 1.8.3; Pallant, 2020, Chapter 6). ܪ̈ܘܫܡܐ M, SD, Mdn, N, n ܠܐ ܣܢܝܩ̈ܐ ܝܢܐ ܠܬܚܡܐ (APA, 2020, Section 6.44)؛ N ܝܠܗ ܕܘܡܝܐ ܟܠܗ ܘ-n ܓܘܕܐ ܙܥܘܪܬܐ. ܦܐܬܐ ܟܛܒܥܐ ܡܨܥܝ̈ܬܐ ܘܣܛܝ̈ܘܬܐ ܬܩܝܢ̈ܬܐ ܒܬܪܝܢ ܡܢܝ̈ܢܐ ܒܬܪ ܢܘܩܙܐ، ܐܝܟ SPSS؛ APA (ܦܣܩܐ 6.36) ܟܡܙܝܕ ܕܩܐ ܝܗܝ̈ܒܬܐ ܒܣܒܠܬܐ ܕܡܢܝ̈ܢܐ ܫܠܡ̈ܐ – ܐܝܟ ܦܣܘ̈ܩܐ ܕܦܢܩܝܬܐ ܕܫܘܐ̈ܠܐ – ܚܕ ܡܢܝܢܐ ܣܦܩ ܝܠܗ، ܘܕܡܢ̈ܘܬܐ ܒܡܐܐ ܘܡܚܘ̈ܝܢܐ ܕܡܨܥܬܐ ܡܚܕ̈ܪܐ ܝܢܐ "ܟܡܐ ܕܡܨܝܐ" ܕܠܐ ܐܒܕܢܐ ܕܚܬܝܬܘܬܐ. ܠܐ ܫܘܝܘܬܐ ܡܘܬܢܐ ܝܠܗ ܐܝܡܢ ܕܐܝܬ ܠܗ ܣܘܟܠܐ ܩܐ ܫܪ̈ܛܐ: skewness = 0.21, SE = 0.22، ܥܡ ܣܦܝܩܘܬܐ ܩܕܡ ܢܘܩܙܐ ܡܛܠ ܕܡܚܘܝܢܐ ܡܨܝܐ ܕܥܒܪ ܥܠ 1 (ܦܣܩܐ 6.36).

ܓܘ ܨܘܪܬܐ. ܨܘܪܬܐ ܠܦܘܬ APA ܨܘܪܬܐ ܝܠܗ (figure): ܡܢܝܢܐ، ܪܝܫܐ ܡܨܠܝܐ، ܫܡܗ̈ܐ ܕܡܫܬܚܠܦ̈ܢܐ ܥܠ ܣܪ̈ܛܐ، ܘܡܥܝܪܢܘܬܐ ܕܨܘܪܬܐ ܕܟܐܡܪܐ ܡܘܕܝ ܟܡܚܘܐ ܟܠ ܪܘܫܡܐ ܘܡܘܕܝ ܝܠܗ N (APA, 2020, Sections 7.22-7.28) – ܗܟܢܐ ܨܘ̈ܪܬܐ ܕܓܘ ܡܦܩܢܐ، ܘܗܟܢܐ ܟܡܬܕܒܩܝ ܠ-Word (ܡܥܝܪܢܘܬܐ ܬܚܘܬ ܨܘܪܬܐ). Field (2024، ܦܣܩܐ 5.2.1) ܟܡܝܬܐ ܡܢ Tufte: ܚܘܝܐ ܕܝܗܝ̈ܒܬܐ، ܠܐ ܥܘܩܡܐ ܕܝܠܗܝܢ، ܕܠܐ "ܛܢܦܘܬܐ ܕܨܘܪܬܐ" (chartjunk) – ܕܠܐ ܡܥܒ̈ܕܢܘܝܬܐ ܕܬܠܬܐ ܡܫܘ̈ܚܬܐ، ܛܠ̈ܠܐ ܘܓܘ̈ܢܐ ܕܒܣܬܪܐ.

ܛܥܝ̈ܘܬܐ ܕܡܬܚܙܝܢ ܣܓܝ (Common mistakes)

ܡܨܥܝܬܐ ܩܐ ܡܫܬܚܠܦܢܐ ܕܫܡܗ̈ܐ. "ܡܨܥܝܬܐ ܕܓܢܣܐ 1.57" – ܪ̈ܡܙܐ ܫܡܗ̈ܐ ܝܢܐ، ܠܐ ܟܡܝ̈ܘܬܐ (Gravetter & Wallnau, 2017, p. 88; Pallant, 2020, Chapter 6). ܟܡܘܬܢܚ ܣܓܝܐܘ̈ܬܐ ܘܡܢ̈ܘܬܐ ܒܡܐܐ.

ܬܘܢܝܐ ܕܡܢܬܐ ܒܡܐܐ ܒܕܘܟܬܐ ܕܡܢܬܐ ܒܡܐܐ ܬܪܝܨܬܐ. ܐܝܡܢ ܕܐܝܬ ܚܣܝ̈ܪܐ، "ܡܢܬܐ ܒܡܐܐ" ܚܫܝܒܬܐ ܝܠܗ ܡܢ ܟܠ ܡܫܬܘܬܦ̈ܢܐ ܥܡ ܐܝܢܐ ܕܠܐ ܦܢܐ؛ ܡܢܬܐ ܒܡܐܐ ܕܟܡܚܘܝܐ ܡܦܢܝ̈ܢܐ ܝܠܗ ܡܢܬܐ ܒܡܐܐ ܬܪܝܨܬܐ – ܘܡܢܝܢܐ ܕܚܣܝ̈ܪܐ ܟܡܘܬܢܚ ܒܦܪܝܫܘܬܐ.

ܡܨܥܝܬܐ ܕܠܐ ܣܛܝܘܬܐ ܬܩܝܢܬܐ، ܛܝܡܐ ܡܨܥܝܐ ܕܠܐ ܦܬܝܘܬܐ. ܡܚܘܝܢܐ ܕܡܨܥܬܐ ܒܠܚܘܕܗ ܠܐ ܟܡܚܘܐ ܦܘܠܓܐ (Field, 2024, Section 1.8.3): ܬܪܝܢ ܡܠܦܢ̈ܐ ܥܡ ܗܝ ܡܨܥܝܬܐ 2.6 ܘܣܛܝ̈ܘܬܐ ܬܩܝܢ̈ܬܐ 0.55 ܘ-1.82 ܬܪܬܝܢ ܬܫܥܝ̈ܬܐ ܦܪ̈ܝܫܬܐ ܝܢܐ (Field, Section 1.7.5).

ܡܨܥܝܬܐ ܩܐ ܦܘܠܓܐ ܠܐ ܫܘܝܐ ܣܓܝ. ܥܠܠܬܐ ܕܟܣܦܐ، ܙܒ̈ܢܐ ܕܦܘܢܝܐ، ܡܢܝܢܐ ܕܝܠܘ̈ܕܐ – ܡܨܥܝܬܐ ܡܬܓܪܫܐ ܝܠܗ ܒܬܪ ܕܘܢܒܐ؛ ܟܡܘܬܢܚ ܛܝܡܐ ܡܨܥܝܐ (Gravetter & Wallnau, 2017, pp. 86-87; Pallant, 2020, Chapter 6)، ܘܐܢ ܒܥܝܚ – ܐܦ ܡܨܥܝܬܐ، ܥܡ ܡܥܗܕܢܘܬܐ ܕܠܐ ܫܘܝܘܬܐ.

ܦܘܫܩܐ ܕܦܣܘܩܐ ܕ-Likert ܝܚܝܕܝܐ ܐܝܟ ܡܫܬܚܠܦܢܐ ܕܪܘ̈ܚܩܐ ܫܘ̈ܝܐ. ܥܝܕܐ ܕܣܐܝܛ: ܦܣܘܩܐ ܝܚܝܕܝܐ ܕܛܟܣܐ ܝܠܗ – ܠܘܚܐ ܕܣܓܝܐܘ̈ܬܐ ܘܛܝܡܐ ܡܨܥܝܐ؛ ܡܢܝܢܐ ܕܦܣܘ̈ܩܐ ܣܓܝ̈ܐܐ – ܡܨܥܝܬܐ ܘܣܛܝܘܬܐ ܬܩܝܢܬܐ (ܦܐܬܐ ܡܫܬܚܠܦ̈ܢܐ ܘܕܪ̈ܓܐ ܕܡܫܘܚܬܐ).

ܒܘܚܪܢܐ ܕܢܘܪܡܠܝܘܬܐ ܒܒܘܚܪܢܐ ܕܪܫܝܡܘܬܐ ܓܘ ܕܘܡܝܐ ܪܒܐ. ܒܘܚܪܢܐ ܒܕ ܗܘܐ ܪܫܝܡܐ ܐܦ ܩܐ ܣܛܝܘܬܐ ܙܥܘܪܬܐ ܛܒܐ (Field, 2024, Box 6.7; Tabachnick & Fidell, as cited in Pallant, 2020, Chapter 6). ܟܚܙܚ ܗܝܣܛܘܓܪܡ ܘܛܝܡܐ ܕܠܐ ܫܘܝܘܬܐ.

ܣܪܛܐ ܕܛܝ̈ܡܐ ܕܠܐ ܟܫܪܐ ܡܢ ܣܦܝܩܘܬܐ، ܨܘܪܬܐ ܕܬܠܬܐ ܡܫܘ̈ܚܬܐ. ܬܪܘܝܗܝ ܟܥܩܡܝ ܡܐ ܕܩܪܘܝܐ ܟܚܙܐ (Gravetter & Wallnau, 2017, Box 2.1, p. 47; Field, 2024, Section 5.2.1).

ܬܚܘܝܬܐ ܕܕܘܡܝܐ ܡܢ Valid N (listwise). ܐܗܐ ܝܠܗ ܡܢܝܢܐ ܕܡܫܬܘܬܦ̈ܢܐ ܓܡܝܪ̈ܐ ܓܘ ܟܠ ܡܫܬܚܠܦ̈ܢܐ ܐܟܚܕܐ – ܫܩܠܬܐ ܕܣܕܪܐ ܟܠܗ (Field, 2024, Section 6.9.2)؛ N ܕܟܠ ܡܫܬܚܠܦܢܐ ܝܠܗ ܐܗܘ ܕܓܘ ܣܕܪܐ ܕܝܠܗ.

ܡܒܘ̈ܥܐ

American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1037/0000165-000

Field, A. (2024). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics (6th ed.). SAGE.

Gravetter, F. J., & Wallnau, L. B. (2017). Statistics for the behavioral sciences (10th ed.). Cengage Learning.

Pallant, J. (2020). SPSS survival manual: A step by step guide to data analysis using IBM SPSS (7th ed.). Routledge.

Tufte (2001) – ܐܝܟ ܕܡܝܬܐ ܝܠܗ ܓܘ Field (2024)؛ Tabachnick ܘ-Fidell (2013) – ܐܝܟ ܕܡܝܬܝ̈ܐ ܝܢܐ ܓܘ Pallant (2020). ܠܦܘܬ ܢܡܘܣܐ ܕܣܐܝܛ، ܓܘ ܪܫܝܡܬܐ ܕܡܒܘ̈ܥܐ ܟܡܬܚܙܝ ܒܣ ܡܒܘ̈ܥܐ ܕܩܪܝ̈ܐ ܝܢܐ ܡܢ ܥܩܪܐ. Field (2024) ܘ-Pallant (2020) ܓܘ ܢܘܣܚܐ ܕܝܓܝܛܠܝܐ ܪܕܝܐ (reflowable) – ܡܬܝܬܝܬܐ ܠܦܘܬ ܦܣܩܐ ܘܨܚܚܐ؛ Gravetter ܘ-Wallnau (2017) ܘ-APA (2020) – ܠܦܘܬ ܦܐܬܐ ܘܦܣܩܐ ܕܢܘܣܚܐ ܛܒܝܥܐ.