ܕܘܡܝܐ ܘܓܘܒܝܐ ܕܕܘܡܝܐ

ܡܕܒܪܢܐ (guide)

ܡܐ ܐܝܬ ܓܘ ܐܗܐ ܦܐܬܐ (On this page)

ܟܠ ܫܘܠܡܐ ܣܛܐܛܝܣܛܝܩܝܐ ܟܥܒܪ ܡܢ ܕܘܡܝܐ – ܢܫ̈ܐ، ܟܬܝ̈ܒܬܐ ܝܢ ܡܬ̈ܘܬܐ ܕܡܫܝܚ̈ܐ ܝܢܐ – ܠܟܢܫܐ ܟܠܢܝܐ ܕܒܫܪܪܐ ܟܒܥܝܚ ܠܗ. ܐܗܐ ܦܣܥܬܐ ܬܠܝܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܒܬܪܝܢ ܫܘܐ̈ܠܐ ܕܟܡܬܦܣܩܝ ܩܕܡ ܦܢܩܝܬܐ ܕܫܘܐ̈ܠܐ ܩܕܡܝܬܐ: ܥܠ ܡܢܘ ܟܡܚܘܐ ܕܘܡܝܐ، ܗܢܘ ܕܟܝ ܓܒܝܐ ܝܠܗ، ܘܟܡܐ ܪܒܐ ܝܠܗ. ܐܗܐ ܦܐܬܐ ܟܡܚܕܕܐ ܟܢܫܐ ܟܠܢܝܐ، ܕܘܡܝܐ، ܦܪܡܝܛܪ (parameter)، ܡܢܝܢܐ ܣܛܐܛܝܣܛܝܩܝܐ (statistic) ܘܛܥܝܘܬܐ ܕܓܘܒܝܐ ܕܕܘܡܝܐ (Gravetter & Wallnau, 2017)؛ ܟܡܦܫܩܐ ܡܘܕܝ ܒܚܬܝܬܘܬܐ ܟܒܥܐ "ܓܘܒܝܐ ܓܕܫܢܝܐ ܕܕܘܡܝܐ" (random sampling) ܘܩܡܘܕܝ ܪܫܝܡܬܐ ܕܚܒܪ̈ܐ ܕܓܘܕܐ ܕܐܠܦ̈ܐ ܕܛܘܝܠܘܬܐ (yacht club) ܠܝܠܗ̇ ܕܘܡܝܐ ܕܡܕܝܢܬܐ؛ ܟܚܙܝܐ ܐܘܪ̈ܚܬܐ ܕܓܘܒܝܐ ܕܕܘܡܝܐ ܕܡܣܬܒܪܢܘܬܐ ܘܕܠܐ ܡܣܬܒܪܢܘܬܐ ܠܦܘܬ Krippendorff (2019، ܨܚܚܐ 6) – ܕܟܬܝܒܐ ܝܠܗ ܥܠ ܟܬܝ̈ܒܬܐ، ܐܝܢܐ ܬܪܝܨܐ ܝܠܗ ܩܐ ܢܫ̈ܐ ܘܩܐ ܟܬܒ̈ܐ؛ ܟܡܚܘܝܐ ܛܥܝܘܬܐ ܬܩܝܢܬܐ ܘܢܡܘܣܐ ܕܬܚܘܡܐ ܡܨܥܝܐ – ܥܠܬܐ ܕܕܘܡܝܐ ܕܟܡܐ ܡܐܐ̈ ܣܦܩ ܝܠܗ ܩܐ ܟܢܫܐ ܟܠܢܝܐ ܕܡܠܝܘ̈ܢܐ؛ ܘܟܫܠܡܐ ܒܫܘܐܠܐ ܕܪܒܘܬܐ ܕܕܘܡܝܐ (sample size)، ܕܐܝܬܘܗܝ ܫܘܐܠܐ ܕܚܝܠܐ ܣܛܐܛܝܣܛܝܩܝܐ (statistical power) (ܚܙܝܡܘܢ ܫܘܐܠܐ ܕܒܘܨܝܐ ܘܗܘܦܘܬܣ̈ܝܣ)، ܘܒܐܢܝ ܕܠܐ ܦܢܐܠܗܘܢ (ܚܙܝܡܘܢ ܛܝ̈ܡܐ ܚܣܝ̈ܪܐ). ܓܘ ܢܘܣܚܐ 3 ܡܘܣܦܐ ܝܠܗ ܨܚܚܐ ܕܡܟܢܫܬܐ ܕܡܫܬܘܬܦ̈ܢܐ ܕ-Chandler (2023) ܡܢ ܡܕܒܪܢܐ ܕ-Cambridge ܥܠ ܐܘܪ̈ܚܬܐ ܕܒܘܨܝܐ ܓܘ ܝܕ̈ܥܬܐ ܕܟܢܫܐ ܘܕܕܘܒܪܐ (Nichols & Edlund, 2023): ܡܐ ܕܐܝܬ ܒܝܢܝ ܕܘܡܝܐ ܕܬܩܢܠܘܟܘܢ ܘܕܘܡܝܐ ܕܒܕ ܩܒܠܝܬܘܢ – ܐܝܡܢ ܕܘܡܝܐ ܕܠܐ ܡܣܬܒܪܢܘܬܐ ܣܦܩ ܝܠܗ، ܟܡܐ ܓܪܓ ܕܩܪܚ ܩܐ ܕܡܛܚ ܠ-n، ܘܡܘܕܝ ܣܗܕ̈ܘܬܐ ܟܐܡܪܝ ܥܠ ܡܘܕܥ̈ܢܘܝܬܐ ܡܩܕ̈ܡܬܐ، ܡܕܟܪ̈ܢܘܝܬܐ ܘܡܘܗ̈ܒܬܐ.

1. ܟܢܫܐ ܟܠܢܝܐ، ܕܘܡܝܐ، ܦܪܡܝܛܪ، ܡܢܝܢܐ ܣܛܐܛܝܣܛܝܩܝܐ – ܘܛܥܝܘܬܐ ܕܓܘܒܝܐ ܕܕܘܡܝܐ

ܒܘܨܝܐ ܟܫܪܐ ܒܫܘܐܠܐ ܥܠ ܓܘܕܐ ܦܪܝܫܬܐ. ܓܘܕܐ ܟܠܗ̇ ܕܒܨܘܝܬܐ ܒܥܝܐ ܠܡܒܨܝܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܟܢܫܐ ܟܠܢܝܐ – ܟܠ ܚܕ̈ܝܘܬܐ ܕܒܘܨܝܐ ܟܒܥܐ؛ ܡܨܐ ܕܗܘܐ ܪܒܐ ܣܓܝ (ܟܠ ܢܫ̈ܐ ܒܥܠܡܐ) ܝܢ ܥܝܩܐ (ܢܫ̈ܐ ܕܐܝܬܝܗܝ ܪ̈ܫܐ ܕܡܕܝ̈ܢܬܐ)، ܘܠܐ ܓܪܓ ܕܗܘܐ ܕܒܢܝ̈ܢܫܐ – ܫܪ̈ܟܬܐ، ܡܢܘ̈ܬܐ ܓܘ ܒܝܬ ܥܒܕܐ، ܟܬܝ̈ܒܬܐ ܕܥܘܬܕܐ. ܒܨܘܝܬܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܕܟܡܚܕܕܐ ܠܗ، ܘܟܠ ܐܡܢ ܓܪܓ ܕܡܦܪܫܐ ܠܗ ܓܠܝܐܝܬ (Gravetter & Wallnau, 2017, p. 3). ܡܛܠ ܕܟܢܫ̈ܐ ܟܠܢ̈ܝܐ ܪ̈ܒܐ ܝܢܐ ܡܢ ܕܡܫܚܚ ܟܠܗܘܢ، ܟܓܒܚ ܕܘܡܝܐ – ܓܘܕܐ ܡܢ ܟܢܫܐ ܟܠܢܝܐ ܕܥܒܝܕܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܩܐ ܡܚܘܝܬܐ ܕܝܠܗ، ܘܟܠ ܐܡܢ ܟܡܬܦܪܫ ܠܦܘܬ ܟܢܫܐ ܟܠܢܝܐ ܕܡܢܗ ܓܒܝܐ ܝܠܗ. ܛܝܡܐ ܕܟܡܬܚܘܐ ܟܢܫܐ ܟܠܢܝܐ ܝܠܗ ܦܪܡܝܛܪ؛ ܛܝܡܐ ܕܟܡܬܚܘܐ ܕܘܡܝܐ ܝܠܗ ܡܢܝܢܐ ܣܛܐܛܝܣܛܝܩܝܐ؛ ܩܐ ܟܠ ܦܪܡܝܛܪ ܐܝܬ ܡܢܝܢܐ ܣܛܐܛܝܣܛܝܩܝܐ ܕܩܘܒܠܗ، ܘܣܓܝܐܘܬܐ ܕܒܘܨܝܐ ܥܠ ܐܣܘܪܐ ܒܝܢܬܘܗܝ ܝܠܗ (ܬܡܢ، ܦܐܬܐ 4).

ܘܗܪܟܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܥܩܬܐ ܫܬܐܣܝܬܐ ܕܟܠ ܣܛܐܛܝܣܛܝܩܐ ܕܫܘܠܡܐ ܥܒܝܕܬܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܩܐ ܫܪܝܐ ܕܝܠܗ̇: ܛܥܝܘܬܐ ܕܓܘܒܝܐ ܕܕܘܡܝܐ – ܦܘܪܫܢܐ ܟܝܢܝܐ، ܕܟܗܘܐ ܒܓܕܫܢܝܘܬܐ، ܒܝܢܝ ܡܢܝܢܐ ܣܛܐܛܝܣܛܝܩܝܐ ܕܕܘܡܝܐ ܘܦܪܡܝܛܪ ܕܟܢܫܐ ܟܠܢܝܐ (Gravetter & Wallnau, 2017, pp. 5-7). ܡܬܠܐ ܕܝܠܗܘܢ: ܟܢܫܐ ܟܠܢܝܐ ܕ-1,000 ܬܠܡ̈ܝܕܐ، ܬܪܝܢ ܕܘ̈ܡܝܐ ܕܚܡܫܐ – ܡܨܥܝܬܐ ܕܥܘܡܪܐ ܓܘ ܕܘܡܝܐ ܚܕ 19.8، ܓܘ ܬܪܝܢܐ 20.4، ܘܓܘ ܟܢܫܐ ܟܠܢܝܐ 21.3. ܚܕ ܕܘܡܝܐ ܠܐ ܝܠܗ ܐܝܟ ܟܢܫܐ ܟܠܢܝܐ، ܘܕܘ̈ܡܝܐ ܦܪ̈ܝܫܐ ܝܢܐ ܚܕ ܡܢ ܐܚܪܢܐ – ܘܐܢܝ ܒܣ ܬܪܝܢ ܝܢܐ ܡܢ ܡܐܐ̈ ܕܕܘ̈ܡܝܐ ܕܡܨܝ ܕܗܘܝ. ܝܢ: ܟܦܠܓܚ ܣܦܪܐ ܠܬܪܝܢ ܒܣܪܛܐ ܕܡܚܫܒܬܐ ܓܘ ܦܠܓܐ ܕܐܘܛܐ ܘܟܚܫܒܚ ܡܨܥܝܬܐ ܕܥܘܡܪܐ ܩܐ ܟܠ ܓܢܒܐ – ܩܪܝܒ ܠܫܪܪܐ ܒܕ ܗܘܐ ܦܘܪܫܢܐ، ܘܠܝܬ ܚܝܠܐ ܟܣܝܐ ܕܓܪܫ ܠܪ̈ܒܐ ܠܓܢܒܐ ܕܝܡܝܢܐ؛ ܦܘܪ̈ܫܢܐ ܕܠܐ ܡܣܟܝ̈ܐ ܘܠܐ ܡܛܟܣ̈ܐ ܒܝܢܝ ܕܘܡܝܐ ܠܕܘܡܝܐ ܝܢܐ ܛܥܝܘܬܐ ܕܓܘܒܝܐ ܕܕܘܡܝܐ. "ܛܥܝܘܬܐ ܕܓܘܒܝܐ" ܓܘ ܒܘܨ̈ܝܐ ܕܓܘܒܝ̈ܐ – "ܙܘܕܐ-ܒܨܝܪܐ 4 ܢܘܩ̈ܙܐ" – ܝܠܗ̇ ܒܚܬܝܬܘܬܐ ܐܗܐ. ܟܠ ܒܘܚܪ̈ܢܐ ܣܛܐܛܝܣܛܝܩ̈ܝܐ ܟܫܐܠܝ ܚܕ ܫܘܐܠܐ: ܐܝܬ ܦܘܪܫܢܐ ܕܚܙܐܠܢ ܪܒܐ ܝܠܗ ܡܢ ܡܐ ܕܛܥܝܘܬܐ ܕܓܘܒܝܐ ܕܕܘܡܝܐ ܒܠܚܘܕܗ̇ ܗܘܬ ܡܘܠܕܐ؟

2. ܡܘܕܝ ܝܠܗ "ܕܘܡܝܐ ܓܕܫܢܝܐ" – ܘܩܡܘܕܝ ܠܝܠܗ "ܐܢܐ ܕܐܬܐ"

"ܓܕܫܢܝܐ" ܡܠܬܐ ܛܟܢܝܩܝܬܐ ܝܠܗ̇، ܠܐ ܬܚܘܝܬܐ ܕܠܐ ܬܘܩܢܐ. ܕܘܡܝܐ ܓܕܫܢܝܐ ܦܫܝܛܐ ܟܒܥܐ ܕܩܐ ܟܠ ܚܕܝܘܬܐ ܓܘ ܟܢܫܐ ܟܠܢܝܐ ܗܘܐ ܣܟܘܝܐ ܫܘܝܐ ܕܡܬܓܒܝܐ؛ ܩܐ ܡܥܠ̈ܝܬܐ ܣܛܐܛܝܣܛܝܩ̈ܝܬܐ ܣܢܝܩ ܝܠܗ ܐܦ ܫܪܛܐ ܬܪܝܢܐ – ܕܡܣܬܒܪܢܘܬܐ ܦܝܫܐ ܩܝܡܬܐ ܡܢ ܓܘܒܝܐ ܠܓܘܒܝܐ، ܗܢܘ ܠܐ ܬܠܝܬܐ ܒܐܢܐ ܕܡܢ ܩܕܡ ܓܒܝܐ ܝܠܗ – ܘܐܗܐ ܝܠܗ "ܕܘܡܝܐ ܓܕܫܢܝܐ ܠܐ ܬܠܝܐ"، ܕܣܓܝܐܘܬܐ ܕܡܦܠܚܢ̈ܘܝܬܐ ܣܛܐܛܝܣܛܝܩ̈ܝܬܐ ܟܣܝܡܝ ܠܗ (Gravetter & Wallnau, 2017, pp. 161-162). ܫܪܛܐ ܩܕܡܝܐ ܝܠܗ ܡܐ ܕܟܡܫܪܪ ܕܠܝܬ ܡܣܒ ܒܐܦ̈ܐ (bias) ܓܘ ܓܘܒܝܐ: ܓܘ ܟܢܫܐ ܟܠܢܝܐ ܕ-N ܚܕ̈ܝܘܬܐ ܩܐ ܟܠ ܚܕܐ ܡܣܬܒܪܢܘܬܐ 1/N. ܘܒܗܝ ܣܒܒܐ، ܓܘ ܡܬ̈ܠܐ ܕܝܠܗܘܢ، ܠܐ ܟܩܒܠܚ ܕܘܡܝܐ ܓܕܫܢܝܐ ܕܥܡܘܪ̈ܐ ܕܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܡܢ ܪܫܝܡܬܐ ܕܚܒܪ̈ܐ ܕܓܘܕܐ ܕܐܠܦ̈ܐ ܕܛܘܝܠܘܬܐ، ܘܠܐ ܕܘܡܝܐ ܕܬܠܡ̈ܝܕܐ ܡܢ ܣܕܪܐ ܕܝܘܟܘܢ ܕܝܕܥܬܐ ܕܢܦܫܐ. ܩܐ ܦܣܐ ܣܢܝܩܘܬܐ ܐܝܬ ܠܪܫܝܡܬܐ ܕܓܘܒܝܐ ܕܕܘܡܝܐ (sampling frame) – ܪܫܝܡܬܐ ܡܢܝܬܐ ܕܟܠ ܚܕ̈ܝܘܬܐ ܓܘ ܟܢܫܐ ܟܠܢܝܐ – ܘܠܡܟܢܝܘܬܐ ܕܦܣܐ ܕܟܝܗܒܐ ܩܐ ܟܠ ܚܕܝܘܬܐ ܗܝ ܡܣܬܒܪܢܘܬܐ ܓܢܗ̇ (Krippendorff, 2019, p. 114). ܘܒܢܘܣܚܐ ܕ-Krippendorff (ܦܐܬܐ 119): ܕܘܡܝܐ ܓܕܫܢܝܐ ܝܠܗ ܡܘܕܝܢܘܬܐ ܕܠܝܬ ܠܢ ܝܕܥܬܐ ܕܟܝ ܟܢܫܐ ܟܠܢܝܐ ܟܡܬܚܙܐ ܘܐܝܟܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܡܘܕܥܢܘܬܐ – ܘܐܡܢ ܕܐܝܬ ܠܢ ܝܕܥܬܐ، ܐܘܪ̈ܚܬܐ ܐܚܪ̈ܢܝܬܐ ܟܡܦܠܚܝ ܒܗ̇.

3. ܐܘܪ̈ܚܬܐ ܕܓܘܒܝܐ ܕܕܘܡܝܐ – ܡܘܕܝ ܟܠ ܚܕܐ ܟܫܒܩܐ ܠܡܦܩܬܐ

Krippendorff (2019، ܨܚܚܐ 6) ܟܦܪܫ ܒܝܢܝ ܬܠܬܐ ܐܘܪ̈ܚܬܐ ܕܡܣܬܒܪܢܘܬܐ – ܕܥܒܝ̈ܕܬܐ ܝܢܐ ܩܐ ܡܫܪܪܬܐ ܕܩܐ ܟܠ ܚܕܝܘܬܐ ܗܘ ܣܟܘܝܐ ܓܢܗ ܕܡܥܠܬܐ، ܘܐܗܐ ܝܠܗ ܫܬܐܣܐ ܕܦܘܫܛܐ ܣܛܐܛܝܣܛܝܩܝܐ – ܘܒܝܢܝ ܐܘܪ̈ܚܬܐ ܕܟܡܦܠܚܝ ܒܝܕܥܬܐ ܥܠ ܒܢܝܢܐ ܕܟܢܫܐ ܟܠܢܝܐ ܝܢ ܟܫܒܩܝ ܡܚܘܝܬܐ. ܓܕܫܢܝܐ ܦܫܝܛܐ: ܡܢܝܢܐ ܕܟܠ ܚܕ̈ܝܘܬܐ ܘܦܣܐ (ܦܐܬܐ 114). ܡܛܟܣܐ (systematic): ܟܠ ܚܕܝܘܬܐ ܕܡܢܝܢܐ k ܓܘ ܪܫܝܡܬܐ، ܡܢ ܢܘܩܙܐ ܕܫܘܪܝܐ ܕܓܒܝܐ ܝܠܗ ܒܦܣܐ؛ ܦܫܝܩܐ ܝܠܗ ܩܐ ܡܦܪ̈ܣܢܘܝܬܐ ܘܩܐ ܓܕܫ̈ܐ ܡܬܢ̈ܝܐ، ܐܝܢܐ ܡܣܒܐ ܒܐܦ̈ܐ ܝܠܗ ܐܡܢ ܕܦܬܝܘܬܐ ܩܝܡܬܐ ܐܣܝܪܬܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܥܡ "ܩܝܣܐ" ܟܝܢܝܐ ܓܘ ܪܫܝܡܬܐ – ܙܒܢ̈ܐ ܕܫܢܬܐ، ܚܘܕܪ̈ܐ: ܟܠ ܝܘܡܐ ܫܒܝܥܝܐ ܓܘ ܥܘܬܕܐ ܕܟܠ ܝܘܡ ܒܕ ܝܗܒ ܟܠ ܐܡܢ ܗܘ ܝܘܡܐ ܓܢܗ ܕܫܒܬܐ (ܘܡܢܬܐ ܕܝܕܥܬܐ ܕܬܠܬܒܫܒܐ ܒܕ ܡܬܚܙܝܐ ܓܘ ܟܠܗ ܕܘܡܝܐ ܝܢ ܓܘ ܚܕ ܠܐ)، ܘܟܠ ܚܙܝܪܢ ܒܝܢܝ 1932 ܘ-1942 ܓܘ ܡܘܕܥ̈ܢܘܝܬܐ ܕܓܘܪܐ ܕ-New York Times ܠܐ ܡܫܟܚܠܗ ܚܕ ܚܠܘܠܐ ܓܘ ܒܝܬ ܟܢܘܫܬܐ – ܣܒܒ ܕܚܙܝܪܢ ܟܢܦܠ ܓܘ ܙܒܢܐ ܕܥܝܕܐ ܝܗܘܕܝܐ ܟܡܟܠܐ ܒܗ ܓܘܪܐ (ܦܐܬܐ 115). ܕܛܒ̈ܩܐ (stratified): ܟܡܦܪܫܚ ܟܢܫ̈ܐ ܟܠܢ̈ܝܐ ܙܥܘܪ̈ܐ (ܛܒ̈ܩܐ) ܕܟܠ ܚܕܝܘܬܐ ܕܚܕܐ ܡܢܝܗܝ ܒܠܚܘܕ ܝܠܗ̇، ܘܟܓܒܚ ܒܓܕܫܢܝܘܬܐ ܝܢ ܡܛܟܣܐܝܬ ܓܘ ܟܠ ܛܒܩܐ ܒܦܪܝܫܘܬܐ – ܗܕܟܐ ܟܠ ܛܒ̈ܩܐ ܡܚܘ̈ܝܐ ܝܢܐ، ܠܦܘܬ ܪܒܘܬܐ ܡܩܪܒܬܐ ܕܝܠܗܘܢ ܝܢ ܠܦܘܬ ܟܠ ܚܕܕܘܬܐ ܕܦܣܝܩܬܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܡܢ ܩܕܡ؛ ܡܬܠܐ: "ܫܒܬܐ ܡܥܡܪܢܝܬܐ" ܕܬܠܘܙܝܘܢ ܐܡܪܝܟܝܐ، ܕܒܢܝܬܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܡܢ ܦܣܐ ܕܚܕ ܬܘܢܝܐ ܡܢ 52 ܩܐ ܟܠ ܕܘܟܬܐ ܕܡܫܕܪܬܐ (ܦܐܬܐ 115-116). ܡܣܬܒܪܢܘܬܐ ܡܫܚܠܦܬܐ: ܐܡܢ ܕܚܕ̈ܝܘܬܐ ܠܐ ܫܘ̈ܝܐ ܝܢܐ ܒܡܘܕܥܢܘܬܐ ܕܟܛܥܢܝ – ܥܘܬܕ̈ܐ ܠܦܘܬ ܡܦܪܣܢܘܬܐ – ܟܝܗܒܚ ܩܐ ܟܠ ܚܕܐ ܡܣܬܒܪܢܘܬܐ ܕܝܠܗ̇ (ܦܐܬܐ 116). ܕܥܢܩܘ̈ܕܐ: ܐܡܢ ܕܠܐ ܡܨܝܐ ܕܡܢܝܚ ܚܕ̈ܝܘܬܐ ܐܝܢܐ ܡܨܝܐ ܕܡܢܝܚ ܓܘ̈ܕܐ ܕܝܠܗܘܢ – ܡܬ̈ܘܬܐ، ܒܬ̈ܐ ܕܣܦܪܐ، ܦܢܩܝ̈ܬܐ ܕܥܘܬܕܐ – ܟܓܒܚ ܥܢܩܘ̈ܕܐ (clusters) ܘܟܡܫܚܚ ܟܠ ܚܕ̈ܝܘܬܐ ܕܓܘܝܗܝ؛ ܦܫܝܩܐ ܘܦܪܝܣܐ ܝܠܗ، ܐܝܢܐ ܡܣܬܒܪܢܘܬܐ ܕܚܕܝܘܬܐ ܕܥܐܠܐ ܬܠܝܬܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܒܪܒܘܬܐ ܕܥܢܩܘܕܐ ܕܝܠܗ̇، ܫܘܚܠܦܐ (variance) ܡܪܘܒܐ ܝܠܗ ܘܛܥܝܘܬܐ ܕܓܘܒܝܐ ܕܕܘܡܝܐ ܠܐ ܡܫܠܛܬܐ ܝܠܗ̇ – ܕܘܡܝܐ ܟܡܚܘܐ ܥܢܩܘ̈ܕܐ، ܠܐ ܒܣܢܝܩܘܬܐ ܚܕ̈ܝܘܬܐ ܕܓܘܝܗܝ (ܦܐܬܐ 116-117). ܐܝܟ ܬܠܓܐ ܡܬܓܠܓܠܐ: ܟܫܪܚ ܡܢ ܚܕ̈ܝܘܬܐ ܩܕܡ̈ܝܬܐ ܘܟܡܦܠܚܚ ܥܠܝܗܝ ܓܗ̈ܐ ܣܓܝ̈ܐܐ ܡܫܘܚܬܐ ܕܟܡܘܣܦܐ ܚܕ̈ܝܘܬܐ – ܡܬ̈ܠܐ ܓܘ ܣܦܪܝܘܬܐ، ܐܣܘܪ̈ܐ ܓܘ ܡܨܕܐ ܟܢܫܝܐ – ܗܠ ܬܚܘܡܐ ܟܝܢܝܐ؛ ܕܘܡܝܐ ܩܕܡܝܐ ܚܫܝܚܐ ܝܠܗ، ܘܐܡܢ ܕܬܠܓܐ ܟܦܩܥ ܣܢܝܩܘܬܐ ܐܝܬ ܠܡܫܘܚܬܐ ܕܟܠܝܬܐ (ܦܐܬܐ 117-118). ܠܦܘܬ ܚܫܝܚܘܬܐ (relevance; purposive): ܟܓܒܚ ܟܠ ܚܕ̈ܝܘܬܐ ܕܟܡܥܕܪܝ ܠܦܘܢܝܐ، ܒܕܪ̈ܓܐ ܕܚܘܫ̈ܒܐ ܕܟܡܥܝܩܝ ܟܢܫܐ ܟܠܢܝܐ – ܠܐ ܕܡܣܬܒܪܢܘܬܐ، ܘܦܐܪܐ ܠܝܠܗ "ܕܘܡܝܐ ܡܚܘܝܢܐ" ܐܠܐ ܟܢܫܐ ܟܠܢܝܐ ܕܚܕ̈ܝܘܬܐ ܚܫܝܚ̈ܬܐ؛ ܒܣ ܒܬܪܗ، ܐܢ ܗܠ ܗܫܐ ܪܒܐ ܝܠܗ ܒܙܘܕܐ، ܟܓܒܚ ܕܘܡܝܐ ܡܢܗ (ܦܐܬܐ 118-120). ܡܟܬܒܬ ܥܡܐ (census): ܟܠ ܚܕ̈ܝܘܬܐ ܕܙܢܐ ܕܝܠܗܘܢ – ܟܬ̈ܒܐ ܕܚܕ ܟܬܘܒܐ، ܟܠ ܟܬܝ̈ܒܬܐ ܕܥܘܬܕܐ ܥܠ ܚܕ ܓܕܫܐ – ܠܝܬ ܡܐ ܕܓܒܚ ܕܘܡܝܐ (ܦܐܬܐ 120). ܕܦܫܝܩܘܬܐ: ܓܘܫܡܐ ܕܝܗܝ̈ܒܬܐ ܕܐܝܬ ܒܐܝܕܐ ܘܝܕܝܥܐ ܝܠܗ ܕܠܐ ܟܟܣܐ ܟܠ ܟܢܫܐ ܟܠܢܝܐ؛ ܓܘܒܝܐ ܕܡܢܘ ܟܥܐܠ ܟܦܐܫ ܒܐܝܕܐ ܕܗܘ̈ܝܐ ܠܒܪ ܡܢ ܫܘܠܛܢܐ ܕܒܨܘܝܬܐ، ܘܓܗ̈ܝ ܒܐܝܕܐ ܕܐܢܐ ܕܐܝܬ ܠܗ ܚܫܚܬܐ – ܟܬ̈ܒܐ ܕܝܘܡ̈ܬܐ ܟܡܬܟܬܒܝ ܩܐ ܡܬܡܗܬܐ، ܡܐܡܪ̈ܐ ܕܓܘܒܝ̈ܐ ܟܫܒܩܝ ܡܐ ܕܒܕ ܡܥܠܐ ܛܝܡܐ، ܘܩܠܝܠ̈ܐ ܝܢܐ ܣܗ̈ܕܐ ܕܚܙܝܐ ܕܦܝܫܝ ܚܝ̈ܐ (ܦܐܬܐ 120-121). ܕܘܡܝܐ ܕܦܫܝܩܘܬܐ (convenience sample) ܠܝܠܗ ܦܣܝܠܐ – ܐܝܢܐ ܟܣܐܡ ܥܠ ܒܨܘܝܬܐ ܕܚܫܒܐ ܡܘܕܝ ܡܛܝܠܗ ܐܢܝ ܝܗܝ̈ܒܬܐ، ܘܠܐ ܐܚܪ̈ܢܝܬܐ، ܠܐܝܕܗ̇.

ܐܝܡܢ ܕܘܡܝܐ ܕܠܐ ܡܣܬܒܪܢܘܬܐ ܣܦܩ ܝܠܗ. Chandler (2023) ܟܡܛܟܣ ܐܘܪ̈ܚܬܐ ܥܠ ܚܕ ܣܪܛܐ ܕܛܝܡܐ ܘܚܬܝܬܘܬܐ: ܡܟܬܒܬ ܥܡܐ (ܟܠܗ ܟܢܫܐ ܟܠܢܝܐ – ܥܒܕܢܝܬܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܐܡܢ ܕܙܥܘܪܐ ܝܠܗ: ܦܠܚ̈ܐ ܕܫܘܬܐܣܐ، ܬܠܡ̈ܝܕܐ ܕܒܝܬ ܣܦܪܐ)، ܕܘܡܝܐ ܕܡܣܬܒܪܢܘܬܐ (ܟܠ ܚܕܝܘܬܐ ܡܨܝܐ ܕܡܬܦܪܫܐ، ܘܩܐ ܟܠ ܚܕܐ ܡܣܬܒܪܢܘܬܐ ܝܕܝܥܬܐ ܘܪܒܬܐ ܡܢ ܨܦܪܐ ܕܥܐܠܐ – "ܬܩܢܐ ܕܕܗܒܐ"، ܣܒܒ ܕܟܡܩܪܒ ܠܦܐܪܐ ܕܡܟܬܒܬ ܥܡܐ ܒܡܢܬܐ ܙܥܘܪܬܐ ܕܛܝܡܐ، ܘܡܣ̈ܒܝ ܒܐܦ̈ܐ ܕܓܘܗ ܡܨܝܐ ܕܡܬܪܨܚ ܣܛܐܛܝܣܛܝܩܐܝܬ ܘܦܘܠܓ ܪܥܝܢܐ (uncertainty) ܕܡܢܝܚ)، ܘܕܘܡܝܐ ܕܠܐ ܡܣܬܒܪܢܘܬܐ – ܟܠ ܡܐ ܕܠܐ ܟܡܠܐ ܫܪܛܐ، ܒܨܒܝܢܐ ܝܢ ܠܐ. ܢܘܩܙܐ ܚܫܝܚܐ ܕܝܠܗ: ܕܘܡܝܐ ܕܠܐ ܡܣܬܒܪܢܘܬܐ ܠܐ ܝܠܗ ܒܣܢܝܩܘܬܐ ܡܣܒܐ ܒܐܦ̈ܐ ܝܬܝܪ – ܐܠܐ ܕܐܢ ܡܣܒܐ ܒܐܦ̈ܐ ܝܠܗ، ܘܟܡܐ، ܠܐ ܡܨܝܐ ܕܝܕܥܚ. ܐܗܐ ܦܘܠܓ ܪܥܝܢܐ ܡܨܝܐ ܕܡܬܩܒܠ ܓܘ ܐܪܒܥܐ ܗܘ̈ܝܐ: ܐܡܢ ܕܕܘܡܝܐ ܟܟܣܐ ܡܢܬܐ ܪܒܬܐ ܡܢ ܟܢܫܐ ܟܠܢܝܐ ܘܡܢܬܐ ܕܦܘܢܝܐ ܪܡܬܐ ܝܠܗ̇؛ ܐܡܢ ܕܡܫܬܚܠܦ̈ܢܐ ܕܒܚܝܪ̈ܐ ܝܢܐ ܠܐ ܐܣܝܪ̈ܐ ܝܢܐ ܥܡ ܣܟܘܝܐ ܕܡܥܠܬܐ ܓܘ ܕܘܡܝܐ؛ ܐܡܢ ܕܫܘܐܠܐ ܥܠ ܐܣܘܪܐ ܒܝܢܝ ܡܫܬܚܠܦ̈ܢܐ ܝܠܗ ܘܠܐ ܥܠ ܫܘܥܪܐ ܕܢܘܩܙܐ – ܐܣܘܪ̈ܐ ܪܓܝܫ̈ܐ ܝܢܐ ܒܨܝܪ ܣܓܝ ܠܦܘܪ̈ܫܢܐ ܕܟܢܫ̈ܐ ܟܠܢ̈ܝܐ ܡܢ ܡܨܥܝ̈ܬܐ ܘܡܢܘ̈ܬܐ ܒܡܐܐ؛ ܘܐܡܢ ܕܟܒܚܪܚ ܬܐܘܪܝܐ ܘܠܐ ܟܡܚܘܚ ܥܠܡܐ – ܫܪܪܐ ܕܬܐܘܪܝܐ ܟܡܬܦܣܩ ܠܦܘܬ ܡܨܝܢܘܬܐ ܕܝܠܗ̇ ܠܡܢܒܝܐ ܡܘܕܝ ܒܕ ܗܘܐ ܓܘ ܗܘ̈ܝܐ ܝܗܝ̈ܒܐ، ܠܐ ܠܦܘܬ ܣܓܝܐܘܬܐ ܕܗܘ̈ܝܐ ܓܘ ܫܪܪܐ (Chandler, 2023). ܣܐܝܛ ܟܐܚܕ ܬܪܘܝܗܝ: ܩܐ ܠܘܚܐ 1 – ܕܘܡܝܐ ܕܦܫܝܩܘܬܐ ܟܬܢܚ ܐܝܟ ܕܘܡܝܐ ܕܦܫܝܩܘܬܐ، ܘܦܘܫܛܐ ܡܢܗ ܠܟܢܫܐ ܟܠܢܝܐ ܝܠܗ ܡܚܘܝܢܘܬܐ ܕܗܘܢܐ؛ ܘܩܐ ܐܗܐ ܡܚܘܝܢܘܬܐ Chandler ܟܝܗܒ ܡ̈ܠܐ – "ܐܣܘܪܐ، ܠܐ ܫܘܥܪܐ" ܘ"ܬܐܘܪܝܐ، ܠܐ ܬܚܘܝܬܐ" – ܘܬܚܘܡܐ: ܐܢܐ ܕܣܢܝܩܐ ܝܠܗ ܠܡܝܕܥ ܟܡܐ (ܡܢܬܐ ܒܡܐܐ ܕܡܣܡ̈ܟܢܐ، ܡܨܥܝܬܐ ܓܘ ܟܢܫܐ ܟܠܢܝܐ) ܣܢܝܩܐ ܝܠܗ ܠܦܣܐ.

ܪܘܟܒܐ ܕܕܘܡܝܐ. ܐܦ ܕܠܐ ܦܣܐ، ܘܒܫܪܪܐ ܥܡܗ، ܡܨܝܐ ܕܦܣܩܚ ܡܢ ܩܕܡ ܡܢܘ ܒܕ ܗܘܐ ܓܘ ܕܘܡܝܐ (Chandler, 2023): ܕܘܡܝܐ ܥܡ ܢܝܫܐ – ܢܫ̈ܐ ܥܡ ܙܢ̈ܝܐ ܦܪ̈ܝܫܐ، ܝܢ ܡܢܘ̈ܬܐ ܦܣܝ̈ܩܬܐ (quotas) – ܝܢ ܕܘܡܝܐ ܕܡܣܬܒܪܢܘܬܐ ܕܛܒ̈ܩܐ. ܪܘܟܒܐ ܟܢܦܩ ܡܢ ܫܘܐܠܐ ܕܒܘܨܝܐ: ܩܐ ܫܘܥܪܐ ܕܡܥܒܕܢܘܬܐ ܓܘ ܟܢܫܐ ܟܠܢܝܐ – ܕܘܡܝܐ ܕܟܡܚܘܐ ܠܗ ܒܙܢ̈ܝܐ ܕܟܡܥܒܕܝ ܥܠ ܪܒܘܬܐ ܕܡܥܒܕܢܘܬܐ؛ ܩܐ ܦܘܚܡܐ ܒܝܢܝ ܓܘ̈ܕܐ – ܓܘ̈ܕܐ ܒܪܒܘܬܐ ܫܘܝܬܐ، ܣܒܒ ܕܦܘܚܡܐ ܡܘܬܪܢܐ ܝܠܗ ܝܬܝܪ ܣܛܐܛܝܣܛܝܩܐܝܬ (ܘܒܗܝ ܣܒܒܐ ܓܘ ܒܘܨܝܐ ܕܫܘܐ̈ܠܐ ܕܡܬ̈ܘܬܐ ܟܦܚܡܚ ܛܒܩܐ ܥܡ ܛܒܩܐ ܘܠܐ ܠܦܘܬ ܪܒܘܬܐ ܕܝܠܗܘܢ ܓܘ ܨܘܪܬܐ ܕܐܬܪܐ)؛ ܩܐ ܐܣܘܪܐ ܒܝܢܝ ܡܫܬܚܠܦ̈ܢܐ ܡܬܡܫܚܢ̈ܐ – ܓܘܒܝܐ ܝܬܝܪܐ ܕܐܢܝ ܕܐܝܬ ܠܗܘܢ ܡܢܝ̈ܢܐ ܩܝܣܢ̈ܝܐ، ܕܟܡܪܒܐ ܚܝܠܐ ܠܡܫܟܚܬܐ ܕܐܣܘܪܐ ܘܟܡܦܫܩ ܦܪܫܬܐ ܕܓܕܫ̈ܐ ܩܝܣܢ̈ܝܐ ܕܟܡܥܒܕܝ ܥܠ ܦܐܪܐ. ܘܓܘ ܕܪܓܐ ܕܫܘܪܝܐ ܕܒܘܨܝܐ – ܓܕܫܐ ܩܛܝܥܐ (critical case): ܩܕܡ ܟܠ ܟܦܢܚ ܠܐܢܐ ܕܡܕܡ ܡܣܬܒܪܐ ܝܠܗ ܝܬܝܪ ܡܢ ܟܠܗ ܓܘܗ، ܩܐ ܕܝܕܥܚ ܐܢ ܐܝܬ ܒܟܠ ܩܕܡ ܕܡܚܫܚ ܒܕܘܡܝܐ ܡܚܘܝܢܐ.

4. ܛܥܝܘܬܐ ܬܩܝܢܬܐ ܘܢܡܘܣܐ ܕܬܚܘܡܐ ܡܨܥܝܐ – ܩܡܘܕܝ ܟܡܐ ܡܐܐ̈ ܣܦܩܝ

ܐܢ ܫܩܠܚ ܡܢ ܟܢܫܐ ܟܠܢܝܐ ܟܠ ܕܘܡܝܐ ܕܡܨܐ ܕܗܘܐ ܒܪܒܘܬܐ n ܘܚܫܒܚ ܩܐ ܟܠ ܚܕ ܡܨܥܝܬܐ، ܒܕ ܩܒܠܚ ܦܘܠܓܐ ܕܡܨܥܝ̈ܬܐ ܕܕܘ̈ܡܝܐ – ܦܘܠܓܐ ܕܓܘܒܝܐ ܕܕܘܡܝܐ (sampling distribution). ܠܐ ܡܨܝܐ ܕܥܒܕܚ ܐܗܐ ܒܫܪܪܐ، ܐܝܢܐ ܢܡܘܣܐ ܕܬܚܘܡܐ ܡܨܥܝܐ ܟܐܡܪ ܒܚܬܝܬܘܬܐ ܕܟܝ ܟܡܬܚܙܐ: ܩܐ ܟܠ ܟܢܫܐ ܟܠܢܝܐ ܥܡ ܡܨܥܝܬܐ μ ܘܣܛܝܘܬܐ ܬܩܝܢܬܐ σ، ܦܘܠܓܐ ܕܡܨܥܝ̈ܬܐ ܕܕܘ̈ܡܝܐ ܒܪܒܘܬܐ n ܡܬܘܡܨܥܐ ܝܠܗ ܓܘ μ، ܣܛܝܘܬܐ ܬܩܝܢܬܐ ܕܝܠܗ σ/√n ܝܠܗ̇، ܘܗܘ ܟܩܪܒ ܠܢܘܪܡܠܝܐ ܟܡܐ ܕ-n ܟܪܒܐ – "ܩܪܝܒ ܠܓܡܝܪܘܬܐ ܢܘܪܡܠܝܐ" ܡܢ ܩܕܡ ܓܘ n = 30، ܕܠܐ ܐܣܘܪܐ ܥܡ ܨܘܪܬܐ ܕܟܢܫܐ ܟܠܢܝܐ (Gravetter & Wallnau, 2017, p. 199). ܐܗܐ ܣܛܝܘܬܐ ܬܩܝܢܬܐ ܕܡܨܥܝ̈ܬܐ ܕܕܘ̈ܡܝܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܛܥܝܘܬܐ ܬܩܝܢܬܐ: ܟܡܐ ܪܘܚܩܐ ܡܣܬܒܪܐ ܝܠܗ ܕܡܣܟܚ ܒܝܢܝ ܡܨܥܝܬܐ ܕܕܘܡܝܐ ܘܡܨܥܝܬܐ ܕܟܢܫܐ ܟܠܢܝܐ. ܗܝ ܟܥܒܕܐ ܬܪܬܝܢ ܡ̈ܠܐ – ܟܡܚܘܝܐ ܟܡܐ ܡܨܥܝ̈ܬܐ ܕܕܘ̈ܡܝܐ ܦܪ̈ܝܫܐ ܝܢܐ ܚܕ ܡܢ ܐܚܪܢܐ، ܘܟܡܫܚܐ ܟܡܐ ܛܒܐ ܡܨܥܝܬܐ ܝܚܝܕܝܬܐ ܟܡܚܘܝܐ ܟܢܫܐ ܟܠܢܝܐ (ܬܡܢ، ܦܐܬܐ 200-201). ܬܪܬܝܢ ܡ̈ܠܐ ܟܦܣܩܝ ܪܒܘܬܐ ܕܝܠܗ̇: ܣܛܝܘܬܐ ܬܩܝܢܬܐ ܕܟܢܫܐ ܟܠܢܝܐ، ܘܪܒܘܬܐ ܕܕܘܡܝܐ – ܟܡܐ ܕ-n ܟܪܒܐ، ܡܨܥܝܬܐ ܩܪܝܒܬܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܝܬܝܪ ܠ-μ، "ܢܡܘܣܐ ܕܡܢܝ̈ܢܐ ܪ̈ܒܐ" (ܬܡܢ، ܦܐܬܐ 201). Field (2024، ܦܣܩܐ 2.8) ܟܡܘܣܦ ܕܟܠ ܡܐ ܕܡܐܡܪܐ ܝܠܗ ܥܠ ܡܨܥܝܬܐ ܫܪܝܪܐ ܝܠܗ ܩܐ ܟܠ ܦܪܡܝܛܪ – ܐܣܘܪܐ ܕܚܕ̈ܕܐ، ܡܢܝܢܐ ܡܫܘܬܦܐ ܕܪܝܓܪܫܢ: ܩܐ ܟܠ ܫܘܥܪܐ ܐܝܬ ܦܘܠܓܐ ܕܓܘܒܝܐ ܕܕܘܡܝܐ ܘܛܥܝܘܬܐ ܬܩܝܢܬܐ، ܘܬܚܘܡܐ ܕܬܘܟܠܢܐ (confidence interval) ܘܒܘܚܪܢܐ ܟܡܬܒܢܝ ܡܢܗ.

ܬܪܝܢ ܫܘܠܡ̈ܐ ܥܒܕ̈ܢܝܐ. ܩܕܡܝܐ – √n: ܩܐ ܦܠܓܬܐ ܕܛܥܝܘܬܐ ܬܩܝܢܬܐ ܣܢܝܩܘܬܐ ܐܝܬ ܠܡܪܒܥܬܐ ܕܕܘܡܝܐ. ܡܢ 100 ܠ-400 ܡܫܬܘܬܦ̈ܢܐ ܟܩܢܚ ܣܓܝ؛ ܡܢ 4,000 ܠ-16,000 – ܩܠܝܠ ܣܓܝ ܩܘܒܠ ܛܝܡܐ. ܒܗܝ ܣܒܒܐ ܒܘܨܝܐ ܕܫܘܐ̈ܠܐ ܕܡܬܐ ܟܠܗ̇ ܕܟܡܐ ܡܐܐ̈ ܗܠ ܐܠܦܐ ܘܡܕܡ ܡܦܢܝ̈ܢܐ ܣܦܩ ܝܠܗ ܩܐ ܟܢܫܐ ܟܠܢܝܐ ܕܡܠܝܘ̈ܢܐ – ܐܢ ܓܕܫܢܝܐ ܝܠܗ. ܬܪܝܢܐ – ܡܘܕܝ ܐܗܐ ܡܢܝܢܐ ܠܐ ܟܥܒܕ: ܟܡܙܥܪ ܛܥܝܘܬܐ ܕܓܘܒܝܐ ܕܕܘܡܝܐ، ܠܐ ܡܣܒ ܒܐܦ̈ܐ. ܕܘܡܝܐ ܕܦܫܝܩܘܬܐ ܕ-10,000 ܕܓܒܝ̈ܐ ܝܢܐ ܠܐ ܒܓܕܫܢܝܘܬܐ ܝܠܗ ܕܘܡܝܐ ܪܒܐ ܡܣܒܐ ܒܐܦ̈ܐ؛ ܛܥܝܘܬܐ ܬܩܝܢܬܐ ܕܝܠܗ ܙܥܘܪܬܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܘܬܚܘܡܐ ܕܬܘܟܠܢܐ ܥܝܩܐ، ܚܕܪ ܛܝܡܐ ܠܐ ܫܪܝܪܐ. ܪܒܘܬܐ ܕܕܘܡܝܐ ܘܕܡܝܘܬܐ (representativeness) ܕܝܠܗ ܬܪܝܢ ܫܘܐ̈ܠܐ ܦܪ̈ܝܫܐ ܝܢܐ، ܘܒܣ ܬܪܝܢܐ ܟܦܣܩ ܥܠ ܡܢܘ ܟܡܚܘܐ ܫܘܠܡܐ.

5. ܟܡܐ ܡܫܬܘܬܦ̈ܢܐ ܣܢܝܩ̈ܐ ܝܢܐ – ܫܘܐܠܐ ܕܚܝܠܐ ܣܛܐܛܝܣܛܝܩܝܐ، ܠܐ ܕܡܢܬܐ ܒܡܐܐ

ܠܝܬ ܚܕ ܡܢܝܢܐ. ܫܘܐܠܐ ܫܪܝܪܐ ܝܠܗ: ܟܡܐ ܡܫܬܘܬܦ̈ܢܐ ܣܢܝܩ̈ܐ ܝܢܐ ܩܐ ܕܗܘܐ ܣܟܘܝܐ ܡܩܒܠܐ ܠܡܫܟܚܬܐ ܡܥܒܕܢܘܬܐ ܒܪܒܘܬܐ ܕܟܒܥܝܚ ܠܗ̇ – ܘܐܗܐ ܝܠܗ ܫܘܐܠܐ ܕܚܝܠܐ ܣܛܐܛܝܣܛܝܩܝܐ، ܕܡܦܪܫܐ ܝܠܗ ܓܘ ܫܘܐܠܐ ܕܒܘܨܝܐ ܘܗܘܦܘܬܣ̈ܝܣ: ܠܦܘܬ ܪܒܘܬܐ ܕܡܥܒܕܢܘܬܐ ܕܟܡܣܟܚ ܠܗ̇، ܪܡܐ ܕܪܫܝܡܘܬܐ، ܘܚܝܠܐ ܕܟܒܥܝܚ (.80)، ܟܚܫܒܚ n ܒܡܐܢܐ ܡܓܢܐ ܐܝܟ G*Power، ܕܐܦ Pallant (2020، ܫܘܪܝܐ ܕܡܢܬܐ ܚܡܝܫܝܬܐ) ܟܡܠܟܐ ܥܠܗ، ܘܟܡܝܬܝܐ ܡܐܡܪܐ ܕ-Stevens: ܓܘ ܕܘܡܝܐ ܪܒܐ (100 ܘܠܥܠ) "ܚܝܠܐ ܠܝܠܗ ܥܩܬܐ"، ܘܓܘ ܓܘ̈ܕܐ ܙܥܘܪ̈ܐ (n = 20) ܦܐܪܐ ܠܐ ܪܫܝܡܐ ܡܨܐ ܕܡܚܘܐ ܚܝܠܐ ܚܣܝܪܐ. ܟܡܐ ܢܡܘ̈ܣܐ ܕܨܒܥܐ ܡܢ ܣܦܪܝܘܬܐ ܕܣܐܝܛ ܟܡܝܬܐ، ܟܠܗܘܢ ܡܬ̈ܠܐ ܡܢ ܡܒܘܥܐ ܬܪܝܢܐ: ܓܘ ܪܝܓܪܫܢ ܣܓܝܐܐ – ܩܪܝܒ ܠ-15 ܡܫܬܘܬܦ̈ܢܐ ܩܐ ܟܠ ܡܢܒܝܢܐ (Stevens, 1996)، ܝܢ N > 50 + 8m ܐܡܢ ܕ-m ܝܠܗ ܡܢܝܢܐ ܕܡܢܒ̈ܝܢܐ (Tabachnick & Fidell, 2013) – ܬܪܘܝܗܝ ܐܝܟ ܕܡܝܬܝ̈ܐ ܝܢܐ ܓܘ Pallant (2020، ܨܚܚܐ 13)؛ ܘܝܬܝܪ ܐܢ ܦܐܪܐ ܥܩܝܡܐ ܝܠܗ. ܘܓܘ ܦܘܫܩܐ ܕܡܐ ܕܐܝܬ ܓܘ ܟܬܒܐ (content analysis)، Krippendorff (2019، ܦܐܬܐ 121-122) ܟܡܘܣܦ ܚܕ ܥܩܪܐ ܚܝܠܬܢܐ: ܐܡܢ ܕܚܕ̈ܝܘܬܐ ܕܒܕ ܫܚܠܦܝ ܦܘܢܝܐ ܝܩܝܪ̈ܬܐ ܝܢܐ، ܕܘܡܝܐ ܓܪܓ ܕܗܘܐ ܪܒܐ ܣܓܝ ܝܬܝܪ – ܩܐ "ܐܚܝܕܬܐ" ܕܡܕܡ ܕܣܟܘܝܐ ܕܝܠܗ 1 ܡܢ 1,000 ܒܬܘܟܠܢܐ ܕ-95% ܣܢܝܩܘܬܐ ܐܝܬ ܠ-2,995 ܚܕ̈ܝܘܬܐ (ܠܘܚܐ 6.1 ܕܝܠܗ)؛ ܓܘ ܓܘܒܝ̈ܐ ܩܪܝܒ̈ܐ ܣܢܝܩܐ ܝܠܗ ܕܘܡܝܐ ܪܒܐ ܝܬܝܪ ܡܢ ܐܡܢ ܕܦܘܪܫܢܐ ܦܬܝܐ ܝܠܗ. ܗܘ ܐܦ ܟܡܩܪܒ ܐܘܪܚܐ ܕܢܣܝܘܢܐ: ܦܘܚܡܐ ܕܕܘ̈ܡܝܐ ܒܪ̈ܒܘܝܬܐ ܦܪ̈ܝܫܬܐ ܥܡ ܟܢܫܐ ܟܠܢܝܐ ܓܡܝܪܐ ܘܚܙܝܐ ܡܢ ܐܝܢܐ ܪܒܘܬܐ ܡܘܣܦܬܐ ܠܐ ܟܫܚܠܦܐ ܦܘܢܝܐ.

ܘܡܘܕܝ ܠܐ ܟܦܣܩ: ܡܢܬܐ ܒܡܐܐ ܡܢ ܟܢܫܐ ܟܠܢܝܐ. ܛܥܝܘܬܐ ܬܩܝܢܬܐ ܬܠܝܬܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܒ-n، ܠܐ ܒܦܘܚܡܐ n/N (ܐܠܐ ܐܡܢ ܕܕܘܡܝܐ ܡܢܬܐ ܪܒܬܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܡܢ ܟܢܫܐ ܟܠܢܝܐ)؛ 400 ܡܦܢܝ̈ܢܐ ܓܕܫܢ̈ܝܐ ܟܡܚܘܝ ܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܕ-100,000 ܒܗܝ ܡܫܘܚܬܐ ܓܢܗ̇ ܕܟܡܚܘܝ ܡܬܐ ܕ-10 ܡܠܝܘ̈ܢܐ. ܘܐܦ: Pallant (2020، ܨܚܚܐ 1) ܟܡܕܟܪܐ ܕܡܬܩܢܚ ܒܚܫܒܐ ܒܝܫܐ – ܢܫ̈ܐ ܠܐ ܟܐܬܝ، ܟܢܦܠܝ ܘܠܐ ܟܡܠܝ ܫܦܝܪܐܝܬ – ܘܕܡܫܪܪܚ ܕܓܘ ܢܣܝܘܢܐ (experiment) ܐܝܬ ܡܫܬܘܬܦ̈ܢܐ ܣܦܩ̈ܐ ܓܘ ܟܠ ܓܘܕܐ، ܛܒܐ ܝܠܗ ܫܘܝܐ.

ܚܘܫܒܢܐ ܕܡܟܢܫܬܐ ܕܡܫܬܘܬܦ̈ܢܐ. Chandler (2023) ܟܡܗܦܟ "ܬܘܩܢܐ ܒܚܫܒܐ ܒܝܫܐ" ܠܡܢܝ̈ܢܐ: ܚܘܫܒܢܐ ܕܚܝܠܐ ܟܝܗܒ n ܕܦܐܝܠ ܕܦܘܫܩܐ – ܢܘܩܙܐ ܕܫܘܪܝܐ، ܠܐ ܢܝܫܐ. ܒܘܨܝܐ ܕܫܘܐ̈ܠܐ ܕܣܢܝܩܐ ܝܠܗ ܠ-100 ܡܫܬܘܬܦ̈ܢܐ ܓܘ ܦܘܫܩܐ ܣܢܝܩܐ ܝܠܗ ܠܦܚܘܬ ܠ-112 ܦܢܩܝ̈ܬܐ ܕܫܘܐ̈ܠܐ ܡܠܝ̈ܬܐ، ܣܒܒ ܕܡܢܬܐ ܡܢܝܗܝ ܒܕ ܦܣܝܠ̈ܐ ܗܘܝ ܓܘ ܡܕܟܝܢܘܬܐ (cleaning) ܕܝܗܝ̈ܒܬܐ (ܚܙܝܡܘܢ ܛܘܦܣܐ ܬܩܝܢܐ): ܩܪܝܒ ܠ-2% ܡܢ ܡܫܬܐ̈ܠܢܐ ܟܫܒܩܝ ܟܠ ܫܘܐܠܐ ܝܗܝܒܐ، ܘܩܪܝܒ ܠ-10% ܡܢ ܦܘܢ̈ܝܐ – ܝܬܝܪ ܓܘ ܒܘܨܝܐ ܕܥܠ ܐܝܢܛܪܢܝܬ – ܠܐ ܡܦܠܚ̈ܢܐ ܝܢܐ. ܘ-112 ܦܢܩܝ̈ܬܐ ܡܠܝ̈ܬܐ ܟܒܥܝ ܩܪܝܬܐ ܕܟܡܐ ܡܐܐ̈ ܢܫ̈ܐ، ܣܒܒ ܕܣܓܝ̈ܐܐ ܠܐ ܒܕ ܚܙܝ ܩܪܝܬܐ ܝܢ ܒܕ ܡܣܠܝ: 80%-90% ܡܢ ܐܢܝ ܕܟܫܪܝ ܒܘܨܝܐ ܕܥܠ ܐܝܢܛܪܢܝܬ ܥܡ ܡܘܗܒܬܐ (incentive) ܟܡܫܠܡܝ ܠܗ، ܐܝܢܐ ܡܢܬܐ ܕܡܫܠܡ̈ܢܐ ܡܢ ܩܪ̈ܝܐ ܟܡܙܝܥ ܚܕܪ 40%-50% ܒܡܨܥܝܬܐ – ܩܪܝܒ ܠ-60% ܦܐܬܐ ܠܦܐܬܐ، ܩܪܝܒ ܠ-50% ܒܦܘܣܛܐ، ܩܪܝܒ ܠ-30% ܥܠ ܐܝܢܛܪܢܝܬ، ܩܪܝܒ ܠ-20% ܒܬܠܦܘܢ – ܘܡܢܘ̈ܬܐ ܟܢܚܬܝ ܡܢ ܫܢܬܐ ܠܫܢܬܐ، "ܘܟܠ ܐܢܝ ܫܘ̈ܥܪܐ ܡܨܝ ܕܗܘܝ ܡܣܒܪ̈ܢܐ" (Chandler, 2023؛ ܫܘ̈ܥܪܐ ܝܢܐ ܟܢܘܫܝܐ ܕܝܠܗ ܕܣܦܪܝܘܬܐ ܐܡܪܝܟܝܬܐ، ܘܟܫܚܠܦܝ ܒܝܢܝ ܟܢܫ̈ܐ ܟܠܢ̈ܝܐ). ܒܗܝ ܣܒܒܐ ܬܘܩܢܐ ܛܒܐ ܕܓܘܒܝܐ ܕܕܘܡܝܐ ܟܓܒܐ ܒܦܣܐ ܕܘܡܝܐ ܩܕܡܝܐ ܙܥܘܪܐ ܘܐܦ ܕܘ̈ܡܝܐ ܕܒܬܪܗ (replicates) ܕܟܡܦܠܚܚ ܒܝܗܝ ܠܦܘܬ ܣܢܝܩܘܬܐ: ܗܕܟܐ ܠܐ ܟܡܟܢܫܚ ܝܬܝܪ ܡܢ ܡܐ ܕܣܢܝܩ، ܠܐ ܒܠܚܘܕ ܐܢܝ ܕܦܫܝܩ ܝܠܗ ܠܡܫܟܚܬܐ ܕܝܠܗܘܢ، ܘܠܐ ܟܦܝܫܚ ܥܡ ܕܘܡܝܐ ܕܠܐ ܚܝܠܐ. ܫܘܥܪܐ ܕܡܢܬܐ ܕܦܘܢܝܐ ܟܡܬܒܚܪ ܡܢ ܪܝܫ ܐܡܢ ܕܡܟܢܫܬܐ ܕܡܫܬܘܬܦ̈ܢܐ ܟܫܪܝܐ.

6. ܡܢܘ ܠܐ ܦܢܐ – ܕܘܡܝܐ ܕܬܩܢܠܘܟܘܢ ܩܘܒܠ ܕܘܡܝܐ ܕܩܒܠܠܘܟܘܢ

ܕܘܡܝܐ ܓܕܫܢܝܐ ܝܚܝܕܝܐ ܕܡܢ ܡܬܘܡ ܐܝܬ ܝܠܗ ܐܗܘ ܕܬܩܝܢܐ ܝܠܗ. ܕܘܡܝܐ ܕܡܫܝܚܐ ܝܠܗ ܒܫܪܪܐ ܝܠܗ ܐܢܐ ܕܡܘܕܝܠܗ، ܡܫܬܟܚܠܗ، ܦܢܐܠܗ ܗܠ ܚܪܬܐ. ܐܢ ܐܢܝ ܕܠܐ ܦܢܐܠܗܘܢ ܦܪ̈ܝܫܐ ܝܢܐ ܡܛܟܣܐܝܬ ܡܢ ܐܢܝ ܕܦܢܐܠܗܘܢ – ܥܠܝܡ̈ܐ ܕܠܐ ܟܦܢܝ ܠܬܠܦܘܢ، ܛܪܝ̈ܕܐ ܕܠܐ ܟܡܠܝ ܦܢܩܝܬܐ ܐܪܝܟܬܐ، ܐܢܐ ܕܫܘܐܠܐ ܦܪܨܘܦܝܐ ܝܠܗ ܒܙܘܕܐ ܩܐ ܕܝܠܗ – ܓܘܒܝܐ ܓܕܫܢܝܐ ܗܘܐ ܘܕܘܡܝܐ ܠܐ ܝܠܗ ܝܬܝܪ. ܐܗܐ ܝܠܗ ܒܚܬܝܬܘܬܐ ܫܘܐܠܐ ܕܡܟܢܝܘܬܐ ܕܚܣܝܪܘܬܐ ܓܘ ܛܝ̈ܡܐ ܚܣܝ̈ܪܐ، ܒܪܡܐ ܕܡܦܢܝܢܐ ܒܕܘܟܬܐ ܕܪܡܐ ܕܦܣܘܩܐ: ܠܐ ܦܘܢܝܐ (nonresponse) ܕܬܠܝܐ ܝܠܗ ܒܡܫܬܚܠܦ̈ܢܐ ܕܟܬܝܒ̈ܐ ܝܢܐ ܥܠ ܟܠܗܘܢ (ܥܘܡܪܐ، ܡܬܐ، ܓܢܣܐ) ܡܨܝܐ ܕܡܬܪܨܚ ܠܗ ܒܡܬܩܠܢܘܬܐ (weighting) ܘܒܢܛܘܪܘܬܐ؛ ܠܐ ܦܘܢܝܐ ܕܬܠܝܐ ܝܠܗ ܒܡܐ ܕܠܐ ܡܫܝܚܐ ܝܠܗ، ܝܢ ܒܦܘܢܝܐ ܓܢܗ – ܠܐ، ܘܠܐ ܡܨܝܐ ܕܡܚܘܚ ܕܠܝܠܗ ܗܕܟܐ. ܡܐ ܕܐܝܢ ܡܨܝܐ: ܟܬܝܒܬܐ ܕܡܢܬܐ ܕܦܘܢܝܐ ܘܕܪܘܟܒܐ ܕܐܢܝ ܕܦܢܐܠܗܘܢ ܩܘܒܠ ܪܫܝܡܬܐ ܕܓܘܒܝܐ، ܘܦܘܚܡܐ – ܒܟܝ ܡܪܒܥܐ (chi-square) – ܕܡܦܢܝ̈ܢܐ ܥܡ ܟܢܫܐ ܟܠܢܝܐ ܥܠ ܡܫܬܚܠܦ̈ܢܐ ܝܕܝܥ̈ܐ. Chandler (2023) ܟܡܘܣܦ ܙܘܗܪܐ ܘܢܦܩܬܐ: ܡܢܬܐ ܪܡܬܐ ܕܦܘܢܝܐ ܒܥܕܢܐ ܡܥܡܪܢܝܐ ܟܡܙܥܪܐ ܡܣܒ ܒܐܦ̈ܐ ܕܠܐ ܦܘܢܝܐ – ܐܝܢܐ ܠܐ ܟܠ ܐܡܢ (Groves & Peytcheva, 2008, as cited in Chandler)؛ ܘܓܘ ܕܘܡܝܐ ܕ-intercept ܝܢ ܕܡܬܛܘܥ̈ܢܐ، ܕܓܘܗ ܠܐ ܝܕܝܥܐ ܝܠܗ ܟܡܐ ܢܫ̈ܐ ܚܙܐܠܗܘܢ ܩܪܝܬܐ، ܒܟܠ ܠܝܬ ܡܢܬܐ ܕܦܘܢܝܐ – ܐܝܬ ܡܬܘܡ ܡܢܬܐ ܕܫܘܬܦܘܬܐ (cooperation rate؛ ܟܡܐ ܡܢ ܐܢܝ ܕܦܢܝܠܗܘܢ ܠܘܬܗܘܢ ܡܘܕܝܠܗܘܢ)، ܠܦܘܬ ܚܕ̈ܕܘܬܐ ܕ-AAPOR (2016, as cited in Chandler).

7. ܡܟܢܫܬܐ ܕܡܫܬܘܬܦ̈ܢܐ – ܕܟܝ ܟܡܛܚ ܠܕܘܡܝܐ ܕܬܩܢܠܘܟܘܢ

"ܬܘܩܢܐ ܚܝܠܬܢܐ ܕܡܟܢܫܬܐ ܕܡܫܬܘܬܦ̈ܢܐ ܝܠܗ ܥܠܬܐ ܪܝܫܝܬܐ ܓܘ ܡܨܠܚܢܘܬܐ ܕܒܘܨܝܐ ܥܡ ܒܢܝ̈ܢܫܐ"، ܟܫܪܐ Chandler (2023) – ܘܒܘܨܝܐ ܕܠܐ ܬܘܩܢܐ ܕܐܗܐ ܙܢܐ ܟܗܘܐ ܒܣܘܟܢܐ ܕܡܟܢܫܬܐ ܕܩܠܝܠ̈ܐ ܒܙܘܕܐ، ܝܢ ܕܙܢܐ ܠܐ ܫܪܝܪܐ، ܘܟܝܕܥ ܐܗܐ ܒܣ ܓܘ ܦܘܫܩܐ. ܬܘܩܢܐ ܟܢܦܩ ܡܢ ܚܡܫܐ ܫܘܐ̈ܠܐ: ܐܝܢܐ ܟܢܫܐ ܟܠܢܝܐ؛ ܐܝܢܐ ܫܘܠܡܐ (ܬܚܘܝܬܐ ܝܢ ܬܐܘܪܝܐ)؛ ܟܡܐ ܚܬܝܬܘܬܐ؛ ܟܡܐ ܥܓܠ؛ ܘܒܐܝܢܝ ܡܐܢ̈ܐ – "ܥܓܠ، ܛܒܐ ܝܢ ܪܟܝܟܐ: ܓܒܘܢ ܬܪܝܢ". ܡܢ ܐܝܟܐ ܟܡܟܢܫܚ. ܡܢ ܪܫܝܡܬܐ (ܪܫܝܡܬܐ ܕܓܘܒܝܐ ܕܕܘܡܝܐ: ܫܡ̈ܗܐ، ܡܘܢ̈ܥܐ، ܬܠܦܘ̈ܢܐ، ܓܗ̈ܝ ܕܝܡܘܓܪܦܝܐ – ܣܓܝ ܓܗ̈ܐ ܪܫܝܡܬܐ ܕܫܘܬܐܣܐ ܕܣܢܝܩܘܬܐ ܐܝܬ ܠܡܛܝܢܘܬܐ ܠܘܬܗ̇): ܟܠ ܕܘܡܝܐ ܕܡܣܬܒܪܢܘܬܐ ܟܫܪܐ ܡܢܗ̇؛ ܝܘܬܪ̈ܢܐ ܕܝܠܗ̇ – ܦܘܪ̈ܫܢܐ ܕܐܣܘܪܐ، ܐܣܘܪܐ ܕܟܠ ܡܫܬܘܬܦܢܐ ܥܡ ܚܘܡܪ̈ܐ ܕܒܘܨܝܐ (ܒܣ ܐܢܝ ܕܙܕܩܐ ܐܝܬ ܠܗܘܢ، ܒܣ ܚܕ ܓܗܐ)، ܡܢܬܐ ܕܦܘܢܝܐ ܕܡܨܝܐ ܕܚܫܒܚ ܠܗ̇، ܘܦܘܚܡܐ ܕܐܢܝ ܕܦܢܐܠܗܘܢ ܥܡ ܐܢܝ ܕܠܐ – ܐܝܢܐ ܟܦܗܡܚ ܕܟܝ ܒܢܝܬܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܘܡܢܘ ܚܣܝܪܐ ܝܠܗ ܓܘܗ̇ (ܛܥܝܘܬܐ ܕܟܣܝܘܬܐ؛ coverage error)، ܘܟܡܛܝܒܚ ܠܡܕܟܝܬܐ ܕܝܠܗ̇: ܣܓܝ̈ܐܐ ܡܘܢ̈ܥܐ ܕܐܝܡܝܠ ܠܐ ܬܪ̈ܝܨܐ ܝܢܐ. ܕܠܐ ܪܫܝܡܬܐ: intercept (intercept) – ܡܟܢܫܬܐ ܡܢ ܪܕܝܐ ܕܦܥܠܘܬܐ: ܐܢܝ ܕܟܐܬܝ ܠܫܘܩܐ، ܡܦܠܚ̈ܢܐ ܕܣܐܝܛ، ܡܘܕܥܢܘܬܐ ܓܘ ܡܨܕܐ ܟܢܫܝܐ ܕܟܬܪܨܐ ܠܓܘܕܐ؛ ܡܘܬܪܢܐ ܝܠܗ ܩܐ ܟܢܫ̈ܐ ܟܠܢ̈ܝܐ ܕܟܡܬܟܢܫܝ ܓܘ ܕܘܟܬܐ، ܐܝܢܐ ܚܕܝܘܬܐ ܕܓܘܒܝܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܓܕܫܐ (ܣܥܘܪܘܬܐ) ܘܠܐ ܢܫܐ – ܙܒܘ̈ܢܐ ܕܟܐܬܝ ܓܗ̈ܐ ܣܓܝ̈ܐܐ ܡܚܘ̈ܝܐ ܝܢܐ ܝܬܝܪ؛ ܡܬܛܘܥ̈ܢܐ – ܡܘܕܥ̈ܢܘܝܬܐ، ܟܬܝ̈ܒܬܐ ܓܘ ܡܨܕܐ، ܪ̈ܫܝܡܬܐ ܕܡܫܕܪܬܐ: ܦܫܝܩܐ ܝܠܗ، ܘܡܬܛܘܥ̈ܢܐ ܝܬܝܪ ܚܬܝܬ̈ܐ ܝܢܐ ܒܝܕܥܬܐ ܕܓܢܗܘܢ، ܐܝܢܐ ܓܒܝܠܗܘܢ ܓܢܗܘܢ ܠܦܘܬ ܚܫܚܬܐ ܓܘ ܒܘܨܝܐ؛ ܡܨܕܐ (ܐܝܟ ܬܠܓܐ ܡܬܓܠܓܠܐ – ܓܘ ܠܘܚܐ 1): ܟܠ ܡܫܬܘܬܦܢܐ ܟܡܚܘܐ ܐܚܪ̈ܢܐ – ܩܐ ܟܢܫ̈ܐ ܟܠܢ̈ܝܐ ܕܥܣܩ ܝܠܗ ܠܡܫܟܚܬܐ ܕܝܠܗܘܢ، ܝܢ ܐܢܝ ܕܠܐ ܒܕ ܡܦܪܫܝ ܓܢܗܘܢ ܩܕܡ ܕܚܒܪܐ ܡܫܪܪ ܕܒܘܨܝܐ ܙܕܝܩܐ ܝܠܗ. ܘܙܒܢܬܐ ܕܡܛܝܢܘܬܐ: ܫܪ̈ܟܬܐ ܕܒܘܨܝܐ ܥܡ ܦܐܢ̈ܠܐ (panels) – ܕܡܣܬܒܪܢܘܬܐ (ܝܩܝܪ) ܝܢ ܠܐ؛ ܩܕܡ ܕܙܒܢܚ، ܟܒܥܝܚ ܦܘܢ̈ܝܐ ܩܐ ESOMAR-36، ܦܢܩܝܬܐ ܕܫܘܐ̈ܠܐ ܬܩܝܢܬܐ ܩܐ ܬܚܘܝܬܐ ܕܡܩܪܒܢܐ ܕܕܘܡܝܐ. ܘܚܘܠܛܐ: ܦܐܪܐ ܕܟܕܥܪ ܓܘ ܕܘ̈ܡܝܐ ܦܪ̈ܝܫܐ ܡܢ ܙܢ̈ܐ ܦܪ̈ܝܫܐ ܝܠܗ ܓܢܗ ܣܗܕܘܬܐ ܩܐ ܦܘܫܛܐ (Chandler, 2023).

ܡܢܬܐ ܕܦܘܢܝܐ – ܐܪܒܥ ܥܠ̈ܠܬܐ ܘܡܘܕܝ ܣܗܕ̈ܘܬܐ ܟܐܡܪܝ. ܐܢ ܝܕܥܝ ܕܐܝܬ ܒܘܨܝܐ (ܩܪܝܒ ܠ-80% ܟܦܪܫܝ ܩܪ̈ܝܬܐ ܡܢ ܡܢܝܢܐ ܠܐ ܝܕܝܥܐ، 75% ܡܢ ܐܝܡܝ̈ܠܐ ܠܐ ܟܡܬܦܬܚܝ)؛ ܡܘܕܝ ܝܠܗ ܝܘܬܪܢܐ ܕܟܡܣܟܚ ܠܗ؛ ܡܘܕܝ ܝܠܗ ܛܝܡܐ ܕܟܡܬܚܙܐ (ܙܒܢܐ، ܦܘܩ̈ܕܢܐ ܥܣܩ̈ܐ، ܫܘܐ̈ܠܐ ܪܓܝܫ̈ܐ)؛ ܘܡܢܘ ܝܠܗ ܟܢܫܐ ܟܠܢܝܐ. Chandler ܟܡܝܬܐ ܡܨܥܝ̈ܬܐ ܕܡܝܛܐ-ܐܢܐܠܝܣܝܣ، ܣܓܝܐܘܬܐ ܕܝܠܗܘܢ ܥܠ ܒܘܨ̈ܝܐ ܕܦܘܣܛܐ ܘܕܐܝܢܛܪܢܝܬ – ܡܢܝ̈ܢܐ، ܐܝܟ ܕܗܘ ܟܡܚܘܐ ܠܗܘܢ، ܝܢܐ ܫܘܢܝܐ ܡܩܪܒܐ ܓܘ ܡܢܬܐ ܕܦܘܢܝܐ ܘܠܐ ܢܘܩ̈ܙܐ ܒܡܐܐ (ܐܠܐ ܐܡܢ ܕܡܐܡܪܐ ܝܠܗ ܐܚܪܢܐ): ܐܘܪܟܐ – ܩܛܝܢܐ ܟܦܢܝ ܝܬܝܪ، ܘ-20 ܩܛܝܢ̈ܬܐ ܡܨܝ ܕܗܘܝ ܬܚܘܡܐ ܕܣܓܝܐܘܬܐ ܕܢܫ̈ܐ؛ ܫܘܐ̈ܠܐ ܦܬܝܚ̈ܐ ܘܫܘܐ̈ܠܐ ܪܓܝܫ̈ܐ ܟܡܢܚܬܝ ܦܘܢܝܐ، ܦܢܩܝܬܐ "ܚܫܝܚܬܐ" ܟܡܥܦܦܐ ܠܗ، ܘܫܘܪܝܐ ܒܫܘܐܠܐ ܦܬܝܚܐ ܟܡܢܚܬ 5%؛ ܐܘܪܚܐ – ܒܘܨܝܐ ܕܥܠ ܐܝܢܛܪܢܝܬ ܟܩܒܠ ܩܪܝܒ ܠ-11% ܒܨܝܪ ܦܘܢܝܐ ܡܢ ܐܘܪ̈ܚܬܐ ܠܐ ܐܠܩܛܪܘܢ̈ܝܐ، ܘܡܦܠܚ̈ܢܐ ܕܐܝܢܛܪܢܝܬ ܥܠܝܡ̈ܐ، ܡܠܦ̈ܢܐ ܘܟܩܢܝ ܝܬܝܪ؛ ܚܘܠܛܐ ܕܐܘܪ̈ܚܬܐ – ܒܛܟܣܐ، ܠܐ ܐܝܟ ܓܘܒܝܐ (ܩܘܪܒܐ ܕܓܘܒܝܐ ܡܢ ܩܕܡ ܟܡܢܚܬ ܦܘܢܝܐ): ܩܕܡ ܟܠ ܪܟܝܟܐ (ܥܠ ܐܝܢܛܪܢܝܬ)، ܘܒܬܪܗ ܦܘܣܛܐ ܝܢ ܬܠܦܘܢ ܩܐ ܐܢܝ ܕܠܐ ܦܢܐܠܗܘܢ؛ ܡܘܕܥܢܘܬܐ ܡܩܕܡܬܐ (ܐܓܪܬܐ ܕܟܐܡܪܐ ܥܠ ܒܘܨܝܐ، ܢܝܫܐ ܕܝܠܗ، ܘܡܘܕܝ ܥܡ ܢܛܘܪܘܬܐ ܕܓܢܝܙܘܬܐ) – +50% ܓܘ ܒܘܨ̈ܝܐ ܕܦܘܣܛܐ، ܘܐܦ ܒܬܠܦܘܢ ܘܥܠ ܐܝܢܛܪܢܝܬ؛ ܐܓܪܬܐ ܒܦܘܣܛܐ ܟܡܚܘܝܐ ܙܕܝܩܘܬܐ؛ ܡܕܟܪ̈ܢܘܝܬܐ – +35% ܒܦܘܣܛܐ، +30% ܥܠ ܐܝܢܛܪܢܝܬ، ܥܡ ܦܐܪܐ ܕܟܢܚܬ؛ ܩܪܝܒ ܠܦܠܓܐ ܕܐܢܝ ܕܟܦܢܝ ܠܒܘܨܝܐ ܕܥܠ ܐܝܢܛܪܢܝܬ ܟܦܢܝ ܓܘ ܝܘܡܐ ܩܕܡܝܐ ܘܩܪܝܒ ܠܟܠ ܫܪܟܐ ܓܘ ܫܒܬܐ، ܘܒܗܝ ܣܒܒܐ ܟܡܪܚܩܚ ܠܗܝܢ؛ ܢܘܣܚܐ ܦܪܝܫܐ ܩܐ ܟܠ ܡܕܟܪܢܘܬܐ – +30% ܩܘܒܠ ܗܘ ܢܘܣܚܐ ܓܢܗ؛ ܡܘܗܒܬܐ ܕܟܣܦܐ – +87% ܒܦܘܣܛܐ، +20% ܥܠ ܐܝܢܛܪܢܝܬ، ܥܡ ܦܐܪܐ ܕܟܢܚܬ (ܕܘܠܪ ܩܕܡܝܐ +5 ܢܘܩ̈ܙܐ، ܥܠ ܡܢ 10 ܕܘܠܪ̈ܐ – ܩܪܝܒ ܠܢܘܩܙܐ ܩܐ ܟܠ ܕܘܠܪ)؛ ܡܘܗܒܬܐ ܡܢ ܩܕܡ، ܕܠܐ ܫܪܛܐ – +61% ܩܘܒܠ ܗܘ ܡܢܝܢܐ ܓܢܗ ܒܬܪ ܫܘܠܡܐ، ܒܦܘܣܛܐ ܘܒܬܠܦܘܢ (ܐܣܝܪܘܬܐ ܕܚܕ̈ܕܐ)، ܒܨܝܪ ܥܠ ܐܝܢܛܪܢܝܬ؛ ܡܘܗ̈ܒܬܐ ܕܠܐ ܟܣܦܐ – +15% ܒܠܚܘܕ ܘܕܠܐ ܐܣܘܪܐ ܥܡ ܛܝܡܐ ܕܝܠܗܝܢ، ܘܫܘܬܦܘܬܐ ܒܦܐܪ̈ܐ – ܩܪܝܒ ܠܡܕܡ ܠܐ؛ ܦܣ̈ܐ ܕܦܘܪ̈ܥܢܐ – ܦܪ̈ܝܣܐ ܝܢܐ ܡܛܠ ܕܪܟ̈ܝܟܐ ܝܢܐ، ܐܝܢܐ "ܩܠܝܠ ܓܗ̈ܐ" ܟܡܛܝܒܝ ܦܘܢܝܐ؛ ܩܪܝܬܐ ܦܪܨܘܦܝܬܐ ܒܫܡܐ – +10% ܒܦܘܣܛܐ، +25% ܥܠ ܐܝܢܛܪܢܝܬ؛ ܚܬܡܐ ܘܡܘܢܥܐ ܒܟܬܒܐ ܕܐܝܕܐ – ܝܬܝܪ ܡܢ 25%؛ ܘܓܘ ܐܝܡܝܠ – ܣܕܪܐ ܕܡܠܬܐ ܬܪܝܨܐ ܕܟܐܡܪ ܡܘܕܝ ܝܠܗ ܒܘܨܝܐ، ܠܐ "ܩܠܝܩܒܝܬ"، ܘܓܗ̈ܝ ܫܘܐܠܐ ܩܕܡܝܐ ܓܘ ܩܪܝܬܐ. ܡܘܕܝ ܐܝܬ ܓܘ ܩܪܝܬܐ: ܢܝܫܐ ܕܒܘܨܝܐ ܘܡܐ ܕܐܝܬ ܓܘܗ، ܬܚܘܡ̈ܐ ܚܕܪ ܡܐ ܕܐܣܝܪܐ ܝܠܗ ܥܡ ܩܪܝܐ؛ ܡܘܗܒܬܐ؛ ܐܘܪܟܐ (ܒܦܪܝܫܘܬܐ ܐܢ ܩܛܝܢܐ ܝܠܗ)؛ ܝܘܡܐ ܐܚܪܝܐ. ܡܐܡܪ̈ܐ ܥܠ ܝܘܬܪܢܐ ܩܐ ܟܢܫܐ ܝܢ ܩܐ ܝܕܥܬܐ – ܩܪܝܒ ܠܕܠܐ ܡܥܒܕܢܘܬܐ (Chandler, 2023؛ ܡܨܥܝ̈ܬܐ – ܡܢ ܡܝܛܐ-ܐܢܐܠܝܣܝܣ ܕܗܘ ܟܡܝܬܐ، ܒܦܪܝܫܘܬܐ Edwards et al., 2009، ܘܡܚܘ̈ܝܐ ܝܢܐ ܗܪܟܐ ܐܝܟ ܕܗܘ ܟܡܟܢܫ ܠܗܘܢ).

ܡܢܘ ܟܦܢܐ ܒܨܝܪ، ܘܡܢܘ ܟܡܙܝܦ. ܓܒܪ̈ܐ، ܥܠܝܡ̈ܐ، ܐܢܝ ܕܐܝܬ ܠܗܘܢ ܩܢܝܢܐ ܢܚܝܬܐ (ܘܪܡܐ ܣܓܝ)، ܒܨܝܪ ܡܠܦ̈ܢܐ ܘܠܐ ܓܘܪ̈ܐ ܟܦܢܝ ܒܨܝܪ ܠܒܘܨ̈ܝܐ ܕܫܘܐ̈ܠܐ، ܠܦܘܬ ܐܘܪܚܐ – ܘܐܗܐ ܟܡܬܪܨ ܥܡܠܐ ܕܡܟܢܫܬܐ ܠܐܢܝ ܕܒܨܝܪ ܡܣܬܒܪܐ ܝܠܗ ܕܦܢܝ ܐܡܢ ܕܟܒܥܝܚ ܕܡܝܘܬܐ، ܘܠܐܢܝ ܕܡܣܬܒܪܐ ܝܠܗ ܕܦܢܝ ܐܡܢ ܕܟܒܥܝܚ ܠܡܚܣܢܐ. ܐܡܢ ܕܡܫܬܘܬܦ̈ܢܐ ܓܪܓ ܕܡܠܝ ܫܪܛܐ، ܡܨܠܠܢܘܬܐ ܟܒܥܐ ܙܗܝܪܘܬܐ: ܓܘ ܒܘܨܝܐ ܕܟܢܫܠܗ ܒܝܕ ܡܘܕܥ̈ܢܘܝܬܐ، 14% ܡܘܕܝܠܗܘܢ ܕܒܕܝܠܗܘܢ ܗܘܝܐ ܕܐܣܝܘܬܐ ܩܐ ܕܗܘܝ ܙܕܝܩ̈ܐ ܠܒܘܨܝܐ ܒܐܓܪܐ – ܘܓܘ ܟܢܫܐ ܟܠܢܝܐ ܝܩܝܪܐ ܡܙܝܦ̈ܢܐ ܡܨܝ ܕܗܘܝ ܣܓܝܐܘܬܐ. ܢܛܘܪܘܬܐ: ܡܟܢܫܬܐ ܩܕܡ ܟܠ ܓܘ ܕܘܟܬܐ ܕܓܘܗ̇ ܐܢܝ ܕܙܕܩܐ ܐܝܬ ܠܗܘܢ ܣܓܝ̈ܐܐ ܝܢܐ، ܠܐ ܓܠܝܬܐ ܕܫܪ̈ܛܐ ܕܙܕܩܐ ܩܕܡ ܡܫܘܚܬܐ ܕܝܠܗܘܢ، ܘܛܒܐ ܝܠܗ ܕܡܫܬܐܠܢܐ ܠܐ ܝܕܥ ܒܟܠ ܕܡܨܠܠ̈ܐ ܝܢܐ – ܒܘܨܝܐ ܩܛܝܢܐ ܥܡ ܫܘܐ̈ܠܐ ܕܡܨܠܠܢܘܬܐ، ܘܐܢܝ ܕܙܕܩܐ ܐܝܬ ܠܗܘܢ ܟܡܬܫܕܪܝ ܠܩܕܡ (Chandler, 2023).

ܒܘܚܪܢܐ ܩܕܡܝܐ (pilot)، ܢܛܪܬܐ ܘܟܬܝܒܬܐ. ܐܘܪܚܐ ܕܡܟܢܫܬܐ ܟܪܗܛܚ ܠܗ̇ ܓܘ ܒܘܚܪܢܐ ܩܕܡܝܐ ܐܝܟ ܦܢܩܝܬܐ ܕܫܘܐ̈ܠܐ ܓܢܗ̇ – "ܬܡܪܝܢܐ ܓܡܝܪܐ" ܕܟܓܠܐ ܠܐ ܓܠܝܘܬܐ ܓܘ ܦܪܘܛܘܩܘܠ، ܠܐ ܦܗܡܐ ܓܘ ܓܘܕܐ ܕܦܠܚ̈ܐ، ܘܣܝܡ̈ܬܐ ܛܥܝ̈ܬܐ ܥܠ ܛܝܡܐ ܘܡܢܬܐ ܕܦܘܢܝܐ. ܘܓܘ ܙܒܢܐ ܕܡܟܢܫܬܐ ܟܢܛܪܚ ܬܠܬܐ ܡܚܘ̈ܝܢܐ: ܡܢܬܐ ܕܦܘܢܝܐ ܝܢ ܕܫܘܠܡܐ، ܟܡܐ ܐܢܝ ܕܦܢܐܠܗܘܢ ܕܡܝ̈ܐ ܝܢܐ ܠܟܢܫܐ ܟܠܢܝܐ، ܘܛܝܡܐ ܩܐ ܟܠ ܫܘܠܡܐ (ܟܠ ܡܦܩ̈ܬܐ ܦܠܝܓ̈ܐ ܥܠ ܡܢܝܢܐ ܕܦܢܩܝ̈ܬܐ ܡܠܝ̈ܬܐ) – ܘܟܡܦܐܝܚ: ܐܘܪ̈ܚܬܐ، ܢܘܣܚܐ ܕܩܪܝܬܐ، ܩܪܝܬܐ ܐܚܪܬܐ ܝܢ ܡܘܗܒܬܐ ܪܒܬܐ ܝܬܝܪ ܩܐ ܓܘ̈ܕܐ ܕܟܦܢܝ ܒܨܝܪ. ܘܟܟܬܒܚ ܬܘܩܢܐ، ܥܡܠܐ ܘܡܐ ܕܦܠܚܠܗ ܘܠܐ ܦܠܚܠܗ – ܐܦ ܓܘ ܡܟܬܒܬܐ ܡܢ ܩܕܡ (preregistration)، ܐܦ ܐܝܟ ܚܘܡܪܐ ܕܥܡ ܡܐܡܪܐ – ܣܒܒ ܕܕܠܐ ܐܗܐ ܠܐ ܡܨܝܐ ܕܦܗܡܚ ܟܢܫܐ ܟܠܢܝܐ ܕܒܘܨܝܐ ܝܢ ܕܡܬܢܚ ܠܗ (Chandler, 2023). ܦܐܬܐ ܐܝܬܝܩܝܬܐ ܕܡܘܗܒܬܐ – ܐܠܨܐ ܩܘܒܠ ܡܥܒܕܢܘܬܐ ܠܐ ܙܕܝܩܬܐ – ܓܘ ܦܐܬܐ ܕܐܝܬܝܩܐ ܕܒܘܨܝܐ.

8. ܐܝܟܢ ܟܡܬܢܚ

ܓܘ ܨܚܚܐ ܕܐܘܪܚܐ (method section)، ܬܚܘܬ "ܡܫܬܘܬܦ̈ܢܐ" ܝܢ "ܕܘܡܝܐ": ܟܢܫܐ ܟܠܢܝܐ ܐܝܟ ܕܡܚܕܕܐ ܝܠܗ؛ ܪܫܝܡܬܐ ܕܓܘܒܝܐ ܕܕܘܡܝܐ (ܐܝܢܐ ܪܫܝܡܬܐ، ܡܢ ܐܝܡܢ)؛ ܐܘܪܚܐ ܕܓܘܒܝܐ ܕܕܘܡܝܐ ܒܫܡܐ ܘܒܦܘܪ̈ܫܢܐ ܕܝܠܗ̇ (ܡܛܟܣܐ – k ܘܫܘܪܝܐ؛ ܕܛܒ̈ܩܐ – ܛܒ̈ܩܐ ܘܦܘܠܓܐ؛ ܕܥܢܩܘ̈ܕܐ – ܡܘܕܝ ܝܠܗ ܥܢܩܘܕܐ ܘܟܡܐ؛ ܕܦܫܝܩܘܬܐ – ܡܢܘ، ܐܝܟܐ، ܕܟܝ ܟܢܝܫ̈ܐ ܝܢܐ)؛ ܪܒܘܬܐ ܕܕܘܡܝܐ ܬܩܝܢܬܐ ܘܕܟܝ ܦܣܝܩܬܐ ܝܠܗ̇ (ܚܘܫܒܢܐ ܕܚܝܠܐ، ܪܒܘܬܐ ܕܡܥܒܕܢܘܬܐ ܕܣܝܡܬܐ ܝܠܗ̇)؛ ܡܢܬܐ ܕܦܘܢܝܐ؛ N ܒܫܪܪܐ؛ ܘܦܘܚܡܐ ܕܡܦܢܝ̈ܢܐ ܥܡ ܟܢܫܐ ܟܠܢܝܐ ܥܠ ܡܫܬܚܠܦ̈ܢܐ ܝܕܝܥ̈ܐ. ܘܓܘ ܨܚܚܐ ܕܡܡܠܠܐ – ܥܠ ܡܢܘ ܟܡܚܘܐ ܫܘܠܡܐ. ܕܘܡܝܐ ܕܦܫܝܩܘܬܐ ܟܬܢܚ ܐܝܟ ܕܘܡܝܐ ܕܦܫܝܩܘܬܐ، ܕܠܐ "ܡܚܘܝܢܐ" ܘܕܠܐ "ܓܕܫܢܝܐ" – ܡܠܬܐ "ܓܕܫܢܝܐ" ܢܛܝܪܬܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܩܐ ܦܣܐ. ܒܨܝܪܘܬܐ ܠܦܘܬ Chandler (2023): ܐܢ ܐܝܬ ܗܘܐ ܪܫܝܡܬܐ ܕܓܘܒܝܐ ܕܕܘܡܝܐ؛ ܕܟܝ ܓܒܝ̈ܐ ܝܢܐ ܡܫܬܘܬܦ̈ܢܐ؛ ܦܣ̈ܥܬܐ ܕܥܒܝܕ̈ܐ ܝܢܐ ܩܐ ܡܟܢܫܬܐ ܕܝܠܗܘܢ؛ ܡܢܘ̈ܬܐ ܕܦܘܢܝܐ ܝܢ ܕܫܘܬܦܘܬܐ – ܘܕܟܝ ܚܫܝܒ̈ܐ ܝܢܐ، ܡܢܝܢܐ ܥܠܝܐ ܘܬܚܬܝܐ، ܣܒܒ ܕܐܝܬ ܟܡܐ ܐܘܪ̈ܚܬܐ (ܚܕ̈ܕܘܬܐ ܬܩܝ̈ܢܬܐ – AAPOR, 2016، ܐܝܟ ܕܡܝܬܝܐ ܝܠܗ ܓܘ Chandler)؛ ܡܫܘ̈ܚܬܐ ܕܡܦܩܬܐ ܓܘ ܡܨܠܠܢܘܬܐ؛ ܘܕܠܐ ܪܫܝܡܬܐ – ܟܢܫܐ ܟܠܢܝܐ ܕܢܝܫܐ، ܙܒܢܐ ܘܕܘܟܬܐ ܕܡܟܢܫܬܐ ܕܡܨܝ ܕܡܥܒܕܝ ܥܠ ܪܘܟܒܐ، ܘܬܚܘ̈ܡܐ ܕܦܘܫܛܐ ܕܢܦܩܝ ܡܢܝܗܝ.

ܛܥܝ̈ܘܬܐ ܕܡܬܚܙܝܢ ܣܓܝ (Common mistakes)

"ܕܘܡܝܐ ܓܕܫܢܝܐ" ܕܐܢܐ ܕܐܬܐ. ܓܕܫܢܝܐ ܟܐܡܪ ܦܣܐ ܡܢ ܪܫܝܡܬܐ ܥܡ ܣܟܘܝܐ ܫܘܝܐ ܩܐ ܟܠܗܘܢ. ܬܠܡ̈ܝܕܐ ܓܘ ܣܕܪܐ، ܡܦܠܚ̈ܢܐ ܕܕܘܫܠܗܘܢ، ܐܢܝ ܕܐܬܝܠܗܘܢ ܠܒܝܬ ܟܢܫܐ ܕܡܬܐ – ܕܘܡܝܐ ܕܦܫܝܩܘܬܐ، ܘܟܬܢܚ ܠܗ ܐܝܟ ܕܝܠܗ.

ܚܫܒܐ ܕܪܒܘܬܐ ܟܡܬܪܨܐ ܡܣܒ ܒܐܦ̈ܐ. 10,000 ܡܦܢܝ̈ܢܐ ܕܓܒܝ̈ܐ ܝܢܐ ܠܐ ܒܓܕܫܢܝܘܬܐ ܝܢܐ ܕܘܡܝܐ ܪܒܐ ܡܣܒܐ ܒܐܦ̈ܐ، ܥܡ ܬܚܘܡܐ ܕܬܘܟܠܢܐ ܥܝܩܐ ܚܕܪ ܛܝܡܐ ܠܐ ܫܪܝܪܐ. ܪܒܘܬܐ ܟܡܙܥܪܐ ܛܥܝܘܬܐ ܕܓܘܒܝܐ ܕܕܘܡܝܐ؛ ܒܣ ܦܣܐ ܟܥܒܕ ܥܡ ܡܣܒ ܒܐܦ̈ܐ.

ܚܘܫܒܢܐ ܕ-n ܐܝܟ ܡܢܬܐ ܒܡܐܐ ܡܢ ܟܢܫܐ ܟܠܢܝܐ. ܛܥܝܘܬܐ ܬܩܝܢܬܐ ܬܠܝܬܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܒ-n، ܠܐ ܒ-n/N. 400 ܣܦܩܝ ܩܐ ܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܘܩܐ ܡܬܐ ܒܗܝ ܡܫܘܚܬܐ ܓܢܗ̇.

ܓܘܒܝܐ ܡܛܟܣܐ ܥܡ ܦܬܝܘܬܐ ܕܐܣܝܪܬܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܥܡ ܚܘܕܪܐ. ܟܠ ܝܘܡܐ ܫܒܝܥܝܐ، ܟܠ ܡܡܠܠܐ ܕܙܘܓܐ ܙܘܓܐ – ܦܬܝܘܬܐ ܟܩܦܠܐ ܕܘܡܝܐ ܥܠ ܚܕܐ ܓܘܕܐ ܙܥܘܪܬܐ. ܟܒܚܪܚ ܪܫܝܡܬܐ ܩܐ ܚܘܕܪܐ ܩܕܡ ܕܦܣܩܚ k.

ܓܘܒܝܐ ܕܥܢܩܘ̈ܕܐ ܘܦܘܫܩܐ ܐܝܟ ܕܚܕ̈ܝܘܬܐ ܠܐ ܬܠܝ̈ܬܐ ܝܢܐ. 20 ܥܡܘܪ̈ܐ ܡܢ ܟܠ ܚܕܐ ܡܢ ܥܣܪ ܡܬ̈ܘܬܐ ܠܝܢܐ 200 ܚܙ̈ܝܬܐ ܠܐ ܬܠܝ̈ܬܐ – ܬܠܝܘܬܐ ܓܘ ܡܬܐ ܟܡܙܥܪܐ ܛܥܝܘܬܐ ܬܩܝܢܬܐ. ܡܘܕܝܠ ܕܕܪ̈ܓܐ ܣܓܝ̈ܐܐ (multilevel)، ܝܢ ܠܦܚܘܬ ܬܘܢܝܐ ܥܠ ܒܢܝܢܐ.

ܛܥܝܬܐ ܕܐܢܝ ܕܠܐ ܦܢܐܠܗܘܢ. ܡܢܬܐ ܕܦܘܢܝܐ ܕ-30% ܟܐܡܪ ܕܕܘܡܝܐ ܓܕܫܢܝܐ ܗܘܝܠܗ ܕܘܡܝܐ ܕܐܢܝ ܕܡܘܕܝܠܗܘܢ. ܟܬܢܚ ܡܢܬܐ ܘܟܦܚܡܚ ܡܦܢܝ̈ܢܐ ܥܡ ܪܫܝܡܬܐ ܕܓܘܒܝܐ.

ܦܣܩܬܐ ܕ-n ܒܬܪ ܡܟܢܫܬܐ ܕܝܗܝ̈ܒܬܐ. "ܒܕ ܡܟܢܫܚ ܗܠ ܕܗܘܐ ܪܫܝܡܐ" ܟܡܚܪܒ ܣܘܟܠܐ ܕ-p. n ܟܡܬܦܣܩ ܡܢ ܩܕܡ ܡܢ ܚܘܫܒܢܐ ܕܚܝܠܐ، ܘܟܡܬܬܢܐ ܐܦ ܐܢ ܠܐ ܡܛܐܠܗ.

ܟܬܒܬܐ ܕ"ܡܚܘܝܢܐ" ܕܠܐ ܦܣܐ. ܕܘܡܝܐ ܠܦܘܬ ܚܫܝܚܘܬܐ ܝܢ ܕܦܫܝܩܘܬܐ ܡܨܐ ܕܗܘܐ ܫܪܝܪܐ ܘܡܘܬܪܢܐ – ܐܝܢܐ ܦܘܫܛܐ ܡܢܗ ܝܠܗ ܡܚܘܝܢܘܬܐ ܕܗܘܢܐ ܕܓܪܓ ܕܝܗܒܚ ܥܠܬܐ ܩܐ ܕܝܠܗ̇، ܠܐ ܦܐܪܐ ܕܣܛܐܛܝܣܛܝܩܐ.

ܩܪܝܬܐ ܕ-n ܒܚܬܝܬܘܬܐ. ܚܘܫܒܢܐ ܕܚܝܠܐ ܝܠܗ ܦܐܝܠ ܕܦܘܫܩܐ؛ ܟܩܪܚ ܟܡܐ ܓܗ̈ܐ ܝܬܝܪ، ܘܟܓܒܚ ܒܦܣܐ ܕܘ̈ܡܝܐ ܕܒܬܪܗ (Chandler, 2023).

ܦܣܐ ܕܦܘܪܥܢܐ ܐܝܟ ܡܘܗܒܬܐ، ܘܫܘܬܦܘܬܐ ܒܦܐܪ̈ܐ ܐܝܟ ܓܪܓܐ. ܩܪܝܒ ܠܕܠܐ ܡܥܒܕܢܘܬܐ؛ ܡܘܗܒܬܐ ܕܟܣܦܐ ܙܥܘܪܬܐ ܡܢ ܩܕܡ، ܡܘܕܥܢܘܬܐ ܡܩܕܡܬܐ ܘܡܕܟܪ̈ܢܘܝܬܐ – ܐܝܢ (Chandler, 2023).

ܡܦܪܣܬܐ ܕܫܪ̈ܛܐ ܕܙܕܩܐ ܓܘ ܡܘܕܥܢܘܬܐ ܕܡܟܢܫܬܐ. ܐܢܐ ܕܟܒܥܐ ܠܡܫܬܘܬܦܐ ܒܕ ܡܦܐܐ ܓܢܗ ܥܡܗܘܢ؛ ܫܘܐ̈ܠܐ ܕܡܨܠܠܢܘܬܐ ܩܕܡ ܕܓܠܚ ܡܘܕܝ ܟܡܨܠܠܚ (Chandler, 2023).

ܪܫܝܡܬܐ ܕܒܘܚܪܢܐ – ܩܕܡ ܡܟܢܫܬܐ ܕܡܫܬܘܬܦ̈ܢܐ

ܡܒܘ̈ܥܐ

Chandler, J. (2023). Participant recruitment. In A. L. Nichols & J. E. Edlund (Eds.), The Cambridge handbook of research methods and statistics for the social and behavioral sciences: Vol. 1. Building a program of research (pp. 179-201). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009010054.010

Field, A. (2024). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics (6th ed.). SAGE.

Gravetter, F. J., & Wallnau, L. B. (2017). Statistics for the behavioral sciences (10th ed.). Cengage Learning.

Krippendorff, K. (2019). Content analysis: An introduction to its methodology (4th ed.). SAGE.

Pallant, J. (2020). SPSS survival manual: A step by step guide to data analysis using IBM SPSS (7th ed.). Routledge.

Stevens (1996)، Tabachnick ܘ-Fidell (2013) ܘ-Cohen (1988) – ܐܝܟ ܕܡܝܬܝ̈ܐ ܝܢܐ ܓܘ Pallant (2020)؛ Edwards ܘܚܒܪ̈ܘܗܝ (2009)، Göritz (2006, 2014)، Mercer ܘܚܒܪ̈ܘܗܝ (2015)، Groves ܘ-Peytcheva (2008)، Devine ܘܚܒܪ̈ܘܗܝ (2013)، Simons ܘܚܒܪ̈ܘܗܝ (2017) ܘ-AAPOR (2016) – ܐܝܟ ܕܡܝܬܝ̈ܐ ܝܢܐ ܓܘ Chandler (2023). ܠܦܘܬ ܢܡܘܣܐ ܕܣܐܝܛ، ܓܘ ܪܫܝܡܬܐ ܕܡܒܘ̈ܥܐ ܟܡܬܚܙܝ ܒܠܚܘܕ ܡܒܘ̈ܥܐ ܕܩܪܝ̈ܐ ܝܢܐ ܓܘ ܢܘܣܚܐ ܩܕܡܝܐ ܕܝܠܗܘܢ؛ Chandler (2023) – ܠܦܘܬ ܨܚܚܐ ܟܠܗ، ܕܠܐ ܡܢܝ̈ܢܐ ܕܦܐܬ̈ܐ ܓܘ ܟܬܒܐ.