ܟܬܝܒܘܬܐ ܘܬܘܢܝܐ: ܢܡܘ̈ܣܐ ܕܬܘܢܝܐ ܩܐ ܟܠ ܒܘܚܪܢܐ
ܡܘܕܝ ܟܟܬܒܚ ܓܘ ܨܚܚܐ ܕܡܫܟܚ̈ܢܘܬܐ ܘܒܐܝܢܐ ܨܘܪܬܐ – ܠܦܘܬ ܡܕܒܪܢܐ ܕ-APA (ܡܦܩܬܐ ܫܒܝܥܝܬܐ) ܘܠܦܘܬ ܬܠܬܐ ܟܬܒ̈ܐ ܕܣܛܐܛܝܣܛܝܩܐ ܕܣܐܝܛ: ܡܐܡܪܐ، ܠܘܚܐ ܝܢ ܨܘܪܬܐ؛ ܢܡܘ̈ܣܐ ܕܨܘܪܬܐ (ܨܦܪܐ ܩܕܡ ܢܘܩܙܐ، ܣܘ̈ܦܪܐ، ܬܚܘ̈ܡܐ ܕܬܘܟܠܢܐ، ܐܬ̈ܘܬܐ)؛ ܠܘ̈ܚܐ ܘܨܘܪ̈ܬܐ؛ ܘܩܐ ܟܠ ܚܕ ܡܢ 17 ܡ̈ܚܫܒܢܐ ܕܣܐܝܛ – ܡܘܕܝ ܣܢܝܩܐ ܝܠܗ ܕܗܘܝܐ ܓܘ ܡܐܡܪܐ ܕܬܘܢܝܐ، ܘܐܝܟܐ ܓܘ ܡܦܩܢܐ ܡܢ ܟܕܘ ܟܬܝܒܐ ܝܠܗ.
ܡܐ ܐܝܬ ܓܘ ܐܗܐ ܦܐܬܐ (On this page)
ܟܠ ܡܚܫܒܢܐ ܓܘ ܣܐܝܛ ܟܡܫܠܡ ܒܠܘܚܐ ܒܨܘܪܬܐ ܕ-APA، ܒܡܐܡܪܐ ܕܬܘܢܝܐ ܒܣܘܪܝܬ ܘܒܐܢܓܠܝܙܝܐ ܘܒܦܐܝܠ ܕ-Word – ܘܓܘ ܟܠ ܦܐܬܐ ܕܡܚܫܒܢܐ ܐܝܬ ܦܣܩܐ ܕ"ܬܘܢܝܐ ܕܡܫܟܚ̈ܢܘܬܐ" ܥܡ ܡܬ̈ܠܐ ܕܟܬܒ̈ܐ ܩܐ ܗܘ ܒܘܚܪܢܐ. ܐܗܐ ܦܐܬܐ ܟܟܢܫܐ ܢܡܘ̈ܣܐ ܕܠܥܠ ܡܢ ܒܘܚܪܢܐ ܝܚܝܕܝܐ: ܡܘܕܝ ܣܢܝܩܐ ܝܠܗ ܕܗܘܝܐ ܓܘ ܨܚܚܐ ܕܡܫܟܚ̈ܢܘܬܐ ܠܦܘܬ ܢܡܘ̈ܣܐ ܕܬܘܢܝܐ ܕ-APA (American Psychological Association [APA], 2020, Section 3.7)، ܐܝܡܢ ܟܟܬܒܚ ܡܐܡܪܐ ܘܐܝܡܢ ܠܘܚܐ (ܦܣܩܐ 6.40)، ܕܟܝ ܟܡܬܟܬܒܝ ܡܢܝ̈ܢܐ (ܦܣܩܐ 6.36)، ܡܘܕܝ ܝܠܗ ܒܢܝܢܐ ܕܠܘܚܐ ܘܕܨܘܪܬܐ (ܦܣ̈ܩܐ 7.8-7.28)، ܘܚܕ ܠܘܚܐ ܕܟܓܡܪ ܩܐ ܟܠ ܚܕ ܡܢ 17 ܡ̈ܚܫܒܢܐ ܡܘܕܝ ܣܢܝܩܐ ܝܠܗ ܕܗܘܝܐ ܓܘ ܡܐܡܪܐ. Field (2024، ܦܣܩܐ 1.8.2) ܟܡܥܗܕ ܕܢܡܘ̈ܣܐ "ܠܐ ܝܢܐ ܚܠܦܐ ܕܗܘܢܐ ܥܡܝܐ": ܦܘܠܚܢܐ ܕܝܠܗܘܢ ܝܠܗ ܕܟܠܢܫ ܗܘܐ ܩܝܡܐ، ܠܐ ܕܩܝܡܝ ܢܡܘܣܐ ܩܐ ܟܠ ܗܘܝܐ – ܘܕܓܘ ܥܒܕܐ ܝܢ ܓܘ ܡܐܡܪܐ ܕܡܓܠܬܐ ܒܟܠ ܥܕܢܐ ܟܒܚܪܚ ܐܦ ܦܘܩ̈ܕܢܐ ܕܡܕܒܪܢܐ ܝܢ ܕܡܓܠܬܐ.
ܡܘܕܝ ܣܢܝܩܐ ܝܠܗ ܕܗܘܝܐ
ܩܐ ܟܠ ܒܘܚܪܢܐ: ܡܢܝܢܐ ܣܛܐܛܝܣܛܝܩܝܐ، ܕܪ̈ܓܐ ܕܚܐܪܘܬܐ، p ܚܬܝܬܐ، ܪܒܘܬܐ ܕܡܥܒܕܢܘܬܐ ܘܐܘܪܚܐ ܕܝܠܗ̇ – ܘܩܐ ܫܘܥܪܐ ܕܢܘܩܙܐ ܒܟܠ ܥܕܢܐ ܡܚܘܝܢܐ ܕܚܬܝܬܘܬܐ (ܛܥܝܘܬܐ ܬܩܝܢܬܐ ܝܢ ܬܚܘܡܐ ܕܬܘܟܠܢܐ). ܟܠ ܗܘܦܘܬܣ̈ܝܣ ܕܐܬܝܠܗܘܢ ܒܚܝܪ̈ܐ، ܐܦ ܡܕܡ ܕܠܐ ܦܠܛܠܗ (APA, Section 3.7).
ܒܐܝܢܐ ܨܘܪܬܐ
ܗܠ ܬܠܬܐ ܡܢܝ̈ܢܐ – ܓܘ ܡܐܡܪܐ؛ 4-20 – ܓܘ ܠܘܚܐ؛ ܝܬܝܪ ܡܢ 20 – ܓܘ ܨܘܪܬܐ؛ ܘܠܐ ܗܢܘܢ ܡܢܝ̈ܢܐ ܬܪܬܝ ܚܐܪ̈ܐ (APA, Section 6.40; Field, Section 1.8.3).
ܕܟܝ ܟܡܬܟܬܒ
p, r, β, α – ܕܠܐ ܨܦܪܐ ܩܕܡ ܢܘܩܙܐ؛ t, F, d, M – ܥܡ ܨܦܪܐ؛ ܬܪܝܢ ܣܘ̈ܦܪܐ؛ p ܒܬܪܝܢ-ܬܠܬܐ ܘ-"< .001"؛ ܬܚܘܡܐ ܕܬܘܟܠܢܐ 95% CI [LL, UL] (APA, Sections 6.36, 6.43).
ܡܐܝܟܐ ܟܫܩܠܚ
ܡܐܡܪܐ ܕܬܘܢܝܐ ܘܩܠܝܕܐ ܕܢܣܚܐ ܕܐܝܬ ܓܘ ܟܠ ܡܚܫܒܢܐ، ܘ"ܢܣܚܐ ܕܠܘܚܐ ܠ-Word" – ܡܢ ܟܕܘ ܠܦܘܬ ܐܢܝ ܢܡܘ̈ܣܐ ܝܢܐ. ܠܘܚܐ ܓܘ ܦܣܩܐ 6 ܟܐܡܪ ܡܘܕܝ ܐܝܬ ܓܘ ܟܠ ܚܕ ܡܢܝܗܝ.
1. ܨܚܚܐ ܕܡܫܟܚ̈ܢܘܬܐ ܠܦܘܬ ܢܡܘ̈ܣܐ ܕܬܘܢܝܐ ܕ-APA
ܢܡܘ̈ܣܐ ܕܬܘܢܝܐ ܩܐ ܒܘܨܝܐ ܟܡܝܝܐ (JARS; APA, 2020, Section 3.7) ܟܡܫܪܝ ܒܚܕ ܥܩܪܐ: "ܡܘܕܥܡܘܢ ܝܗܝ̈ܒܬܐ ܒܦܘܪ̈ܫܢܐ ܣܦܝ̈ܩܐ ܕܡܙܕܕܩܝ ܦܘ̈ܣܩܢܐ… ܐܡܪܘܢ ܟܠ ܦܐܪ̈ܐ ܕܐܣܝܪ̈ܐ ܝܢܐ، ܐܢ ܗܘܦܘܬܣ̈ܝܣ ܐܬܝܠܗܘܢ ܡܫܪܪ̈ܐ ܘܐܢ ܠܐ، ܥܡ ܦܐܪ̈ܐ ܕܗܦܝ̈ܟܐ ܝܢܐ ܡܢ ܣܟܝܐ؛ ܥܠܠܘܢ ܡܥܒܕ̈ܢܘܝܬܐ ܙܥܘܪ̈ܐ (ܝܢ ܡܫܟܚ̈ܢܘܬܐ ܠܐ ܪܫܝ̈ܡܐ) ܐܡܢ ܕܬܐܘܪܝܐ ܟܡܢܒܝܐ ܪܘ̈ܪܒܐ. ܠܐ ܛܫܝܡܘܢ ܦܐܪ̈ܐ ܠܐ ܢܝ̈ܚܐ ܒܫܩܠܬܐ". ܡܢ ܐܟܐ ܡܘܕܝ ܐܝܬ ܓܘ ܨܚܚܐ ܕܡܫܟܚ̈ܢܘܬܐ، ܒܐܗܐ ܛܟܣܐ:
ܩܕܡ ܗܘܦܘܬܣ̈ܝܣ – ܒܘܚܪܢܐ ܕܝܗܝ̈ܒܬܐ. ܡܫܟܚ̈ܢܘܬܐ ܕܒܘܚܪܢܐ ܕܝܗܝ̈ܒܬܐ (ܛܝ̈ܡܐ ܢܘܟܪ̈ܝܐ، ܫܪ̈ܛܐ، ܛܝ̈ܡܐ ܚܣܝ̈ܪܐ) ܟܡܬܘܕܥܝ ܓܘ ܨܚܚܐ ܕܐܘܪܚܐ، ܩܕܡ ܦܐܪ̈ܐ ܕܐܣܝܪ̈ܐ ܝܢܐ ܥܡ ܫܘܪܪܐ ܕܗܘܦܘܬܣ̈ܝܣ؛ ܘܦܘ̈ܣܩܢܐ ܕܦܠܛܠܗܘܢ ܡܢܝܗܝ – ܡܦܩܬܐ، ܫܘܚܠܦ̈ܐ ܕܨܘܪܬܐ (transformations)، ܡܠܝܬܐ – ܟܡܘܕܥܚ ܠܗܘܢ. ܛܝ̈ܡܐ ܚܣܝ̈ܪܐ: "ܣܢܝܩܐ ܝܠܗ ܒܣܓܝ ܕܡܘܕܥܚ ܣܓܝܐܘܬܐ ܝܢ ܡܐܐ ܕܝܗܝ̈ܒܬܐ ܚܣܝ̈ܪܬܐ، ܥܡ ܣܗܕ̈ܘܬܐ ܝܢ ܚܘܝ̈ܬܐ ܥܠ ܥܠܬܐ" – ܘܡ̈ܚܫܒܢܐ ܟܛܒܥܝ ܓܘ ܟܠ ܠܘܚܐ N ܕܐܬܝܠܗ ܦܫܝܩܐ ܡܢ ܓܘ N ܕܐܬܝܠܗ ܛܥܝܢܐ ܘܢܡܘܣܐ ܕܫܩܠܬܐ (ܙܘܓܢܝܬܐ ܝܢ ܕܣܕܪܐ ܟܠܗ، ܐܝܟ ܓܘ SPSS). ܒܘܚܪܢܐ ܕܝܗܝ̈ܒܬܐ ܟܡܬܥܒܕ ܓܘ ܦܐ̈ܬܐ ܕܛܝ̈ܡܐ ܢܘܟܪ̈ܝܐ ܘܫܪ̈ܛܐ، ܒܘܚܪܢܐ ܕܢܘܪܡܠܝܘܬܐ ܘܛܝ̈ܡܐ ܚܣܝ̈ܪܐ.
ܛܟܣܐ ܕܗܘܦܘܬܣ̈ܝܣ. ܗܘܦܘܬܣ̈ܝܣ ܪ̈ܫܝܬܐ، ܬܪ̈ܝܢܝܬܐ ܘܕܒܘܨܝܐ – ܒܗܘ ܛܟܣܐ ܕܒܓܘܗ ܐܬܝܠܗܘܢ ܡܚܘ̈ܝܐ ܓܘ ܨܚܚܐ ܕܐܘܪܚܐ (ܦܣܩܐ 3.6).
ܡܘܕܝ ܣܢܝܩܐ ܝܠܗ ܕܗܘܝܐ ܓܘ ܒܘܚܪܢܐ ܕܫܘܠܡܐ. "ܩܐ ܟܠ ܒܘܚܪܢܐ ܕܫܘܠܡܐ (t، F، ܟܝ ܡܪܒܥܐ) – ܛܝܡܐ ܕܡܢܝܢܐ ܣܛܐܛܝܣܛܝܩܝܐ، ܕܪ̈ܓܐ ܕܚܐܪܘܬܐ، ܡܣܬܒܪܢܘܬܐ ܕܩܒܠܬܐ ܛܝܡܐ ܚܪܝܦܐ ܐܝܟ ܗܘ ܕܐܬܝܠܗ ܩܒܝܠܐ (p ܚܬܝܬܐ)، ܘܪܒܘܬܐ ܕܡܥܒܕܢܘܬܐ ܘܐܘܪܚܐ ܕܝܠܗ̇. ܐܡܢ ܕܐܝܬ ܫܘܥܪܐ ܕܢܘܩܙܐ (ܡܨܥܝܬܐ، ܡܢܝܢܐ ܡܫܘܬܦܐ ܕܪܝܓܪܫܢ) – ܒܟܠ ܥܕܢܐ ܡܚܘܝܢܐ ܕܚܬܝܬܘܬܐ ܕܝܠܗ (ܡܬܠܐ ܛܥܝܘܬܐ ܬܩܝܢܬܐ)" (ܦܣܩܐ 3.7). "ܓܘܫܡܐ ܣܦܩܐ" ܕܡܢܝ̈ܢܐ ܣܛܐܛܝܣܛܝܩ̈ܝܐ ܐܝܬ ܒܓܘܗ ܐܦܢ ܪܒܘܬܐ ܕܓܘ̈ܕܐ، ܡܨܥܝ̈ܬܐ (ܝܢ ܣܓܝܐܘ̈ܬܐ) ܘܣܛܝ̈ܘܬܐ ܬܩܝ̈ܢܬܐ ܕܟܠ ܩܠܝܬܐ – ܕܩܪܘܝܐ ܡܨܐ ܕܥܒܕ ܡܢ ܪܝܫ ܠܦܘܫܩܐ ܘܕܥܠܠ ܠܗ ܓܘ ܡܝܛܐ-ܐܢܐܠܝܣܝܣ (meta-analysis).
ܬܚܘ̈ܡܐ ܕܬܘܟܠܢܐ. "ܒܥܕܢܐ ܣܓܝ ܬܘܩܢܐ ܛܒܐ ܡܢ ܟܠܗܘܢ ܕܬܘܢܝܐ"، ܡܛܠ ܕܟܡܚܠܛܝ ܕܘܟܬܐ ܘܚܬܝܬܘܬܐ ܘܡܨܝܚ ܠܡܦܩܬܐ ܡܢܝܗܝ ܪܫܝܡܘܬܐ (significance)؛ ܚܕ ܕܪܓܐ ܕܬܘܟܠܢܐ (95% ܝܢ 99%) ܩܐ ܟܠܗ ܥܒܕܐ، ܕܐܬܝܠܗ ܩܝܡܐ ܡܢ ܩܕܡ – ܘ"ܟܡܐ ܕܡܨܝܐ، ܠܡܣܡܟܬܐ ܕܡܡܠܠܐ ܥܠ ܫܘܥܪ̈ܐ ܕܢܘܩܙܐ ܘܥܠ ܬܚܘ̈ܡܐ" (ܦܣܩܐ 3.7). ܚܝܠܐ ܕ-APA: ܒܘܚܪܢܐ ܕܪܫܝܡܘܬܐ "ܒܣ ܢܘܩܙܐ ܕܫܘܪܝܐ ܝܠܗ"، ܘܪܒܘܬܐ ܕܡܥܒܕܢܘܬܐ ܥܡ ܬܚܘܡܐ ܕܬܘܟܠܢܐ ܝܢܐ "ܣܟܝܐ ܙܥܘܪܐ ܓܘ ܟܠ ܡܓ̈ܠܝܬܐ ܕ-APA".
ܬܘܟܢܝܬܐ، ܛܘ̈ܝܒܐ ܘܥܣ̈ܩܘܬܐ. ܩܐ ܐܘܪ̈ܚܬܐ ܥܣܝ̈ܩܬܐ (SEM، ܦܘܫܩܐ ܕܥܠ̈ܠܬܐ، ܡܘܕܝ̈ܠܐ ܕܕܪ̈ܓܐ) – ܦܘܪ̈ܫܢܐ ܕܡܘܕܝܠ، ܬܘܟܢܝܬܐ ܘܨܪܪܐ (ܡܬܠܐ "lavaan ܒ-R"؛ ܕܠܐ ܡܚܘܝܢܘܬܐ ܕܟܬܒܘܬܐ ܩܐ ܬܘܟܢܝܬܐ)، ܥܣ̈ܩܘܬܐ ܕܫܘܥܪܐ (ܠܐ ܡܬܟܢܫܢܘܬܐ)، ܥܣ̈ܩܘܬܐ ܓܘ ܒܘܚܪܢܐ ܝܢ ܓܘ ܫܪ̈ܛܐ "ܕܡܨܝܢ ܕܥܒܕܝ ܥܠ ܬܪܝܨܘܬܐ ܕܡܫܟܚ̈ܢܘܬܐ" (ܦܣܩܐ 3.7). ܩܐ ܣܐܝܛ: "ܚܘܫܒܢܐ ܐܬܝܠܗ ܥܒܝܕܐ ܓܘ ܡܚܫܒܢܐ X ܕܣܐܝܛ ܦܪܘܦܣܘܪ ܣܛܐܛ (ܢܘܣܚܐ N)" – ܘܩܐ ܦܘܚܡܐ، ܣܝܢܬܐܟܣ (syntax) ܕ-SPSS ܕܡܚܫܒܢܐ ܟܦܠܛ.
2. ܡܐܡܪܐ، ܠܘܚܐ ܝܢ ܨܘܪܬܐ
ܢܡܘܣܐ ܕ-APA (2020، ܦܣܩܐ 6.40)، ܕܐܦ Field (2024، ܦܣܩܐ 1.8.3) ܟܡܝܬܐ: "ܗܠ ܬܠܬܐ ܡܢܝ̈ܢܐ – ܡܢܣܝܡܘܢ ܡܐܡܪܐ؛ ܡܢ ܐܪܒܥܐ ܗܠ ܥܣܪܝܢ – ܡܢܣܝܡܘܢ ܠܘܚܐ؛ ܝܬܝܪ ܡܢ ܥܣܪܝܢ – ܡܢܣܝܡܘܢ ܨܘܪܬܐ" – ܘܠܥܠ ܡܢ ܟܠ ܡܕܡ، "ܓܒܘܢ ܨܘܪܬܐ ܕܡܚܘܝܢܘܬܐ ܕܟܡܛܝܒܐ ܠܗܘܢܐ ܕܩܪܘܝܐ". Field ܟܡܘܣܦ ܕܢܡܘܣܐ ܩܕܡܝܐ ܪܒܐ ܝܠܗ ܡܢ ܟܠܗܘܢ: ܐܝܬ ܗܘ̈ܝܐ ܕܠܐ ܡܢܝܢܐ ܕܓܘܝܗܝ ܨܘܪܬܐ ܩܐ 4-20 ܛܝ̈ܡܐ ܒܕ ܡܚܘܝܐ ܛܘܦܣܐ ܛܒ ܝܬܝܪ ܡܢ ܠܘܚܐ، ܘܨܘܪ̈ܬܐ ܕܝܬܝܪ ܡܢ 20 ܡܢܝ̈ܢܐ ܕܝܢܐ "ܒܘܠܒܠܐ ܓܡܝܪܐ". ܬܪܝܢ ܢܡܘ̈ܣܐ ܐܚܪ̈ܢܐ: ܠܐ ܗܢܘܢ ܡܢܝ̈ܢܐ ܬܪܬܝ ܚܐܪ̈ܐ – "ܐܢ ܚܘܝܠܘܟܘܢ ܣܛܐܛܝܣܛܝܩܐ ܡܚܘܝܢܝܬܐ ܓܘ ܠܘܚܐ ܝܢ ܓܘ ܨܘܪܬܐ، ܠܐ ܗܕܪܝܬܘܢ ܥܠܝܗ̇ ܓܘ ܟܬܒܐ"، ܐܠܐ ܐܡܪܘܢ ܫܡܐ ܕܠܘܚܐ ܘܚܝܠܘܢ ܓܘ ܟܬܒܐ ܝܗܝ̈ܒܬܐ ܕܟܡܥܕܪܝ ܠܦܘܫܩܐ (ܦܣܩܐ 6.43؛ Field: "ܚܘܣܪܢܐ ܕܕܘܟܬܐ")؛ ܘܡܚܘܝܢܘܬܐ ܠܦܘܬ ܡܢܝܢܐ – "ܐܝܟ ܕܡܚܘܝܐ ܝܠܗ ܓܘ ܠܘܚܐ 1…"، "ܨܘܪܬܐ 2 ܟܡܚܘܝܐ…"، ܒܚܕ ܥܕܢܐ ܠܐ "ܠܘܚܐ ܕܠܥܠ" ܝܢ "ܨܘܪܬܐ ܓܘ ܦܐܬܐ 32" (ܦܣܩܐ 7.5)، ܘܥܡ ܡܚܘܝܢܘܬܐ – ܡܘܕܝ ܒܥܝܐ ܠܡܒܨܝܐ ܓܘ ܠܘܚܐ.
ܒܥܒܕܐ، ܓܘ ܥܒܕܐ ܥܡܝܐ: ܬܚܘܝܬܐ ܕܕܘܡܝܐ – ܚܕ ܠܘܚܐ ܓܘ ܨܚܚܐ ܕܐܘܪܚܐ (ܦܐܬܐ ܕܣܓܝܐܘ̈ܬܐ، ܠܘܚܐ 7.2 ܓܘ ܡܕܒܪܢܐ ܕ-APA)؛ ܐܣܘܪܐ ܕܚܕ̈ܕܐ ܝܚܝܕܝܐ، ܚܕ ܒܘܚܪܢܐ t ܝܢ ܚܕ ܟܝ ܡܪܒܥܐ – ܡܐܡܪܐ؛ ܡܐܛܪܝܟܣ ܕܐܣܘܪ̈ܐ ܕܚܕ̈ܕܐ، ܪܝܓܪܫܢ ܣܓܝܐܐ، ܣܕܪܐ ܕܒܘܚܪ̈ܢܐ t ܝܢ ܦܘܫܩܐ ܕܫܘܚܠܦܐ ܥܡ ܒܘܚܪ̈ܢܐ ܕܒܬܪܗ – ܠܘܚܐ ܘܥܡܗ ܟܬܒܐ ܕܟܡܚܝܠ ܨܘܪܬܐ ܟܠܗ̇؛ ܦܘܠܓܐ، ܥܒܕܐ ܕܚܕ̈ܕܐ ܝܢ ܐܣܘܪܐ ܒܝܢܝ ܬܪܝܢ ܟܡ̈ܝܝܐ – ܨܘܪܬܐ.
3. ܢܡܘ̈ܣܐ ܕܨܘܪܬܐ – ܕܟܝ ܟܡܬܟܬܒ ܟܠ ܡܢܝܢܐ
ܨܦܪܐ ܩܕܡ ܢܘܩܙܐ (APA, 2020, Section 6.36): ܟܟܬܒܚ 0 ܩܕܡ ܢܘܩܙܐ ܐܡܢ ܕܡܢܝܢܐ ܣܛܐܛܝܣܛܝܩܝܐ ܡܨܐ ܕܣܠܩ ܠܥܠ ܡܢ 1، ܘܟܫܩܠܚ ܠܗ ܐܡܢ ܕܠܐ ܡܨܐ – "ܐܣܘܪ̈ܐ ܕܚܕ̈ܕܐ، ܡܢܘ̈ܬܐ ܘܕܪ̈ܓܐ ܕܪܫܝܡܘܬܐ". ܠܘܚܐ 1 ܟܦܪܫ ܐܬ̈ܘܬܐ ܕܟܡܬܚܙܝܢ ܓܘ ܡܦܩ̈ܢܐ ܕܣܐܝܛ.
ܠܘܚܐ 1. ܨܦܪܐ ܩܕܡ ܢܘܩܙܐ – ܐܬ̈ܘܬܐ ܕܓܘ ܡܦܩ̈ܢܐ ܕܣܐܝܛ
| ܥܡ ܨܦܪܐ (ܡܨܐ ܕܣܠܩ ܠܥܠ ܡܢ 1) | ܕܠܐ ܨܦܪܐ (ܠܐ ܡܨܐ ܕܣܠܩ ܠܥܠ ܡܢ 1) |
|---|---|
| M, SD, SE, Mdn, IQR؛ ܦܘܪܫܢܐ ܕܡܨܥܝ̈ܬܐ ܘܬܚܘܡܐ ܕܬܘܟܠܢܐ ܕܝܠܗ | p |
| t, F, z, χ², U, W (ܓܘܡܪܐ ܕܕܪ̈ܓܐ)، T, H, J | r, r_s, r_rb, R², sr, β, b* |
| d, d_z, B, b, SE(B), OR, Wald | η², ω², φ, V, α, κ (ܕ-Krippendorff ܘܕ-Cronbach) |
| ܥܩܝܡܘܬܐ ܘܓܒܢܘܬܐ ܘܛܥܝ̈ܘܬܐ ܬܩܝ̈ܢܬܐ ܕܝܠܗܝܢ؛ AIC, BIC, VIF, −2LL | D, W (ܕ-Shapiro-Wilk)، CFI, TLI, RMSEA, SRMR، ܡܢܘ̈ܬܐ ܘܡܐܐ ܐܝܟ ܦܬܘܬܐ |
ܡܥܝܪܢܘܬܐ. ܢܡܘܣܐ – APA (2020، ܦܣܩܐ 6.36)؛ ܦܘܪܫܐ ܕܐܬ̈ܘܬܐ – ܠܦܘܬ ܡܕܡ ܕܟܠ ܡܚܫܒܢܐ ܟܛܒܥ (ܚܙܝܡܘܢ ܦܣܩܐ ܕ"ܬܘܢܝܐ ܕܡܫܟܚ̈ܢܘܬܐ" ܓܘ ܟܠ ܦܐܬܐ). ܚܙܝܡܘܢ ܠܬܪܝܢ W: W ܕ-Wilcoxon (ܓܘܡܪܐ ܕܕܪ̈ܓܐ، ܥܡ ܨܦܪܐ) ܘ-W ܕ-Shapiro-Wilk (ܗܠ 1، ܕܠܐ). ܠܘ̈ܚܐ ܕܡܦܩܢܐ ܘܡܐܡܪ̈ܐ ܕܬܘܢܝܐ ܕܡ̈ܚܫܒܢܐ ܡܢ ܟܕܘ ܗܕܟܐ ܟܬܝܒ̈ܐ ܝܢܐ.
ܟܡܐ ܣܘ̈ܦܪܐ. "ܚܕܪܘܢ ܟܡܐ ܕܡܨܝܐ، ܥܡ ܚܫܒܬܐ ܕܡܦܠܚܢܘܬܐ ܕܡܣܟܝܐ ܘܕܚܬܝܬܘܬܐ ܣܛܐܛܝܣܛܝܩܝܬܐ… ܒܥܕܢܐ ܣܓܝ ܛܒ ܝܠܗ ܝܬܝܪ ܕܡܚܕܪܚ ܠܬܪܝܢ ܣܘ̈ܦܪܐ ܒܬܪ ܢܘܩܙܐ، ܝܢ ܕܫܚܠܦܚ ܡܫܘܚܬܐ" (ܦܣܩܐ 6.36). ܐܣܘܪ̈ܐ ܕܚܕ̈ܕܐ، ܡܢܘ̈ܬܐ ܘ-t, F ܘܟܝ ܡܪܒܥܐ – ܒܬܪܝܢ ܣܘ̈ܦܪܐ؛ ܡܨܥܝ̈ܬܐ ܘܣܛܝ̈ܘܬܐ ܬܩܝ̈ܢܬܐ ܕܝܗܝ̈ܒܬܐ ܓܘ ܣܒܠܬܐ ܕܡܢܝ̈ܢܐ ܫܠܝ̈ܡܐ (ܦܣܘ̈ܩܐ ܕܦܢܩܝܬܐ ܕܫܘܐ̈ܠܐ) – ܒܚܕ ܣܘܦܪܐ، "ܡܛܠ ܕܐܝܟ ܡܚܘ̈ܝܢܐ ܕܓܘ̈ܕܐ ܩܝ̈ܡܐ ܝܢܐ ܝܬܝܪ ܡܢ ܡܢܝ̈ܢܐ ܕܓܢܣܐ"؛ p ܚܬܝܬܐ ܒܬܪܝܢ ܝܢ ܬܠܬܐ ܣܘ̈ܦܪܐ، ܘܬܚܘܬ .001 – "p < .001". ܥܝܕܐ ܕ-p < .05، p < .01 "ܦܐܝܐ ܗܘܐ ܠܙܒܢܐ ܕܐܝܬ ܗܘܘ ܒܣ ܠܘ̈ܚܐ ܕܛܝ̈ܡܐ ܥܣܝ̈ܩܐ" – ܓܘ ܟܬܒܐ ܟܟܬܒܚ p ܚܬܝܬܐ؛ "p <" ܫܒܝܩܐ ܝܠܗ ܓܘ ܠܘ̈ܚܐ ܐܡܢ ܕ-p ܚܬܝ̈ܬܐ ܒܕ ܡܝܩܪܝ (ܦܣܩܐ 7.14). Field (ܦܣܩܐ 1.8.3): "ܠܐ ܒܟܠ ܥܕܢܐ ܬܪܝܢ ܣܘ̈ܦܪܐ – ܟܡܐ ܕܣܢܝܩܐ ܝܠܗ ܓܘ ܗܘܝܐ"، ܘܡܬܠܐ ܕ-0.0425 ܡܝܛܪ ܩܘܒܠ 4.25 ܣܢܬܝܡܝܛܪ. ܥܝܕܐ ܕܣܐܝܛ (site convention): ܠܘ̈ܚܐ ܟܛܒܥܝ ܬܪܝܢ ܣܘ̈ܦܪܐ ܩܐ ܡܚܘ̈ܝܢܐ ܘܡܢܝ̈ܢܐ ܣܛܐܛܝܣܛܝܩ̈ܝܐ، ܬܠܬܐ ܩܐ p ܘܩܐ ܡܚܘ̈ܝܢܐ ܕܡܥܒܕܢܘܬܐ ܕܠܐ ܟܣܠܩܝ ܠܥܠ ܡܢ 1، ܐܝܟ SPSS – ܡܐܛܪܝܟܣ ܕܐܣܘܪ̈ܐ ܕܚܕ̈ܕܐ ܟܦܝܫܐ ܒܬܠܬܐ ܣܘ̈ܦܪܐ ܩܐ ܦܘܚܡܐ، ܘܩܠܝܕܐ ܕ"ܢܣܚܐ ܕܠܘܚܐ ܩܐ ܡܩܪܒܬܐ" ܟܡܚܕܪ ܠܬܪܝܢ.
ܬܚܘܡܐ ܕܬܘܟܠܢܐ (ܦܣܩܐ 6.43): ܒܛܘܦܣܐ 95% CI [LL, UL]؛ ܓܘ ܟܠ ܬܘܢܝܐ – ܕܪܓܐ ܕܬܘܟܠܢܐ؛ ܐܡܢ ܕܟܗܕܪ ܓܘ ܣܕܪܐ ܒܗܘ ܕܪܓܐ – ܕܠܐ ܬܢܝܬܐ ܕ"95% CI"؛ ܒܬܪ ܫܘܥܪܐ ܕܢܘܩܙܐ – ܕܠܐ ܬܢܝܬܐ ܕܡܢܘ̈ܬܐ ܕܡܫܘܚܬܐ: "M = 30.5 cm, 99% CI [18.0, 43.0]". ܓܘ ܠܘ̈ܚܐ (ܦܣܩܐ 7.16) – ܓܘ ܣܓܪ̈ܐ ܡܪܒܥ̈ܐ ܓܘ ܗܝ ܩܠܝܬܐ، ܝܢ ܓܘ ܬܪܝܢ ܥܡܘ̈ܕܐ LL / UL؛ ܠܘܚܐ 7.16 ܘ-7.17 ܓܘ ܡܕܒܪܢܐ ܝܢܐ ܬܪܝܢ ܡܬ̈ܠܐ.
ܐܬ̈ܘܬܐ ܘܩܘܨ̈ܪܐ (ܦܣܩܐ 6.44): ܐܬ̈ܘܬܐ ܣܛܐܛܝܣܛܝܩ̈ܝܐ – M, SD, F, t, df, p, N, n, OR, r – ܘܐܬ̈ܘܬܐ ܝܘܢ̈ܝܐ (α, β, χ²) ܠܐ ܟܡܬܦܪܫܝ؛ ܩܘܨ̈ܪܐ ܐܚܪ̈ܢܐ – CI, ANOVA, CFA, RMSEA, SEM, AIC, BIC – ܟܡܬܦܪܫܝ ܓܘ ܚܙܝܬܐ ܩܕܡܝܬܐ. N ܝܠܗ ܕܘܡܝܐ ܟܠܗ ܘ-n ܓܘܕܐ ܡܢܬܢܝܬܐ (Field, 2024, Section 1.8.3). ܐܬ̈ܘܬܐ ܣܛܐܛܝܣܛܝܩ̈ܝܐ ܒܐܬܘܬܐ ܡܨܠܝܬܐ (ܦܣܩܐ 6.22) – ܘܒܣܘܪܝܬ، ܚܙܝܡܘܢ ܦܣܩܐ 7.
ܦܬܝ̈ܘܬܐ ܘܐܬܐ ܕܒܨܪܐ (ܦܣܩܐ 6.45): "ܦܪܘܫܘܢ ܦܘܪ̈ܡܘܠܐ ܐܝܟ ܡ̈ܠܐ" – a + b = c، ܠܐ a+b=c؛ ܦܬܝܘܬܐ ܡܢ ܬܪܝܢ ܓܢ̈ܒܐ ܕܒܨܪܐ ܕܡܒܨܪܢܘܬܐ، ܘܩܕܡ ܒܨܪܐ ܕܛܝܡܐ ܕܒܨܪܐ ܒܣ (−8.25)؛ ܘܐܬܐ ܕܒܨܪܐ ܐܬܘܬܐ ܐܚܪܬܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܡܢ ܣܪܛܐ ܙܥܘܪܐ – "ܐܪܝܟܬܐ ܝܬܝܪ ܘܩܠܝܠ ܪܡܬܐ ܝܬܝܪ". ܓܘ ܡܦܩ̈ܢܐ ܕܣܐܝܛ ܛܝ̈ܡܐ ܕܒܨܪܐ ܟܡܬܛܒܥܝ ܥܡ ܣܪܛܐ-ܒܨܪܐ ܥܡܝܐ ܕܠܘܚܐ ܕܩܠܝ̈ܕܐ؛ ܐܢܫܐ ܕܟܡܩܪܒ ܠܡܓܠܬܐ ܟܡܫܚܠܦ ܠ-− (ܓܘ Word: Insert › Symbol، "Minus Sign").
ܡܨܥܝܬܐ ܕܠܐ ܒܕܪܐ ܦܠܓܐ ܕܝܕܥܬܐ ܝܠܗ̇. Field (2024، ܦܣܩܐ 1.8.3): ܐܡܢ ܕܟܡܘܕܥܚ ܡܨܥܝܬܐ ܟܡܘܕܥܚ ܐܦ ܣܛܝܘܬܐ ܬܩܝܢܬܐ – "M = 95, SD = 56.79"، ܝܢ ܣܛܝܘܬܐ ܬܩܝܢܬܐ ܓܘ ܣܓܪ̈ܐ ܐܡܢ ܕܟܐܡܪܚ ܐܗܐ ܓܘ ܟܬܒܐ؛ ܘܐܡܢ ܕܟܡܘܕܥܚ ܛܝܡܐ ܡܨܥܝܐ (median) – ܦܬܝܘܬܐ ܝܢ IQR ("Mdn = 98, IQR = 63"). ܘܩܝܡܘܬܐ: ܐܢܫܐ ܕܓܒܝܠܗ M ܟܡܦܠܚ ܒܝܗ ܓܘ ܟܠܗ ܬܘܢܝܐ.
4. ܠܘ̈ܚܐ
ܠܘܚܐ "ܣܢܝܩܐ ܝܠܗ ܕܗܘܐ ܡܢܬܐ ܡܢ ܟܬܒܐ ܐܠܐ ܦܗܝܡܐ ܐܦ ܒܠܚܘܕܘܗܝ" (APA, 2020, Section 7.8) – ܘܡܛܠ ܗܕܐ ܟܠ ܠܘܚܐ ܓܘ ܡܦܩ̈ܢܐ ܕܣܐܝܛ ܛܥܝܢܐ ܝܠܗ ܡܢܝܢܐ، ܪܫܐ ܘܡܥܝܪܢܘܬܐ. ܡܢܘ̈ܬܐ (ܦܣܩܐ 7.9): ܡܢܝܢܐ ܚܝܠܢܐ ܠܥܠ ܡܢ ܠܘܚܐ، ܠܦܘܬ ܛܟܣܐ ܕܥܗܕܢܐ ܓܘ ܟܬܒܐ (ܦܣܩܐ 7.10)؛ ܪܫܐ ܩܨܝܪܐ ܘܡܦܫܩܢܐ ܒܐܬܘܬܐ ܡܨܠܝܬܐ ܬܚܘܬܗ (ܦܣܩܐ 7.11)؛ ܪ̈ܫܐ ܩܐ ܟܠ ܥܡܘܕܐ – ܥܡ ܥܡܘܕܐ ܝܡܝܢܝܐ، ܥܡܘܕܐ ܕ"ܥܩܪܐ" (stub)، ܕܓܘܗ ܐܝܬ ܡܫܬܚܠܦ̈ܢܐ ܝܢ ܓܘ̈ܕܐ؛ ܓܢ̈ܣܐ ܡܢܬܢ̈ܝܐ ܥܡ ܡܥܠܢܘܬܐ ܠܓܘ ܘܠܐ ܒܥܡܘܕܐ ܐܚܪܢܐ (ܦܣܩܐ 7.12)؛ ܓܘܫܡܐ؛ ܘܡܥܝܪ̈ܢܘܬܐ ܬܚܘܬܗ (ܦܣܩܐ 7.14): ܡܥܝܪܢܘܬܐ ܓܘܢܝܬܐ – "ܡܥܝܪܢܘܬܐ." ܘܒܬܪܗ̇ ܦܘܫܩ̈ܐ ܕܩܘܨ̈ܪܐ ܘܕܪܘ̈ܫܡܐ؛ ܡܥܝܪ̈ܢܘܬܐ ܝܚܝܕ̈ܝܬܐ ܒܐܬ̈ܘܬܐ ܥܠ̈ܝܬܐ؛ ܘܡܥܝܪܢܘܬܐ ܕܪܫܝܡܘܬܐ – ܡܘܕܝ ܟܡܚܘܝܢ ܟܘܟ̈ܒܐ ("*p < .05. **p < .01. ***p < .001."). ܣܪ̈ܛܐ (ܦܣܩܐ 7.17): ܣܪܛܐ ܠܥܠ ܡܢ ܠܘܚܐ، ܬܚܘܬ ܪ̈ܫܐ ܘܓܘ ܬܚܬܝܬܗ ܒܣ – "ܕܠܐ ܣܪ̈ܛܐ ܙܩܝ̈ܦܐ ܘܕܠܐ ܬܚܘܡܐ ܩܐ ܟܠ ܩܠܝܬܐ"، ܘܕܠܐ ܛܠܠܐ؛ ܩܐ ܚܝܠܐ ܕܩܠܝܬܐ – ܡܥܝܪܢܘܬܐ، ܝܢ ܚܝܠܐ ܕܡܬܦܫܩ ܓܘ ܡܥܝܪܢܘܬܐ ܓܘܢܝܬܐ. ܠܘ̈ܚܐ ܕܡܦܩܢܐ ܓܘ ܣܐܝܛ ܗܕܟܐ ܒܢܝ̈ܐ ܝܢܐ، ܘܩܠܝܕܐ ܕ"ܢܣܚܐ ܕܠܘܚܐ ܠ-Word" ܟܡܥܒܪ ܠܘܚܐ ܥܡ ܐܗܐ ܒܢܝܢܐ.
ܠܘ̈ܚܐ ܕܡܬܠܐ ܓܘ ܡܕܒܪܢܐ (ܦܣܩܐ 7.21)، ܕܛܒ ܝܠܗ ܠܡܝܕܥ ܠܦܘܬ ܣܢܝܩܘܬܐ: ܠܘܚܐ 7.2 – ܟܝ̈ܢܐ ܕܕܘܡܝܐ (n ܘ-% ܩܐ ܟܠ ܓܢܣܐ؛ ܓܘ ܥܡܘܕܐ ܕ-% ܕܠܐ ܐܬܐ ܕܡܐܐ – ܦܣܩܐ 7.12)؛ ܠܘܚܐ 7.10 – ܡܐܛܪܝܟܣ ܕܐܣܘܪ̈ܐ ܕܚܕ̈ܕܐ (ܬܠܝܬܝܐ ܬܚܬܝܐ، ܡܫܬܚܠܦ̈ܢܐ ܡܢܝ̈ܢܐ، ܟܘܟ̈ܒܐ ܥܡ ܡܥܝܪܢܘܬܐ ܕܪܫܝܡܘܬܐ)؛ ܠܘ̈ܚܐ 7.15-7.18 – ܪܝܓܪܫܢ (ܥܡ ܝܢ ܕܠܐ ܬܚܘ̈ܡܐ ܕܬܘܟܠܢܐ، ܕܕܪ̈ܓܐ)؛ ܠܘܚܐ 7.19 ܘ-7.21 – ܦܘܚܡܐ ܕܡܘܕܝ̈ܠܐ ܘܡܚܘ̈ܝܢܐ ܕܦܐܝܘܬܐ. ܦܐ̈ܬܐ ܕܣܓܝܐܘ̈ܬܐ، ܐܣܘܪ̈ܐ ܕܚܕ̈ܕܐ، ܪܝܓܪܫܢ ܘܦܘܫܩܐ ܕܫܒ̈ܝܠܐ ܟܡܚܘܝܢ ܟܠ ܚܕ ܠܘܚܐ ܕܦܐܐ ܠܗ.
5. ܨܘܪ̈ܬܐ
ܨܘܪܬܐ ܕܓܪܦܐ ܝܠܗ̇ "ܨܘܪܬܐ" (Figure)، ܘܗܢܘܢ ܥܩܪ̈ܐ: ܡܢܝܢܐ ܚܝܠܢܐ ܠܦܘܬ ܛܟܣܐ ܕܥܗܕܢܐ (ܦܣܩܐ 7.24)، ܪܫܐ ܒܐܬܘܬܐ ܡܨܠܝܬܐ ܬܚܘܬ ܡܢܝܢܐ (ܦܣܩܐ 7.25)، ܫܡ̈ܗܐ ܕܡܫܬܚܠܦ̈ܢܐ ܘܡܢܘ̈ܬܐ ܕܡܫܘܚܬܐ ܥܠ ܣܪ̈ܛܐ، ܡܦܫܩܢܐ (legend) ܐܡܢ ܕܐܝܬ ܟܡܐ ܣܕܪ̈ܐ (ܦܣܩܐ 7.27)، ܘܡܥܝܪܢܘܬܐ ܕܨܘܪܬܐ (ܦܣܩܐ 7.28) ܕܟܡܦܫܩܐ "ܡܢܘ̈ܬܐ ܕܡܫܘܚܬܐ، ܐܬ̈ܘܬܐ ܘܩܘܨ̈ܪܐ ܕܠܐ ܝܢܐ ܓܘ ܡܦܫܩܢܐ… ܡܦܠܚܢܘܬܐ ܕܛܠܠܐ، ܕܓܘܢܐ ܘܕܟܠ ܡܢܬܐ ܕܨܘܪܬܐ ܕܛܥܝܢܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܣܘܟܠܐ"، ܘܓܘ ܨܘܪܬܐ ܥܡ ܣܪ̈ܛܐ ܕܛܥܝܘܬܐ – ܡܘܕܝ ܟܡܚܘܝܢ (ܣܛܝܘܬܐ ܬܩܝܢܬܐ، ܛܥܝܘܬܐ ܬܩܝܢܬܐ، ܬܚܘ̈ܡܐ ܕܬܘܟܠܢܐ) ܘ"ܛܒ ܝܠܗ ܐܦ ܪܒܘܬܐ ܕܕܘ̈ܡܝܐ". ܟܠ ܨܘܪܬܐ ܓܘ ܡܦܩ̈ܢܐ ܕܣܐܝܛ ܛܥܝܢܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܡܢܝܢܐ، ܪܫܐ ܡܨܠܝܐ ܘܡܥܝܪܢܘܬܐ ܕܨܘܪܬܐ ܕܐܗܐ ܓܢܣܐ – ܥܝܕܐ ܕܣܐܝܛ، ܕܐܬܝܠܗ ܩܝܡܐ ܓܘ ܟܬܒܐ ܪܫܝܐ ܠܦܘܬ ܦܣܩܐ 7.28 – ܘܓܘ ܦܐܬܐ ܕܨܘܪܬܐ ܕܒܕܪܐ ܐܝܬ ܡܬܠܐ ܓܡܝܪܐ ܕܨܘܪܬܐ. ܡܨܪܘܬܐ ܕܐܬܝܠܗ̇ ܟܬܝܒܬܐ: ܨܘܪ̈ܬܐ (SVG) ܠܐ ܥܠܝ̈ܠܐ ܝܢܐ ܓܘ ܦܐܝܠ ܕ-Word ܕܡܚܫܒܢܐ ܟܡܚܬ – ܟܢܣܚܚ ܠܗܝܢ ܐܝܟ ܨܘܪܬܐ ܡܢ ܒܪܐܘܙܪ.
6. ܡܘܕܝ ܟܡܘܕܥܚ ܓܘ ܟܠ ܒܘܚܪܢܐ – ܠܘܚܐ 2
ܠܘܚܐ 2 ܟܓܡܪ، ܩܐ ܟܠ ܡܚܫܒܢܐ ܓܘ ܣܐܝܛ، ܡܕܡ ܕܡܐܡܪܐ ܕܬܘܢܝܐ ܣܢܝܩܐ ܝܠܗ ܕܥܠܠ ܠܦܘܬ ܡܒܘ̈ܥܐ ܕܓܘ ܦܣܩܐ ܕ"ܬܘܢܝܐ ܕܡܫܟܚ̈ܢܘܬܐ" ܕܗܝ ܦܐܬܐ، ܛܘܦܣܐ ܕܡܢܝ̈ܢܐ ܣܛܐܛܝܣܛܝܩ̈ܝܐ (ܒܐܬ̈ܘܬܐ ܠܛܝܢ̈ܝܐ، ܐܝܟ ܕܟܡܬܛܒܥ ܐܦ ܓܘ ܡܐܡܪܐ ܕܣܘܪܝܬ)، ܘܡܚܘܝܢܐ ܕܡܥܒܕܢܘܬܐ. ܥܡܘܕܐ ܐܚܪܝܐ ܟܐܡܪ ܡܘܕܝ ܡܦܩܢܐ ܡܢ ܟܕܘ ܟܝܗܒ – ܘܡܢܗ ܟܢܣܚܚ.
ܠܘܚܐ 2. ܡܘܕܝ ܣܢܝܩܐ ܝܠܗ ܕܗܘܝܐ ܓܘ ܡܐܡܪܐ ܕܬܘܢܝܐ – 17 ܡ̈ܚܫܒܢܐ ܕܣܐܝܛ
| ܒܘܚܪܢܐ (ܦܐܬܐ) | ܬܚܘܝܬܐ ܕܟܐܬܝܐ ܩܕܡ | ܡܢܝ̈ܢܐ ܣܛܐܛܝܣܛܝܩ̈ܝܐ ܓܘ ܡܐܡܪܐ | ܪܒܘܬܐ ܕܡܥܒܕܢܘܬܐ (effect size) | ܡܘܕܝ ܟܝܗܒ ܡܦܩܢܐ |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ܣܓܝܐܘ̈ܬܐ (frequencies) ܘܣܛܐܛܝܣܛܝܩܐ ܡܚܘܝܢܝܬܐ (descriptive statistics) | ܕܓܢ̈ܣܐ: n ܘ-%؛ ܟܡܝܝܐ: M, SD؛ ܠܐ ܫܘܝܐ: Mdn ܥܡ ܦܬܝܘܬܐ ܝܢ IQR | n = 68, 56.7%؛ M = 39.40, SD = 12.97؛ Mdn = 36, IQR = 21؛ ܥܩܝܡܘܬܐ = 0.21, SE = 0.22 | – | ܠܘܚܐ ܕܟܝ̈ܢܐ ܕܕܘܡܝܐ ܒܛܘܦܣܐ ܕܠܘܚܐ 7.2؛ ܡܐܡܪܐ ܩܐ ܟܠ ܡܫܬܚܠܦܢܐ |
| ܐܠܦܐ ܕ-Cronbach (Cronbach's alpha) ܘܡܢܝܢܐ ܕܣܒܠܬܐ (scale score) | ܓܘ ܨܚܚܐ ܕܐܘܪܚܐ: ܡܢܝܢܐ ܕܦܣܘ̈ܩܐ، ܣܒܠܬܐ ܕܦܘܢ̈ܝܐ، ܐܝܢܝ ܦܣܘ̈ܩܐ ܐܬܝܠܗܘܢ ܗܦܝ̈ܟܐ، ܫܪܝܪܘܬܐ ܕܐܘܕܥܠܗܘܢ ܐܚܪ̈ܢܐ | α = .89 (N ܕܥܠܘܗܝ ܐܬܝܠܗ̇ ܚܫܝܒܬܐ؛ ܩܐ ܣܒܠܬܐ ܩܨܝܪܬܐ ܐܦ ܐܣܘܪܐ ܕܚܕ̈ܕܐ ܡܨܥܝܐ) | – | ܡܐܡܪܐ ܕܫܪܝܪܘܬܐ؛ ܬܚܘܝܬܐ ܕܡܢܝܢܐ ܕܣܒܠܬܐ (ܡܨܥܝܬܐ/ܓܘܡܪܐ، ܬܚܘܡܐ ܕܚܣܝ̈ܪܐ، ܦܬܝܘܬܐ) |
| ܫܪܝܪܘܬܐ ܒܝܢܝ ܪܡܙ̈ܢܐ | N ܡܢܘ̈ܬܐ، ܫܠܡܘܬܐ ܓܘܠܡܝܬܐ، ܡܫܘܚܬܐ ܕ-α، ܣܪܓܠܐ ܕܦܘܫܩܐ ܒܫܡܗ | κ = .65, 95% CI [.56, .75]؛ α = .65 (ܫܡܢܝܐ) | ܡܢܝܢܐ ܡܫܘܬܦܐ ܓܢܣܗ | ܡܐܡܪܐ ܥܡ N، ܫܠܡܘܬܐ، κ ܥܡ ܬܚܘܡܐ ܕܬܘܟܠܢܐ ܘ-α |
| ܐܣܘܪ̈ܐ ܕܚܕ̈ܕܐ – Pearson ܘ-Spearman | ܐܘܪܚܐ ܘܚܝܠܐ ܒܡ̈ܠܐ؛ ܩܐ ܟܡܐ ܙܘ̈ܓܐ – ܠܘܚܐ ܬܠܝܬܝܐ ܬܚܬܝܐ | r(477) = .74, 95% CI [.69, .78], p < .001 | r ܓܢܣܗ (.1/.3/.5) | ܡܐܛܪܝܟܣ ܒܬܠܬܐ ܣܘ̈ܦܪܐ + "ܠܘܚܐ ܩܐ ܡܩܪܒܬܐ" ܒܬܪܝܢ ܥܡ ܟܘܟ̈ܒܐ؛ ܡܐܡܪܐ ܩܐ ܟܠ ܙܘܓܐ |
| ܨܘܪܬܐ ܕܒܕܪܐ ܘܣܪܛܐ ܕܪܝܓܪܫܢ | ܨܘܪܬܐ ܓܢܣܗ̇؛ ܐܘܪܚܐ، ܚܝܠܐ، ܛܝ̈ܡܐ ܢܘܟܪ̈ܝܐ | r(477) = .74, p < .001; R² = .55; b = 0.69, SE = 0.03 | r, R² | ܨܘܪܬܐ ܠܦܘܬ APA ܥܡ ܡܥܝܪܢܘܬܐ ܕܨܘܪܬܐ؛ ܦܣܩܐ ܕܬܘܢܝܐ |
| ܒܘܚܪܢܐ ܕܟܝ ܡܪܒܥܐ ܠܠܐ ܬܠܝܘܬܐ (chi-square test of independence) | ܠܘܚܐ ܕܦܘ̈ܠܓܐ ܡܨܠܒ̈ܐ؛ ܡܐܡܪܐ ܕܐܘܪܚܐ ("ܒܝܢܝ X، 72%…") | χ²(1, N = 200) = 25.36, p < .001؛ Fisher: "ܒܘܚܪܢܐ ܚܬܝܬܐ ܕ-Fisher، p = …" | φ ܝܢ V؛ ܦܘܚܡܐ ܕܣܟܘ̈ܝܐ | ܠܘܚܐ ܕܦܘ̈ܠܓܐ ܡܨܠܒ̈ܐ، ܡܐܡܪܐ ܥܡ N ܓܘ ܣܓܪ̈ܐ ܘܡܐܡܪܐ ܕܐܘܪܚܐ |
| ܪܝܓܪܫܢ ܣܪܛܢܝܐ (linear regression) | ܙܢܐ ܕܦܘܫܩܐ (ܬܩܝܢܐ/ܕܕܪ̈ܓܐ)، N، ܒܘܚܪܢܐ ܕܫܪ̈ܛܐ | R² = .12, F(1, 148) = 20.18, p < .001؛ ܩܐ ܟܠ ܡܢܒܝܢܐ B (SE), β, p | R² ܡܬܩܢܐ؛ β, sr | ܠܘܚܐ ܕܡܢܝ̈ܢܐ ܡܫܘܬܦ̈ܐ ܒܛܘܦܣܐ ܕܠܘ̈ܚܐ 7.15-7.18؛ ܡܐܡܪܐ ܥܡ ܫܘܝܘܬܐ ܕܡܢܒܝܢܘܬܐ |
| ܪܝܓܪܫܢ ܠܘܓܝܣܛܝܩܝܐ ܕܬܪܝܢ ܛܝ̈ܡܐ (binary logistic regression) | ܡܘܕܝܠ ܟܠܗ، ܡܐܐ ܕܦܘܪܫܐ ܠܓܢ̈ܣܐ ܫܪܝܪܐ، ܐܦ ܡܢܒ̈ܝܢܐ ܠܐ ܪܫܝ̈ܡܐ | χ²(5, N = 241) = 76.02, p < .001؛ ܩܐ ܟܠ ܡܢܒܝܢܐ B, SE, Wald, p, OR, 95% CI | OR ܥܡ ܬܚܘܡܐ ܕܬܘܟܠܢܐ؛ R² ܕܡܘ̈ܝܐ | ܠܘܚܐ ܕ-B / SE / Wald / df / p / OR / CI؛ ܦܣܩܐ ܒܛܘܦܣܐ ܕ-Pallant |
| ܦܘܫܩܐ ܕܫܒ̈ܝܠܐ ܘܡܨܥܝܘܬܐ (path analysis and mediation) | ܐܘܪܚܐ ܕܫܘܥܪܐ، ܬܘܟܢܝܬܐ، N، ܦܘܪܫܐ ܕܩܘܨ̈ܪܐ | χ²(df) = …, p; CFI, TLI, RMSEA [CI], SRMR؛ ܫܒ̈ܝܠܐ B (SE), β, p؛ ܠܐ ܬܪܝܨܬܐ b, 95% BCa CI | β؛ ܡܚܘܝܢܐ ܕܡܨܥܝܘܬܐ | ܠܘ̈ܚܐ ܕܦܐܝܘܬܐ ܘܕܫܒ̈ܝܠܐ، ܨܘܪܬܐ ܥܡ ܡܢܝ̈ܢܐ ܡܫܘܬܦ̈ܐ، ܦܣܩܐ ܕܡܫܟܚ̈ܢܘܬܐ |
| ܒܘܚܪܢܐ t ܠܕܘܡܝܐ ܝܚܝܕܝܐ (one-sample t-test) | M, SD، ܛܝܡܐ ܕܒܘܚܪܢܐ ܘܡܘܕܝ ܟܡܚܘܐ | t(8) = 3.00, p = .017, d = 1.00, 80% CI [11.60, 14.40] | d ܕ-Cohen؛ r² | ܡܐܡܪܐ ܥܡ ܬܚܘܡܐ ܕܬܘܟܠܢܐ ܩܐ ܡܨܥܝܬܐ |
| ܒܘܚܪܢܐ t ܠܕܘ̈ܡܝܐ ܠܐ ܬܠܝ̈ܐ (independent-samples t-test) | M, SD (ܝܢ SE) ܩܐ ܟܠ ܓܘܕܐ؛ Levene/Welch | t(21.54) = −1.71, p = .101؛ ܦܘܪܫܢܐ −1.25, 95% CI [−2.70, 0.07] | d ܕ-Cohen (η² ܓܘ Pallant) | ܡܐܡܪܐ ܥܡ ܦܘܪܫܢܐ ܘܬܚܘܡܐ ܕܬܘܟܠܢܐ؛ ܩܐ ܣܕܪܐ – ܠܘܚܐ n, M, SD, t, p, d |
| ܒܘܚܪܢܐ t ܠܕܘ̈ܡܝܐ ܙܘܓܢ̈ܝܐ (paired-samples t-test) | M, SD ܩܐ ܟܠ ܡܫܘܚܬܐ | t(29) = 5.39, p < .001؛ ܦܘܪܫܢܐ 2.67, 95% CI [1.66, 3.68] | d_z (ܝܢ d ܡܬܘܪܨܐ، η² – ܠܡܐܡܪ ܐܝܢܐ) | ܡܐܡܪܐ ܥܡ ܦܘܪܫܢܐ، ܬܚܘܡܐ ܕܬܘܟܠܢܐ ܘ-d_z |
| ܦܘܫܩܐ ܕܫܘܚܠܦܐ ܕܚܕ ܐܘܪܚܐ (one-way ANOVA) | M, SD ܩܐ ܟܠ ܓܘܕܐ (ܟܬܒܐ، ܠܘܚܐ ܝܢ ܨܘܪܬܐ) | F(2, 15) = 7.16, p = .007, η² = .49؛ ܘܗܝܕܝܟ ܒܘܚܪ̈ܢܐ ܕܒܬܪܗ – ܐܝܢܝ ܙܘ̈ܓܐ | η², ω² | ܠܘܚܐ ܕ-ANOVA، ܠܘܚܐ ܕܒܘܚܪ̈ܢܐ ܕܒܬܪܗ ܒܐܘܪܚܐ ܕܐܬܝܠܗ̇ ܓܒܝܬܐ، ܡܐܡܪܐ ܥܡ ܙܘ̈ܓܐ |
| ܒܘܚܪܢܐ ܕܢܘܪܡܠܝܘܬܐ (normality testing) | ܨܘܪܬܐ ܒܡ̈ܠܐ (ܩܪܝܒ ܠܫܘܝܘܬܐ؛ ܥܩܝܡܘܬܐ ܕܙܘܕܐ ܡܨܥܝܬܐ)؛ ܓܘ ܕܘܡܝܐ ܪܒܐ – ܦܘܣܩܢܐ ܠܦܘܬ ܨܘܪܬܐ | ܥܩܝܡܘܬܐ = 0.21, SE = 0.22؛ D(N) = …, p; W(N) = …, p | – | ܡܐܡܪܐ ܥܡ ܨܘܪܬܐ، ܛܝ̈ܡܐ ܘܛܥܝ̈ܘܬܐ ܬܩܝ̈ܢܬܐ ܘܬܪܝܢ ܒܘܚܪ̈ܢܐ |
| ܒܘܚܪܢܐ ܕ-Mann-Whitney (Mann-Whitney U test) | Mdn ܘ-n ܩܐ ܟܠ ܓܘܕܐ | U = 35.50, z = −1.11, p = .280 (ܚܬܝܬܐ ܐܡܢ ܕܐܬܝܠܗ ܚܫܝܒܐ) | r_rb (Field) ܘ-r (Pallant) – "ܐܦ ܐܗܐ ܘܐܦ ܐܗܐ" | ܡܐܡܪܐ ܥܡ ܛܝ̈ܡܐ ܡܨܥ̈ܝܐ، U, z, p ܘܬܪܝܢ ܡܚܘ̈ܝܢܐ |
| ܒܘܚܪܢܐ ܕ-Wilcoxon ܠܕܘ̈ܡܝܐ ܙܘܓܢ̈ܝܐ (Wilcoxon signed-rank test) | Mdn ܩܐ ܟܠ ܡܫܘܚܬܐ، n | T = 36, z = 2.53, p = .012 | r_rb ܘ-r | ܡܐܡܪܐ ܥܡ ܛܝ̈ܡܐ ܡܨܥ̈ܝܐ، T, z, p ܘܬܪܝܢ ܡܚܘ̈ܝܢܐ |
| ܒܘܚܪܢܐ ܕ-Kruskal-Wallis (Kruskal-Wallis test) | n ܘ-Mdn ܩܐ ܟܠ ܓܘܕܐ | H(3, N = 80) = 8.66, p = .034؛ ܙܘ̈ܓܐ: z، p ܡܬܘܪܨܐ | r_rb ܩܐ ܟܠ ܙܘܓܐ | ܡܐܡܪܐ ܥܡ ܓܘ̈ܕܐ، H ܘܙܘ̈ܓܐ ܪܫܝ̈ܡܐ |
ܡܥܝܪܢܘܬܐ. ܡܬ̈ܠܐ ܕܡܢܝ̈ܢܐ – ܡܢ ܟܬܒ̈ܐ ܐܝܟ ܕܡܝܬܝ ܝܢܐ ܓܘ ܦܣܩܐ ܕ"ܬܘܢܝܐ ܕܡܫܟܚ̈ܢܘܬܐ" ܕܟܠ ܦܐܬܐ (Field, 2024؛ Gravetter & Wallnau, 2017؛ Pallant, 2020) ܘܡܢ ܡܬ̈ܠܐ ܕ-APA (2020، ܦܣܩܐ 6.43)، ܒܢܡܘ̈ܣܐ ܕܨܘܪܬܐ ܕ-APA (Gravetter ܘ-Wallnau ܟܟܬܒܝ η² = 0.488 – ܥܡ ܨܦܪܐ ܘܬܠܬܐ ܣܘ̈ܦܪܐ؛ ܐܟܐ .49). N ܓܘ ܣܓܪ̈ܐ ܒܬܪ ܟܝ ܡܪܒܥܐ ܘ-H – ܠܦܘܬ Gravetter ܘ-Wallnau ܘ-Pallant؛ Field ܟܫܩܠ ܠܗ ("ܐܦ ܐܗܐ ܘܐܦ ܐܗܐ" – ܦܐ̈ܬܐ ܟܛܒܥܝ ܠܗ). ܩܐ ܟܠ ܒܘܚܪܢܐ، ܡܦܩܢܐ ܟܛܒܥ ܡܐܡܪܐ ܒܣܘܪܝܬ ܘܒܐܢܓܠܝܙܝܐ ܥܡ ܩܠܝܕܐ ܕܢܣܚܐ.
7. ܣܘܪܝܬ، ܐܢܓܠܝܙܝܐ ܘܢܣܚܐ ܠ-Word
ܡܐܡܪܐ ܕܣܘܪܝܬ. ܡ̈ܠܐ ܒܣܘܪܝܬ، ܡܢܝ̈ܢܐ ܣܛܐܛܝܣܛܝܩ̈ܝܐ ܒܐܬ̈ܘܬܐ ܠܛܝܢ̈ܝܐ – ܘܠܐ ܟܡܬܪܓܡܚ ܐܬ̈ܘܬܐ: M ܘܠܐ "ܡ"، p ܘܠܐ "ܦ". ܥܣܩܘܬܐ ܕܬܘܟܢܝܬܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܐܘܪܚܐ ܕܟܬܝܒܘܬܐ: ܣܕܪܐ ܐܝܟ "t(21.54) = −1.71, p = .101" ܓܘ ܡܐܡܪܐ ܕܣܘܪܝܬ ܟܡܬܦܪܩ ܐܢ ܟܠ ܐܬܘܬܐ ܟܡܬܬܩܢܐ ܠܦܘܬ ܐܬ̈ܘܬܐ ܕܓܢܒܗ̇. ܥܝܕܐ ܕܣܐܝܛ، ܕܡܐܡܪ̈ܐ ܕܓܘ ܡܦܩܢܐ ܒܢܝ̈ܐ ܝܢܐ ܠܦܘܬܗ: ܟܠ ܣܕܪܐ ܣܛܐܛܝܣܛܝܩܝܐ ܝܬܝܒܐ ܝܠܗ ܓܘ ܚܕ ܦܠܓܐ ܡܢ ܣܡܠܐ ܠܝܡܝܢܐ (span.en)، ܥܡ ܣܓܪ̈ܐ ܕܝܠܗ، ܘܓܘ ܬܠܝܦܘܢ ܟܡܬܬܒܪ ܒܣ ܓܘ ܦܣܝ̈ܩܬܐ – ܘܡܛܠ ܗܕܐ ܢܣܚܐ ܠ-Word ܟܢܛܪ ܛܟܣܐ ܫܪܝܪܐ. ܐܢܫܐ ܕܟܟܬܒ ܒܓܢܣܗ ܓܘ Word: ܟܟܬܒܚ ܣܕܪܐ ܟܠܗ ܒܚܕ ܣܕܪܐ ܕܠܐ ܫܘܚܠܦܐ ܕܠܫܢܐ ܓܘ ܡܨܥܬܗ – ܝܢ ܟܡܕܒܩܚ ܡܢ ܡܚܫܒܢܐ.
ܐܬܘܬܐ ܡܨܠܝܬܐ. APA (2020، ܦܣܩܐ 6.22) ܟܒܥܐ ܐܬܘܬܐ ܡܨܠܝܬܐ ܩܐ ܐܬ̈ܘܬܐ ܣܛܐܛܝܣܛܝܩ̈ܝܐ – M, SD, t, p – ܐܠܐ ܠܐ ܩܐ ܐܬ̈ܘܬܐ ܝܘܢ̈ܝܐ (α, β, χ²) ܘܠܐ ܩܐ ܐܬ̈ܘܬܐ ܕܝܢܐ ܩܘܨܪܐ (CI, RT). ܓܘ ܡܦܩ̈ܢܐ ܕܣܐܝܛ ܘܓܘ ܦܐܝܠ ܕ-Word ܐܬ̈ܘܬܐ ܠܐ ܝܢܐ ܡܨܠ̈ܝܬܐ، ܐܝܟ ܓܘ ܡܦܩܢܐ ܕ-SPSS؛ ܩܕܡ ܡܩܪܒܬܐ ܟܡܨܠܚ ܠܗܝܢ ܓܘ Word (ܒܨܝܐ ܘܫܘܚܠܦܐ ܥܡ ܨܘܪܬܐ، ܝܢ ܒܐܝܕܐ). ܒܣܘܪܝܬ ܠܝܬ ܐܬܘܬܐ ܡܨܠܝܬܐ ܫܪܝܪܬܐ، ܘܡܛܠ ܗܕܐ ܢܡܘܣܐ ܒܣ ܥܠ ܐܬ̈ܘܬܐ ܠܛܝܢ̈ܝܐ ܝܠܗ.
ܡܐܡܪܐ ܐܢܓܠܝܙܝܐ. ܟܠ ܡܚܫܒܢܐ ܟܛܒܥ ܐܦ ܡܐܡܪܐ ܒܐܢܓܠܝܙܝܐ – ܩܐ ܟܢܘܫܝܐ، ܩܐ ܡܐܡܪܐ ܕܡܓܠܬܐ ܝܢ ܩܐ ܥܒܕܐ ܒܐܢܓܠܝܙܝܐ؛ ܫܡ̈ܗܐ ܕܡܫܬܚܠܦ̈ܢܐ ܟܡܬܚܙܝܢ ܒܓܘܗ ܐܝܟ ܕܐܝܬܝܗܘܢ ܓܘ ܦܐܝܠ (ܘܡܛܠ ܗܕܐ ܦܐܝܠ ܒܐܢܓܠܝܙܝܐ ܟܝܗܒ ܡܐܡܪܐ ܐܢܓܠܝܙܝܐ ܕܟܝܐ). ܢܘ̈ܣܚܐ – ܒܛܘܦܣܐ ܕ-Field ܘ-Pallant: ܡܫܟܚܢܘܬܐ، ܘܗܝܕܝܟ ܡܢܝ̈ܢܐ ܣܛܐܛܝܣܛܝܩ̈ܝܐ ܓܘ ܣܓܪ̈ܐ ܝܢ ܒܬܪ ܦܣܝܩܬܐ.
ܢܣܚܐ. ܬܠܬܐ ܩܠܝ̈ܕܐ ܓܘ ܟܠ ܡܦܩܢܐ: "ܢܣܚܐ" ܓܢܒ ܡܐܡܪܐ ܕܬܘܢܝܐ، "ܢܣܚܐ ܕܠܘܚܐ ܠ-Word" ܬܚܘܬ ܟܠ ܠܘܚܐ (ܠܘܚܐ ܟܥܐܠ ܐܝܟ ܠܘܚܐ ܕ-Word ܥܡ ܣܪ̈ܛܐ ܦܫܝ̈ܛܐ ܒܣ)، ܘ"ܡܚܬܬܐ ܕܡܦܩܢܐ ܓܡܝܪܐ (Word)" – ܦܐܝܠ docx ܥܡ ܟܠ ܠܘ̈ܚܐ ܘܡܐܡܪ̈ܐ ܘܣܕܪܐ ܕܡܒܘܥܐ. ܛܟܣܐ ܓܘ ܨܚܚܐ ܕܡܫܟܚ̈ܢܘܬܐ: ܡܐܡܪܐ، ܘܒܬܪܗ ܠܘܚܐ ܐܡܢ ܕܐܝܬ ܝܬܝܪ ܡܢ ܕܟܥܐܠ ܓܘ ܡܐܡܪܐ – ܘܡܢܝܢܐ ܕܠܘܚܐ ܓܘ ܥܒܕܐ ܠܦܘܬ ܛܟܣܐ ܕܥܗܕܢܐ ܕܝܘܟܘܢ ܝܠܗ، ܠܐ ܡܢܝܢܐ ܕܠܘܚܐ ܓܘ ܡܦܩܢܐ.
ܢܘܩ̈ܙܐ ܕܦܘܫܩܐ. ܥܝܕܐ ܕܣܐܝܛ، ܕܟܚܐܠ ܐܦ ܥܠ ܡܕܡ ܕܟܢܣܚܚ: ܣܪܛܐ ܩܨܝܪܐ (–، en dash) ܥܡ ܦܬܝ̈ܘܬܐ ܩܐ ܦܣܝܩܬܐ ܕܡܐܡܪܐ، ܣܪܛܐ ܥܡܝܐ ܩܐ ܦܬܝ̈ܘܬܐ (ܦܐ̈ܬܐ 31-32) ܘܩܐ ܡ̈ܠܐ ܡܪܟ̈ܒܬܐ (ܒܝܬ-ܣܦܪܐ)، ܢܝ̈ܫܐ ܕܡܡܠܠܐ ܬܪ̈ܝܨܐ؛ ܣܪܛܐ ܐܪܝܟܐ (em dash) ܠܐ ܟܡܬܦܠܚ ܒܣܘܪܝܬ. ܓܘ Word، ܕܒܚܘܕܗ ܟܡܫܚܠܦ ܬܪܝܢ ܣܪ̈ܛܐ ܠܣܪܛܐ ܐܪܝܟܐ – ܣܢܝܩܐ ܝܠܗ ܠܒܚܪܬܐ ܒܬܪ ܡܕܒܩܬܐ.
8. ܐܡܢ ܕܡܒܘ̈ܥܐ ܦܠܝܓ̈ܐ ܝܢܐ – "ܐܦ ܐܗܐ ܘܐܦ ܐܗܐ"
ܬܠܬܐ ܟܬܒ̈ܐ ܘ-APA ܠܐ ܒܟܠ ܥܕܢܐ ܟܐܡܪܝ ܗܘ ܡܕܡ، ܘܣܐܝܛ ܓܘ ܐܢܝ ܗܘ̈ܝܐ ܟܥܒܕ ܒ"ܐܦ ܐܗܐ ܘܐܦ ܐܗܐ": ܟܛܒܥ ܬܪܘܝܗܝ ܘܟܐܡܪ ܐܝܢܐ ܝܠܗ ܐܝܢܐ – ܕܩܪܘܝܐ ܓܒܐ، ܘܡܘܕܥ ܓܠܝܐܝܬ ܡܘܕܝ ܓܒܝܠܗ. ܗܘ̈ܝܐ ܪ̈ܫܝܐ:
ܡܚܘܝܢܐ ܕܡܥܒܕܢܘܬܐ ܩܐ ܒܘܚܪ̈ܢܐ ܕܠܐ ܦܪܡܝܛܪ̈ܐ. Field (2024، ܦܣ̈ܩܐ 7.4.5، 7.5.6، 7.6.7) – r_rb، ܐܣܘܪܐ ܕܚܕ̈ܕܐ ܕܕܪ̈ܓܐ-ܬܪܝܢ ܣܕܪ̈ܐ (rank-biserial)؛ Pallant (2020، ܨܚܚܐ 16) – r = z/√N ܥܡ ܥܝ̈ܕܐ ܕ-Cohen. ܬܪܝܢ ܣܪ̈ܓܠܐ ܦܪ̈ܝܫܐ ܕܠܐ ܡܨܝܚ ܠܡܫܚܠܦܬܐ ܚܕ ܠܚܕ؛ ܓܘ Wilcoxon، Pallant ܟܡܦܪܫܐ N ܐܝܟ ܡܢܝܢܐ ܕܚܙ̈ܝܬܐ (ܬܪܬܝ ܚܐܪ̈ܐ ܙܘ̈ܓܐ). ܬܠܬܐ ܦܐ̈ܬܐ ܟܛܒܥܝ ܬܪܘܝܗܝ؛ ܓܘ ܡܐܡܪܐ ܟܐܡܪܚ ܐܝܢܐ.
ܡܚܘܝܢܐ ܕܡܥܒܕܢܘܬܐ ܩܐ t. Field – d ܕ-Cohen؛ Pallant – ܐܝܬܐ ܡܪܒܥܐ؛ ܓܘ ܙܘܓܢ̈ܝܐ Field ܟܡܠܟ d ܡܬܘܪܨܐ ܠ-d_z. ܦܐ̈ܬܐ ܟܛܒܥܝ d (ܝܢ d_z) ܓܘ ܡܐܡܪܐ ܘܡܚܘ̈ܝܢܐ ܐܚܪ̈ܢܐ ܓܘ ܡܥܝܪܢܘܬܐ ܕܠܘܚܐ.
N ܓܘ ܣܓܪ̈ܐ. Gravetter ܘ-Wallnau (2017) ܘ-Pallant ܟܟܬܒܝ "χ²(1, N = 200)" ܘ-"H = 3.785 (2, N = 15)"؛ Field – "χ²(1) = 25.36" ܘ-"H(3) = 8.66". ܦܐ̈ܬܐ ܟܛܒܥܝ N.
p ܡܬܘܪܨܐ ܝܢ ܠܐ. ܓܘ ܦܘܚ̈ܡܐ ܙܘܓܢ̈ܝܐ ܒܬܪ Kruskal-Wallis، Field ܟܩܪܐ Adj. Sig. ܒܣ، Pallant ܟܒܚܪܐ Sig.؛ ܥܝܕܐ ܕܣܐܝܛ – ܡܬܘܪܨܐ، ܘܬܪܘܝܗܝ ܓܘ ܠܘܚܐ.
p ܚܬܝܬܐ ܝܢ ܐܣܝܡܦܛܘܛܝܐ. Field (ܩܘܦܬܐ 7.2): ܓܘ ܕܘܡܝܐ ܙܥܘܪܐ، "ܒܫܪܪܐ ܟܠ ܡܕܡ ܕܬܚܘܬ 50"، ܚܬܝܬܐ؛ ܦܐ̈ܬܐ ܟܚܫܒܝ ܠܗ ܗܠ 50 ܩܐ ܓܘܕܐ (ܥܝܕܐ ܕܣܐܝܛ) ܘܟܛܒܥܝ ܬܪܘܝܗܝ.
ܬܪܝܢ ܣܘ̈ܦܪܐ ܝܢ ܬܠܬܐ. APA – ܬܪܝܢ ܩܐ ܐܣܘܪ̈ܐ ܕܚܕ̈ܕܐ؛ SPSS ܘ-R – ܬܠܬܐ. ܡܐܛܪܝܟܣ ܒܬܠܬܐ ܩܐ ܦܘܚܡܐ، "ܠܘܚܐ ܩܐ ܡܩܪܒܬܐ" ܒܬܪܝܢ.
ܛܥܝ̈ܘܬܐ ܕܡܬܚܙܝܢ ܣܓܝ (Common mistakes)
"p = .000". ܠܐ ܝܠܗ ܨܦܪܐ ܐܠܐ ܚܘܕܪܐ ܕ-SPSS – ܟܟܬܒܚ p < .001 (APA, 2020, Section 6.36; Gravetter & Wallnau, 2017, p. 287).
"p < .05" ܐܡܢ ܕ-p ܚܬܝܬܐ ܝܕܝܥܐ ܝܠܗ. ܡܬܠܐ ܕ-Gravetter ܘ-Wallnau: p = .017، ܠܐ p < .05 (ܦܐܬܐ 287)؛ "p <" – ܒܣ ܓܘ ܠܘ̈ܚܐ (APA, Section 7.14).
ܪܫܝܡܘܬܐ ܕܠܐ ܪܒܘܬܐ ܕܡܥܒܕܢܘܬܐ ܘܕܠܐ ܬܚܘܡܐ ܕܬܘܟܠܢܐ. "ܣܟܝܐ ܙܥܘܪܐ" (APA, Section 3.7). ܡܬܠܐ ܕ-Field (2024، ܦܣܩܐ 10.10.1): "ܠܐ ܪܫܝܡܐ، p = .101؛ ܐܦ ܗܕܟܐ ܡܚܘܝܠܗ ܡܥܒܕܢܘܬܐ ܕ-d = 0.70" – ܬܪܬܝ ܫܪ̈ܪܐ ܓܘ ܗܘ ܡܐܡܪܐ.
ܫܩܠܬܐ ܕܡܕܡ ܕܠܐ ܦܠܛܠܗ. "ܠܐ ܛܫܝܡܘܢ ܦܐܪ̈ܐ ܠܐ ܢܝ̈ܚܐ ܒܫܩܠܬܐ" (ܦܣܩܐ 3.7) – ܟܠ ܗܘܦܘܬܣܝܣ ܕܐܬܝܠܗ̇ ܒܚܝܪܬܐ ܟܡܬܘܕܥܐ.
ܡܨܥܝ̈ܬܐ ܩܐ ܒܘܚܪܢܐ ܥܠ ܕܪ̈ܓܐ. ܓܘ Mann-Whitney، Wilcoxon ܘ-Kruskal-Wallis ܟܡܘܕܥܚ ܛܝ̈ܡܐ ܡܨܥ̈ܝܐ (Field, Sections 7.4.6, 7.5.7, 7.6.8; Pallant, Chapter 16).
ܢܣܚܐ ܕܠܘܚܐ ܕ-SPSS ܐܝܟ ܕܐܝܬܝܗ. ܡܐܛܪܝܟܣ ܕܐܣܘܪ̈ܐ ܕܚܕ̈ܕܐ ܕܟܡܚܘܐ ܟܠ ܐܣܘܪܐ ܬܪܬܝ ܚܐܪ̈ܐ، ܠܘ̈ܚܐ ܥܡ ܬܚܘ̈ܡܐ ܩܐ ܟܠ ܩܠܝܬܐ، "Sig. (2-tailed)" – ܠܘܚܐ ܩܐ ܡܩܪܒܬܐ ܝܠܗ ܬܠܝܬܝܐ ܬܚܬܝܐ ܥܡ ܟܘܟ̈ܒܐ ܘܡܥܝܪܢܘܬܐ ܕܪܫܝܡܘܬܐ (ܦܐܬܐ ܕܐܣܘܪ̈ܐ ܕܚܕ̈ܕܐ؛ APA، ܠܘܚܐ 7.10).
ܨܦܪܐ ܩܕܡ ܢܘܩܙܐ ܓܘ p ܝܢ ܓܘ r، ܘܕܠܐ ܨܦܪܐ ܓܘ t ܝܢ ܓܘ d. ܠܘܚܐ 1.
"ܠܘܚܐ ܕܠܥܠ". ܟܡܚܘܝܚ ܠܦܘܬ ܡܢܝܢܐ، ܘܟܐܡܪܚ ܡܘܕܝ ܒܥܝܐ ܠܡܒܨܝܐ ܓܘܗ (APA, Section 7.5).
ܗܢܘܢ ܡܢܝ̈ܢܐ ܓܘ ܠܘܚܐ ܘܓܘ ܟܬܒܐ. "ܚܘܣܪܢܐ ܕܕܘܟܬܐ" (Field, Section 1.8.3) – ܓܘ ܟܬܒܐ ܟܡܚܝܠܚ، ܠܐ ܟܗܕܪܚ.
ܡܨܥܝܬܐ ܕܠܐ ܣܛܝܘܬܐ ܬܩܝܢܬܐ، ܛܝܡܐ ܡܨܥܝܐ ܕܠܐ ܦܬܝܘܬܐ. "ܦܠܓܐ ܕܝܕܥܬܐ" (Field, Section 1.8.3).
ܛܥܝܐ ܕ-N. ܓܘ ܠܘܚܐ ܕܬܚܘܝܬܐ ܕܕܘܡܝܐ – ܓܘ ܪܫܐ ܝܢ ܓܘ ܡܥܝܪܢܘܬܐ؛ ܓܘ ܒܘܚܪܢܐ – ܓܘ ܣܓܪ̈ܐ ܝܢ ܓܘ ܡܐܡܪܐ؛ ܒ-n ܩܐ ܓܘܕܐ ܡܢܬܢܝܬܐ (Field؛ Gravetter & Wallnau).
ܦܘܪܫܐ ܕ-M ܘ-SD، ܘܠܐ ܦܘܪܫܐ ܕ-CI ܘ-RMSEA. ܒܚܬܝܬܘܬܐ ܒܗܦܟܐ (APA, Section 6.44).
ܣܕܪܐ ܣܛܐܛܝܣܛܝܩܝܐ ܕܐܬܝܠܗ ܗܦܝܟܐ ܒܣܘܪܝܬ. "p = .101" ܕܟܡܬܚܙܐ ܐܝܟ "101. = p" – ܦܠܓܐ ܟܠܗ ܒ-LTR (ܦܣܩܐ 7).
ܪܫܝܡܬܐ ܕܒܘܚܪܢܐ – ܩܕܡ ܡܩܪܒܬܐ
| ܫܘܐܠܐ | ܩܡܘܕܝ ܐܗܐ ܚܫܝܚܐ ܝܠܗ |
|---|---|
| ܒܘܚܪܢܐ ܕܝܗܝ̈ܒܬܐ (ܛܝ̈ܡܐ ܢܘܟܪ̈ܝܐ، ܫܪ̈ܛܐ، ܛܝ̈ܡܐ ܚܣܝ̈ܪܐ ܘܡܢܬܐ ܕܝܠܗܘܢ، ܡܘܕܝ ܐܬܝܠܗ ܦܣܝܩܐ) ܡܘܕܥܐ ܝܠܗ ܓܘ ܨܚܚܐ ܕܐܘܪܚܐ – ܩܕܡ ܡܫܟܚ̈ܢܘܬܐ؟ | ܢܡܘ̈ܣܐ ܕܬܘܢܝܐ (APA, Section 3.7)؛ ܦܣܩܐ 1. |
| ܟܠ ܗܘܦܘܬܣܝܣ ܕܐܬܝܠܗ̇ ܒܚܝܪܬܐ ܡܘܕܥܬܐ ܝܠܗ̇ – ܐܦ ܡܕܡ ܕܠܐ ܦܠܛܠܗ – ܒܛܟܣܐ ܕܒܓܘܗ ܐܬܝܠܗܘܢ ܡܚܘ̈ܝܐ ܗܘܦܘܬܣ̈ܝܣ؟ | "ܠܐ ܛܫܝܡܘܢ ܒܫܩܠܬܐ" (ܦܣܩܐ 3.7). |
| ܩܐ ܟܠ ܒܘܚܪܢܐ: ܡܢܝܢܐ ܣܛܐܛܝܣܛܝܩܝܐ، ܕܪ̈ܓܐ ܕܚܐܪܘܬܐ، p ܚܬܝܬܐ، ܪܒܘܬܐ ܕܡܥܒܕܢܘܬܐ ܘܐܘܪܚܐ ܕܝܠܗ̇؟ | ܦܣܩܐ 3.7؛ ܠܘܚܐ 2. |
| ܩܐ ܟܠ ܫܘܥܪܐ ܕܢܘܩܙܐ – ܛܥܝܘܬܐ ܬܩܝܢܬܐ ܝܢ ܬܚܘܡܐ ܕܬܘܟܠܢܐ، ܒܚܕ ܕܪܓܐ ܕܬܘܟܠܢܐ ܩܐ ܟܠܗ ܥܒܕܐ؟ | ܦܣܩܐ 3.7؛ 95% CI [LL, UL] (ܦܣܩܐ 6.43). |
| ܗܠ ܬܠܬܐ ܡܢܝ̈ܢܐ ܓܘ ܡܐܡܪܐ، 4-20 ܓܘ ܠܘܚܐ، ܝܬܝܪ – ܓܘ ܨܘܪܬܐ؛ ܘܠܐ ܚܕ ܡܢܝܢܐ ܟܡܬܚܙܐ ܬܪܬܝ ܚܐܪ̈ܐ؟ | ܦܣܩܐ 6.40؛ Field 1.8.3. |
| p، r، β، η²، α – ܕܠܐ ܨܦܪܐ ܩܕܡ ܢܘܩܙܐ؛ t، F، d، M، B – ܥܡ ܨܦܪܐ؟ | ܦܣܩܐ 6.36؛ ܠܘܚܐ 1. |
| ܬܪܝܢ ܣܘ̈ܦܪܐ ܩܐ ܡܚܘ̈ܝܢܐ ܘܩܐ ܡܢܝ̈ܢܐ ܣܛܐܛܝܣܛܝܩ̈ܝܐ؛ p ܒܬܪܝܢ-ܬܠܬܐ ܘ-"< .001"؛ ܕܠܐ "p = .000"؟ | ܦܣܩܐ 6.36. |
| ܡܨܥܝܬܐ ܥܡ ܣܛܝܘܬܐ ܬܩܝܢܬܐ، ܛܝܡܐ ܡܨܥܝܐ ܥܡ ܦܬܝܘܬܐ ܝܢ IQR، N ܘ-n ܫܪ̈ܝܪܐ؟ | Field 1.8.3. |
| ܩܐ ܟܠ ܠܘܚܐ: ܡܢܝܢܐ ܚܝܠܢܐ، ܪܫܐ ܡܨܠܝܐ، ܪܫܐ ܩܐ ܟܠ ܥܡܘܕܐ، ܣܪ̈ܛܐ ܦܫܝ̈ܛܐ ܒܣ، ܡܥܝܪܢܘܬܐ ܓܘܢܝܬܐ ܘܡܥܝܪܢܘܬܐ ܕܪܫܝܡܘܬܐ؟ | ܦܣ̈ܩܐ 7.9-7.17. |
| ܩܐ ܟܠ ܨܘܪܬܐ: ܡܢܝܢܐ، ܪܫܐ ܡܨܠܝܐ، ܫܡ̈ܗܐ ܕܡܫܬܚܠܦ̈ܢܐ ܥܠ ܣܪ̈ܛܐ، ܡܦܫܩܢܐ ܘܡܥܝܪܢܘܬܐ ܕܨܘܪܬܐ؟ | ܦܣ̈ܩܐ 7.23-7.28. |
| ܟܠ ܠܘܚܐ ܘܨܘܪܬܐ ܥܗܝܕܐ ܝܠܗ ܓܘ ܟܬܒܐ ܠܦܘܬ ܡܢܝܢܐ ܕܝܠܗ، ܥܡ ܡܘܕܝ ܒܥܝܐ ܠܡܒܨܝܐ ܓܘܗ – ܘܡܢܝ̈ܢܐ ܕܝܠܗܘܢ ܠܦܘܬ ܛܟܣܐ ܕܥܗܕܢܐ؟ | ܦܣ̈ܩܐ 7.5، 7.10، 7.24. |
| ܐܬ̈ܘܬܐ ܠܛܝܢ̈ܝܐ ܒܐܬܘܬܐ ܡܨܠܝܬܐ؛ CI، ANOVA، RMSEA ܡܦܪ̈ܫܐ ܓܘ ܚܙܝܬܐ ܩܕܡܝܬܐ؛ M، SD، p ܠܐ؟ | ܦܣ̈ܩܐ 6.22، 6.44. |
| ܟܠ ܣܕܪܐ ܣܛܐܛܝܣܛܝܩܝܐ ܓܘ ܡܐܡܪܐ ܕܣܘܪܝܬ ܬܩܝܢܐ ܝܠܗ ܡܢ ܣܡܠܐ ܠܝܡܝܢܐ ܐܝܟ ܚܕ ܡܢܬܐ؟ | ܦܣܩܐ 7 ܐܟܐ. |
| ܐܡܢ ܕܐܘܕܥܠܘܟܘܢ ܡܚܘܝܢܐ ܕܟܬܒ̈ܐ ܦܠܝܓ̈ܐ ܝܢܐ ܥܠܘܗܝ (r ܝܢ r_rb، d ܝܢ η²، p ܡܬܘܪܨܐ) – ܐܡܪܠܘܟܘܢ ܐܝܢܐ؟ | ܦܣܩܐ 8 ܐܟܐ. |
| ܫܡܐ ܕܡܚܫܒܢܐ ܘܢܘܣܚܐ ܕܝܠܗ، ܝܢ ܬܘܟܢܝܬܐ ܘܨܪܪܐ، ܐܡܝܪ̈ܐ ܝܢܐ – ܘܩܐ ܒܘܚܪܢܐ ܕܦܘܚܡܐ ܣܝܢܬܐܟܣ ܢܛܝܪܐ ܝܠܗ؟ | ܦܣܩܐ 3.7. |
| ܢܘܩ̈ܙܐ ܕܦܘܫܩܐ: ܣܪܛܐ ܩܨܝܪܐ، ܢܝ̈ܫܐ ܕܡܡܠܠܐ ܬܪ̈ܝܨܐ، ܐܬܐ ܕܒܨܪܐ ܒܕܘܟܬܐ ܕܣܪܛܐ ܩܕܡ ܛܝ̈ܡܐ ܕܒܨܪܐ؟ | ܦܣܩܐ 6.45؛ ܥܝܕܐ ܕܣܐܝܛ. |
ܡܒܘ̈ܥܐ
American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1037/0000165-000
Field, A. (2024). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics (6th ed.). SAGE.
Gravetter, F. J., & Wallnau, L. B. (2017). Statistics for the behavioral sciences (10th ed.). Cengage Learning.
Pallant, J. (2020). SPSS survival manual: A step by step guide to data analysis using IBM SPSS (7th ed.). Open University Press.
Wilkinson ܘܓܘܕܐ ܕܥܒܕܐ ܩܐ ܫܘܠܡܐ ܣܛܐܛܝܣܛܝܩܝܐ (1999) – ܐܝܟ ܕܡܝܬܝ ܝܢܐ ܓܘ APA (2020، ܦܣܩܐ 3.7). ܠܦܘܬ ܢܡܘܣܐ ܕܣܐܝܛ، ܓܘ ܪܫܝܡܬܐ ܕܡܒܘ̈ܥܐ ܟܡܬܚܙܝܢ ܒܣ ܡܒܘ̈ܥܐ ܕܐܬܝܠܗܘܢ ܩܪܝ̈ܐ ܓܘ ܢܘܣܚܐ ܩܕܡܝܐ: APA (2020) – ܦܣ̈ܩܐ 3.7، 6.22، 6.36، 6.40-6.45، 7.5، 7.8-7.17، 7.21-7.28؛ Field (2024) – ܦܣ̈ܩܐ 1.8.2-1.8.3 ܘܡܬ̈ܠܐ ܕܬܘܢܝܐ ܕܓܘ ܦܣ̈ܩܐ ܕܒܘܚܪ̈ܢܐ (10.10.1، 7.4.6، 7.5.7، 7.6.8 ܘܐܚܪ̈ܢܐ، ܐܝܟ ܕܡܝܬܝ ܝܢܐ ܓܘ ܦܐ̈ܬܐ ܕܡ̈ܚܫܒܢܐ)؛ Gravetter ܘ-Wallnau (2017) ܘ-Pallant (2020) – ܠܦܘܬ ܦܐܬܐ ܘܨܚܚܐ، ܐܝܟ ܕܡܝܬܝ ܝܢܐ ܓܘ ܦܣܩܐ ܕ"ܬܘܢܝܐ ܕܡܫܟܚ̈ܢܘܬܐ" ܕܟܠ ܦܐܬܐ ܕܡܚܫܒܢܐ.