ܒܢܝܢܐ ܕܦܢܩܝܬܐ ܕܫܘܐ̈ܠܐ

ܡܕܒܪܢܐ (guide)

ܡܐ ܐܝܬ ܓܘ ܐܗܐ ܦܐܬܐ (On this page)

"ܝܗܝ̈ܒܬܐ ܛܒ̈ܐ ܝܢܐ ܒܚܬܝܬܘܬܐ ܐܝܟ ܡܐܢܐ ܕܟܢܫܠܗܘܢ" – ܗܕܟܐ Pallant (2020، ܨܚܚܐ 1) ܟܦܬܚܐ ܟܬܒܐ ܥܠ SPSS ܒܨܚܚܐ ܥܠ ܬܘܩܢܐ ܕܒܘܨܝܐ، ܘܟܡܦܫܩܐ ܩܐ ܡܘܕܝ: ܦܐܝܠ ܕܒܕ ܥܐܠ ܠܦܪܘܓܪܡ ܟܐܬܐ ܡܢ ܕܘܟܐ – ܦܢܩܝܬܐ ܕܫܘܐ̈ܠܐ، ܡܫܡܥܬܐ (interview)، ܚܙܝܬܐ – ܘܦܢܩܝܬܐ ܕܫܘܐ̈ܠܐ ܕܬܩܢܬܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܒܠܐ ܚܦܝܛܘܬܐ ܠܐ ܒܕ ܝܗܒܐ ܝܗܝ̈ܒܬܐ ܕܦܢܝ ܥܠ ܫܘܐܠܐ ܕܒܘܨܝܐ. ܐܗܐ ܦܐܬܐ ܟܐܙܠ ܒܬܪ ܐܗܐ ܨܚܚܐ ܘܒܬܪ ܡܐ ܕ-Field (2024) ܟܟܬܒ ܥܠ ܡܫܘܚܬܐ (ܦܣ̈ܩܐ 1.5.2-1.5.4) ܘܥܠ ܒܢܝܢܐ ܕܦܢܩ̈ܝܬܐ ܕܫܘܐ̈ܠܐ (ܨܚܚܐ 18)، ܘܟܡܘܣܦ ܡܐ ܕܣܐܝܛ ܣܢܝܩܐ ܝܠܗ: ܐܝܟܢ ܟܠ ܙܢܐ ܕܫܘܐܠܐ ܟܗܘܐ ܥܡܘܕܐ ܓܘ ܦܐܝܠ، ܘܐܝܢܐ ܡܚܫܒܢܐ ܒܕ ܩܪܐ ܠܗ. ܓܘ ܢܘܣܚܐ 2 ܡܘܣܦܝܠܗܘܢ ܬܪܝܢ ܨܚܚ̈ܐ ܡܢ ܡܕܒܪܢܐ ܕ-Cambridge ܩܐ ܐܘܪ̈ܚܬܐ ܕܒܘܨܝܐ ܓܘ ܝܕ̈ܥܬܐ ܕܟܢܫܐ ܘܕܕܒܪܐ (behavioral sciences) (Nichols & Edlund, 2024): Yan (2024) ܥܠ ܐܝܟܢ ܐܢܫ̈ܐ ܟܦܢܝ ܥܠ ܫܘܐܠܐ – ܐܪܒܥܐ ܕܪ̈ܓܐ ܘܡܘܕܝ ܟܛܥܐ ܓܘ ܟܠ ܚܕ – ܘ-Thomander ܘ-Krosnick (2024) ܥܠ ܡܐ ܕܡܐܐ ܫܢ̈ܐ ܕܢܣܝ̈ܘܢܐ ܚܘܝܠܗܘܢ ܥܠ ܟܠ ܦܘܣܩܢܐ ܕܨܘܪܬܐ: ܦܬܝܚܐ ܝܢ ܣܟܝܪܐ، ܟܡܐ ܕܪ̈ܓܐ، ܡ̈ܠܐ ܝܢ ܡܢܝ̈ܢܐ، ܡܐܡܪ̈ܐ ܕܫܠܡܘܬܐ، "ܠܐ ܝܕܥܢ"، ܛܟܣܐ ܕܓܘܒ̈ܝܐ ܘܕܫܘ̈ܐܠܐ. ܓܘ ܕܘ̈ܟܝܬܐ ܕܒܓܘܝܗܝ ܐܢܝ ܣܗܕ̈ܘܬܐ ܟܦܣܩܝ ܫܘܐܠܐ ܕ-Pallant ܫܒܩܠܗ̇ ܦܬܝܚܐ، ܝܢ ܠܐ ܟܫܠܡܝ ܥܡ ܡܠܟܐ ܡܩܒܠܐ – ܦܐܬܐ ܟܐܡܪ ܐܗܐ.

1. ܬܘܩܢܐ ܡܢ ܚܪܬܐ: ܦܘܫܩܐ ܟܦܣܩ ܫܘܐܠܐ

ܢܡܘܣܐ ܩܕܡܝܐ ܕ-Pallant (2020، ܨܚܚܐ 1) ܝܠܗ ܕܩܕܡ ܕܟܬܒܚ ܦܢܩܝܬܐ ܕܫܘܐ̈ܠܐ ܓܪܓ ܕܝܕܥܚ ܐܝܟܢ ܒܕ ܡܦܠܚܚ ܒܡܥܠܘܡܘܬܐ – ܐܗܐ ܟܐܡܪ، ܐܝܢܝ ܒܘܚܪ̈ܢܐ ܣܛܐܛܝܣܛܝܩ̈ܝܐ ܟܡܬܩܢܚ – ܡܛܠ ܕܦܘܫܩܐ ܟܦܣܩ ܐܣܟܝܡܐ ܕܫܘܐܠܐ ܘܐܣܟܝܡܐ ܕܦܘܢܝܐ. ܡܬܠܐ ܕܝܠܗ̇: ܡܢ ܕܟܡܬܩܢ ܐܣܘܪܐ ܕܚܕ̈ܕܐ ܒܝܢܝ ܥܘܡܪܐ ܘܐܝܩܪܐ ܕܢܦܫܐ (self-esteem) ܣܢܝܩܐ ܝܠܗ ܠܥܘܡܪܐ ܚܬܝܬܐ ܒܫܢ̈ܐ؛ ܡܢ ܕܫܐܠܠܗ "ܗܠ 30 / 31-50 / ܠܥܠ ܡܢ 50" ܫܩܠܠܗ ܡܫܬܚܠܦܢܐ ܕܛܟܣܐ ܒܬܠܬܐ ܕܪ̈ܓܐ، ܘܐܣܘܪܐ ܕܚܕ̈ܕܐ ܠܐ ܡܨܝܐ ܝܠܗ ܒܬܪ ܐܗܐ. ܐܗܘ ܚܘܫܒܐ ܓܢܗ ܟܥܒܕ ܩܐ ܟܠ ܫܘܐܠܐ: ܟܟܬܒܚ ܫܘܐܠܐ ܕܒܘܨܝܐ (ܫܘܐܠܐ ܕܒܘܨܝܐ ܘܗܘܦܘܬܣ̈ܝܣ)، ܟܡܦܩܚ ܡܢܗ ܡܫܬܚܠܦ̈ܢܐ ܘܕܪܓܐ ܕܡܫܘܚܬܐ ܕܟܠ ܚܕ ܣܢܝܩܐ ܝܠܗ (ܡܫܬܚܠܦ̈ܢܐ، ܕܪ̈ܓܐ ܕܡܫܘܚܬܐ ܘܬܘܩ̈ܢܐ ܕܒܘܨܝܐ)، ܟܓܒܚ ܒܘܚܪܢܐ – ܘܒܣ ܒܬܪܟܐ ܟܡܢܣܚܚ ܫܘܐܠܐ ܕܒܕ ܒܪܐ ܒܚܬܝܬܘܬܐ ܐܗܐ ܡܫܬܚܠܦܢܐ. ܠܘܚܐ 1 ܓܘ ܦܣܩܐ 5 ܟܥܒܕ ܐܘܪܚܐ ܗܦܝܟܬܐ: ܡܢ ܙܢܐ ܕܫܘܐܠܐ ܠܥܡܘܕܐ ܓܘ ܦܐܝܠ ܘܠܡܚܫܒܢܐ.

ܐܚܪ̈ܢܐ ܡܢ ܪܫܝܡܬܐ ܕ-Pallant ܩܐ ܬܘܩܢܐ ܕܒܘܨܝܐ، ܟܡܐ ܕܐܣܝܪܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܥܡ ܦܢܩܝܬܐ ܕܫܘܐ̈ܠܐ: ܟܢܫܐ ܕܡܫܬܘܬܦ̈ܢܐ ܒܙܘܕܐ ܡܢ ܕܣܢܝܩ ("ܐܢܫ̈ܐ ܠܐ ܝܢܐ ܡܗܝܡ̈ܢܐ – ܠܐ ܟܐܬܝ، ܟܡܪܥܝ، ܟܫܒܩܝ ܘܠܐ ܟܡܠܝ ܦܢܩ̈ܝܬܐ ܕܫܘܐ̈ܠܐ ܐܝܟ ܕܓܪܓ"؛ ܟܡܬܩܢܚ ܥܡ ܚܘܫܒܐ ܒܝܫܐ)؛ ܚܫܒܬܐ ܡܢ ܩܕܡ ܥܠ ܡܫܬܚܠܦ̈ܢܐ ܕܥܐܠܝ ܒܓܘ (extraneous variables) ܘܡܫܘܚܬܐ ܕܝܠܗܘܢ ܐܢ ܠܐ ܡܨܝܚ ܕܫܠܛܚ ܥܠܝܗܝ – ܐܗܐ ܟܐܡܪ ܡܥܠܬܐ ܕܝܠܗܘܢ ܠܦܢܩܝܬܐ ܕܫܘܐ̈ܠܐ؛ ܘܡܫܒܩܬܐ ܠܚܕ ܐܚܪܢܐ ܕܚܐܪ ܓܘ ܬܘܩܢܐ ܩܕܡ ܕܦܠܛܚ ܠܚܩܠܐ (Pallant, 2020, Chapter 1). ܟܡܐ ܡܫܬܘܬܦ̈ܢܐ ܣܢܝܩܐ ܝܠܗ – ܓܘ ܦܐܬܐ ܕܕܘܡܝܐ ܘܓܘܒܝܐ ܕܕܘܡܝܐ.

2. ܣܒܠܬܐ ܕܐܝܬ ܝܢ ܦܣܘ̈ܩܐ ܕܝܘܟܘܢ

ܚܘܫܒܐ ܕܠܐ ܡܨܝܐ ܕܡܫܚܚ ܠܗ ܒܐܘܪܚܐ ܬܪܝܨܬܐ – ܐܝܩܪܐ ܕܢܦܫܐ، ܫܚܩܬܐ (burnout)، ܚܣܝܢܘܬܐ ܕܟܢܘܫܬܐ – ܡܫܝܚܐ ܝܠܗ ܒܣܒܠܬܐ: ܟܡܐ ܦܣܘ̈ܩܐ ܕܐܟܚܕܐ "ܟܡܚܘܝ" ܠܚܘܫܒܐ (Pallant, 2020, Chapter 1; Field, 2024, Section 18.2). Pallant: ܐܝܬ ܐܠܦ̈ܐ ܕܣܒ̈ܠܬܐ ܡܫܪܪ̈ܬܐ، ܘܐܬܪܐ ܕܫܘܪܝܐ ܝܠܗ ܒܨܝܐ ܕܟܬ̈ܒܐ ܓܘ ܚܩܠܐ – ܒܡܘܕܝ ܦܠܚܠܗܘܢ ܒܨܘ̈ܝܐ ܐܚܪ̈ܢܐ؟ ܚܠܐ ܓܗ̈ܐ ܦܣܘ̈ܩܐ ܡܛܒܥ̈ܐ ܝܢܐ ܓܘ ܬܘܣܦܬܐ ܕܡܐܡܪܐ؛ ܐܢ ܠܐ، ܟܡܫܟܚܚ ܠܡܐܡܪܐ ܫܪܫܝܐ ܕܚܘܝܠܗ ܒܢܝܢܐ ܕܣܒܠܬܐ ܘܫܘܪܪܐ ܕܝܠܗ̇. ܚܠܐ ܡܢ ܣܒ̈ܠܬܐ ܢܛܝܪ̈ܐ ܝܢܐ ܒܙܕܩ̈ܐ ܕܡܘܠܕܢܘܬܐ (copyright) ܘܓܪܓ ܕܙܒܢܚ ܢܘܣܚܐ ܪܫܡܝܐ؛ ܣܒܠܬܐ ܕܦܪܝܣܬܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܓܡܝܪܐܝܬ ܓܘ ܡܐܡܪܐ ܚܫܝܒܬܐ ܝܠܗ̇ "ܕܟܠ ܐܢܫ̈ܐ" (public domain) ܘܡܨܝܚ ܕܡܦܠܚܚ ܒܗ̇ ܕܠܐ ܦܪܥܬܐ – ܐܠܐ ܟܠܙܒܢ ܥܡ ܡܥܗܕܢܘܬܐ ܓܡܝܪܬܐ ܕܡܒܘܥܐ. ܩܐ ܟܠ ܣܒܠܬܐ ܟܟܢܫܚ ܝܗܝ̈ܒܬܐ ܕܫܪܝܪܘܬܐ ܘܬܪܝܨܘܬܐ ܕܡܬܢܝ̈ܐ ܝܢܐ، ܡܛܠ ܕܐܢܝ ܟܥܐܠܝ ܓܘ ܨܚܚܐ ܕܐܘܪܚܐ.

ܘܐܦܢ ܗܕܟܐ، ܣܒܠܬܐ ܕܡܚܘܝܬܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܫܪܝܪܬܐ ܓܘ ܟܢܫܐ ܚܕ ܡܨܝܐ ܕܗܘܝܐ "ܓܡܝܪܐܝܬ ܠܐ ܫܪܝܪܬܐ" ܓܘ ܐܚܪܢܐ – Pallant ܟܡܝܬܝܐ ܪ̈ܒܐ ܕܟܡܡܠܠܝ ܐܢܓܠܝܙܝܐ ܩܘܒܠ ܝܠܘ̈ܕܐ ܕܠܐ ܟܡܡܠܠܝ ܐܢܓܠܝܙܝܐ – ܘܡܛܠ ܗܕܟܐ ܐܦ ܣܒܠܬܐ ܛܒܬܐ ܣܓܝ ܟܥܒܪܐ ܢܣܝܘܢܐ ܩܕܡܝܐ ܓܘ ܕܘܡܝܐ ܕܥܠܗ ܒܕ ܡܦܠܚܚ ܠܗ̇ (Pallant, 2020, Chapter 1). Field (2024، ܦܣܩܐ 18.9.1) ܟܡܢܣܚ ܐܗܐ ܐܝܟ ܥܩܪܐ: ܫܪܝܪܘܬܐ ܠܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܟܝܢܐ ܕܣܒܠܬܐ ܐܠܐ ܕܣܒܠܬܐ، ܕܐܢܫ̈ܐ ܕܟܦܢܝ ܥܠܗ̇ ܘܕܗܘܝܐ ܕܒܓܘܗ ܡܥܒܪܬܐ ܝܠܗ̇. ܣܒܠܬܐ ܕܡܬܪܓܡܬܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܠܥܒܪܝܐ ܗܘܝܐ ܝܚܝܕܝܐ ܝܠܗ ܕܐܗܘ ܥܩܪܐ ܓܢܗ – ܬܘܪܓܡܐ ܡܐܢܐ ܚܕܬܐ ܝܠܗ، ܘܫܪܝܪܘܬܐ ܕܝܠܗ ܟܚܫܒܚ ܡܢ ܪܝܫ (ܓܘ ܦܐܬܐ ܕܐܠܦܐ).

ܣܒܠܬܐ ܕܝܘܟܘܢ. ܡܬܠܐ ܕ-Field (2024، ܦܣܩܐ 18.5) ܩܐ ܒܢܝܢܐ ܕܦܢܩܝܬܐ ܕܫܘܐ̈ܠܐ: ܗܘ ܫܐܠܠܗ ܝܠܘ̈ܦܐ ܕܙܕܝܥ̈ܐ ܘܠܐ ܙܕܝܥ̈ܐ ܡܢ SPSS، ܡܢܣܚܠܗ ܡܢ ܡܫܡܥ̈ܬܐ 23 ܦܣܘ̈ܩܐ ܡܬܚܫ̈ܒܢܐ، ܟܠ ܚܕ ܡܐܡܪܐ ܥܡ ܣܒܠܬܐ ܕ-Likert ܕܚܡܫܐ ܕܪ̈ܓܐ – ܘܒܬܪܟܐ ܒܚܪܠܗ ܒܦܘܫܩܐ ܕܥܠ̈ܠܬܐ ܐܝܢܝ ܦܣܘ̈ܩܐ ܟܡܬܟܢܫܝ ܠܐܝܢܝ ܡܫܘ̈ܚܬܐ (dimensions) (ܐܝܢܝ ܡܢܝܗܝ ܟܡܫܚܝ ܡܕܡ ܚܕ، ܘܐܝܢܝ ܡܨܝܚ ܕܫܒܩܚ) ܘܒܦܘܫܩܐ ܕܫܪܝܪܘܬܐ ܟܡܐ ܡܫܠܡܢ̈ܐ ܝܢܐ ܚܕ ܥܡ ܚܕ. ܐܗܐ ܝܠܗ ܐܘܪܚܐ: ܦܣܘ̈ܩܐ ܒܙܘܕܐ ܡܢ ܕܣܢܝܩ، ܕܘܡܝܐ ܪܒܐ (Field، ܦܣܩܐ 18.5.3: ܢܡܘܣܐ "10-15 ܡܫܬܘܬܦ̈ܢܐ ܩܐ ܦܣܘܩܐ" ܠܝܬ ܠܗ ܫܬܐܣܐ ܡܢ ܢܣܝܘܢܐ؛ ܡܐ ܕܟܦܣܩ ܝܠܗ ܪܒܘܬܐ ܕܕܘܡܝܐ ܟܠܢܝܬܐ – 300 ܚܫܝܒܐ ܝܠܗ ܛܒܐ، ܘܥܡ ܛܥ̈ܢܐ (loadings) ܪ̈ܡܐ ܐܦ ܒܨܝܪ ܣܦܩܐ ܝܠܗ)، ܦܘܫܩܐ ܕܥܠ̈ܠܬܐ (ܥܩܪ̈ܐ ܓܘ ܦܐܬܐ ܕܝܘܠܦܢܐ ܕܠܐ ܡܕܒܪܢܐ؛ ܩܐ ܒܢܝܢܐ ܕܠܐ ܝܕܝܥܐ ܝܠܗ ܡܢ ܩܕܡ – ܦܘܫܩܐ ܕܥܠ̈ܠܬܐ ܡܒܨܝܢܐ؛ ܩܐ ܒܘܚܪܢܐ ܕܒܢܝܢܐ ܕܦܣܝܩܐ ܝܠܗ ܡܢ ܩܕܡ – ܦܘܫܩܐ ܕܥܠ̈ܠܬܐ ܡܫܪܪܢܐ) ܘܐܠܦܐ ܕ-Cronbach.

3. ܫܪܝܪܘܬܐ ܘܬܪܝܨܘܬܐ – ܡܘܕܝ ܟܡܬܢܚ ܥܠ ܣܒܠܬܐ

ܬܪܝܢ ܟܝ̈ܢܐ ܕܟܠ ܣܒܠܬܐ ܣܢܝܩܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܠܗܘܢ، ܠܦܘܬ ܬܪܝܢ ܡܒܘ̈ܥܐ: ܫܪܝܪܘܬܐ – ܟܡܐ ܚܐܪܬܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܡܢ ܛܥܝܘܬܐ ܓܕܫܢܝܬܐ، ܝܢ: ܐܢ ܟܝܗܒܐ ܐܗܘ ܦܐܪܐ ܓܢܗ ܓܘ ܐܢܝ ܫܪ̈ܛܐ ܓܢܝܗܝ؛ ܘܬܪܝܨܘܬܐ – ܐܢ ܟܡܫܚܐ ܡܐ ܕܓܪܓ ܕܡܫܚܐ (Pallant, 2020, Chapter 1; Field, 2024, Section 1.5.4). Field ܟܡܘܣܦ ܛܟܣܐ: ܬܪܝܨܘܬܐ ܬܢܝܐ ܣܢܝܩܐ ܝܠܗ ܐܠܐ ܠܐ ܣܦܩܐ، ܘܩܐ ܕܗܘܝܐ ܬܪܝܨܬܐ ܡܐܢܐ ܓܪܓ ܕܗܘܝܐ ܩܕܡܝܐ ܫܪܝܪܬܐ. ܘܩܐ ܡܘܕܝ ܐܗܐ ܚܝܦܐ ܝܠܗ ܒܝܚܝܕܝܘܬܐ ܓܘ ܦܢܩܝܬܐ ܕܫܘܐ̈ܠܐ: ܡܫܘܚܬܐ ܕܓܢܐ (self-report) ܟܚܫܐ ܡܢ ܛܥܝܘܬܐ ܕܡܫܘܚܬܐ ܪܒܬܐ ܒܙܘܕܐ ܡܢ ܡܫܘܚܬܐ ܬܪܝܨܬܐ، ܡܛܠ ܕܥܠ ܦܘܢܝܐ ܟܥܒܕܝ ܐܦ ܡܕܡ̈ܐ ܕܠܐ ܝܢܐ ܚܘܫܒܐ ܡܫܝܚܐ – ܒܕ ܡܘܕܝܬܘܢ ܓܘ ܦܢܩܝܬܐ ܕܫܘܐ̈ܠܐ ܕܓܢܒܠܘܟܘܢ ܡܢ ܚܢܘܬܐ؟ (Field, 2024, Section 1.5.3).

ܫܪܝܪܘܬܐ – ܬܪܝܢ ܡܚܘ̈ܝܢܐ ܕܣܓܝ ܡܬܚܙܝܢ (Pallant, 2020, Chapter 1): ܫܪܝܪܘܬܐ ܕܒܘܚܪܢܐ ܡܢ ܪܝܫ (test-retest؛ ܩܝܡܘܬܐ ܓܘ ܙܒܢܐ: ܐܢܝ ܐܢܫ̈ܐ ܓܢܝܗܝ، ܬܪܝܢ ܙܒ̈ܢܐ، ܐܣܘܪܐ ܕܚܕ̈ܕܐ ܒܝܢܬܝܗܘܢ؛ ܩܐ ܣܒܠܬܐ ܕܪܓܫܬܐ (mood) ܟܡܣܟܝܚ ܐܣܘܪܐ ܢܚܝܬܐ، ܩܐ ܟܝܢܐ ܕܦܪܨܘܦܐ (personality trait) – ܪܡܐ) ܘܫܠܡܘܬܐ ܓܘܝܬܐ (internal consistency) – ܟܡܐ ܦܣܘ̈ܩܐ "ܟܐܚܕܝ ܐܟܚܕܐ"، ܒܥܕܢܐ ܫܚܝܡܐ ܐܠܦܐ ܕ-Cronbach، ܕܝܠܗ̇ ܡܚܘܝܢܘܬܐ ܕܡܨܥܝܬܐ ܕܐܣܘܪ̈ܐ ܕܚܕ̈ܕܐ ܒܝܢܝ ܟܠ ܦܣܘ̈ܩܐ. ܬܚܘܡܐ ܡܩܒܠܐ .7 (Nunnally, 1978, as cited in Pallant)، ܐܠܐ ܐܠܦܐ ܬܠܝܬܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܒܡܢܝܢܐ ܕܦܣܘ̈ܩܐ: ܓܘ ܣܒܠܬܐ ܩܨܝܪܬܐ (ܒܨܝܪ ܡܢ ܥܣܪܐ ܦܣܘ̈ܩܐ) ܡܨܝܐ ܕܗܘܝܐ ܢܚܝܬܬܐ ܐܦ ܐܝܡܢ ܕܦܣܘ̈ܩܐ ܡܫܠܡܢ̈ܐ ܝܢܐ، ܘܒܬܪܟܐ ܟܡܬܢܚ ܡܨܥܝܬܐ ܕܐܣܘܪܐ ܕܚܕ̈ܕܐ ܒܝܢܝ ܦܣܘ̈ܩܐ – ܦܬܝܘܬܐ ܛܒܬܐ .2 ܗܠ .4 (Briggs & Cheek, 1986, as cited in Pallant). Field (2024، ܦܣܩܐ 18.9.4) ܟܡܣܝܓ: .7-.8 "ܡܟܪܙܐ ܝܠܗ ܓܘ ܟܠ ܕܘܟܐ" ܐܝܟ ܡܩܒܠܐ، ܐܠܐ ܐܠܦܐ ܡܬܢܟܬܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܡܢ ܡܢܝܢܐ ܕܦܣܘ̈ܩܐ ܘܡܢ ܡܕܡ̈ܐ ܕܠܐ ܝܢܐ ܫܪܝܪܘܬܐ، ܘܡܛܠ ܗܕܟܐ ܟܡܦܫܩܚ ܠܗ̇ ܓܘ ܗܘܝܐ ܕܡܫܘܚܬܐ ܘܕܒܘܨܝܐ ܘܠܐ ܠܦܘܬ ܬܚܘܡܐ ܟܠܢܝܐ. ܬܪܝܨܘܬܐ – ܠܝܬ ܡܚܘܝܢܐ ܝܚܝܕܝܐ؛ ܟܬ̈ܒܐ ܟܡܡܠܠܝ ܥܠ ܬܪܝܨܘܬܐ ܕܡܐ ܕܐܝܬ ܒܓܘܗ (ܦܣܘ̈ܩܐ ܟܡܟܣܝ ܚܩܠܐ ܕܚܘܫܒܐ)، ܬܪܝܨܘܬܐ ܕܩܢܘܢܐ (ܐܣܘܪܐ ܥܡ ܩܢܘܢܐ ܕܡܨܝܐ ܕܡܫܝܚܐ – ܒܗܘ ܙܒܢܐ ܝܢ ܡܢܒܝܢܝܐ) ܘܬܪܝܨܘܬܐ ܕܒܢܝܢܐ (ܐܣܘܪ̈ܐ ܥܡ ܚܘܫܒ̈ܐ ܐܚܪ̈ܢܐ، ܩܪܝܒ̈ܐ – ܡܬܟܢܫܢܝܬܐ – ܘܪܚܝܩ̈ܐ – ܡܦܪܫܢܝܬܐ)، ܘܫܘܪܪܐ ܝܠܗ ܟܢܫܐ ܕܣܗܕ̈ܘܬܐ ܡܢ ܢܣܝܘܢܐ، ܠܐ ܢܘܣܚܐ (formula) (Pallant, 2020, Chapter 1; Field, 2024, Section 1.5.4). ܦܪܝܣܘܬܐ – ܓܘ ܦܐܬܐ ܕܚܘܫܒ̈ܐ؛ ܚܘܫܒܢܐ – ܓܘ ܐܠܦܐ ܕ-Cronbach ܘܡܢܝܢܐ ܕܣܒܠܬܐ.

4. ܙܢ̈ܐ ܕܫܘ̈ܐܠܐ

ܫܘܐܠܐ ܣܟܝܪܐ (closed question) ܟܡܩܪܒ ܪܫܝܡܬܐ ܕܦܘܢ̈ܝܐ ܬܚܝܡ̈ܐ – ܐܝܢ/ܠܐ، ܝܢ ܟܡܐ ܓܘܒ̈ܝܐ ܕܟܪܫܡܚ ܚܕ ܡܢܝܗܝ. Pallant (2020، ܨܚܚܐ 1) ܟܡܚܘܝܐ ܒܫܘܐܠܐ ܕܡܪܕܘܬܐ (ܫܬܐ ܓܘܒ̈ܝܐ ܕܐܝܬ ܠܗܘܢ ܡܢܝ̈ܢܐ 1-6) ܘܟܡܪܫܡܐ ܛܘܒܐ: ܪܡܙܢܘܬܐ ܠܡܢܝ̈ܢܐ ܩܪܝܒ ܡܢ ܓܢܗ̇ ܝܠܗ̇ – ܠܐ = 0، ܐܝܢ = 1؛ ܓܒܪܐ = 1، ܐܢܬܬܐ = 2؛ ܓܘ ܡܪܕܘܬܐ ܟܟܬܒܚ ܡܢܝܢܐ ܕܓܘܒܝܐ ܕܪܫܝܡܐ ܝܠܗ. ܡܠܟܐ ܙܥܘܪܐ ܕܟܢܛܪ ܝܬܝܪ ܡܢ ܟܠ: ܝܗܒܬܐ ܕܡܢܝ̈ܢܐ ܠܓܘܒ̈ܝܐ ܥܠ ܦܢܩܝܬܐ ܕܫܘܐ̈ܠܐ ܒܓܢܗ̇، ܘܦܣܩܬܐ ܕܥܝܕܐ ܩܐ ܛܟܣܐ ܕܡܢܝ̈ܢܐ (ܡܬܠܐ ܠܦܬܝܘܬܐ ܘܒܬܪܟܐ ܠܬܚܬ) ܘܢܛܪܬܐ ܕܝܠܗ ܒܐܘܪܟܐ ܕܟܠ ܦܢܩܝܬܐ.

ܫܘܐܠܐ ܦܬܝܚܐ (open-ended question) – ܐܝܡܢ ܕܠܐ ܡܨܝܚ ܕܚܡܚ ܡܢ ܩܕܡ ܟܠ ܦܘܢ̈ܝܐ ("ܡܘܕܝ ܝܠܗ ܡܒܘܥܐ ܪܝܫܝܐ ܕܥܨܪܐ (stress) ܓܘ ܚܝ̈ܐ ܕܝܘܟ/ܕܝܘܟܝ ܗܫܐ؟"). ܡܫܬܐܠ̈ܢܐ ܚܐܪ̈ܐ ܝܢܐ، ܐܠܐ ܦܘܢ̈ܝܐ ܠܐ ܝܢܐ ܡܢܝ̈ܢܐ: ܒܬܪ ܟܢܫܐ ܟܥܒܪܚ ܥܠܝܗܝ، ܟܡܫܬܘܕܥܚ ܓܢ̈ܣܐ ܕܟܡܬܢܝ، ܟܝܗܒܚ ܠܟܠ ܓܢܣܐ ܪܡܙܐ – ܘ"ܐܚܪܢܐ" ܩܐ ܟܠ ܡܐ ܕܦܝܫܐ – ܘܟܟܬܒܚ ܪܡܙܐ (Pallant, 2020, Chapters 1-2). ܚܘܠܛܐ – ܪܫܝܡܬܐ ܣܟܝܪܬܐ ܘܐܦ "ܐܚܪܢܐ، ܦܪܘܫ/ܦܪܘܫܝ" ܥܡ ܣܕܪܐ ܩܐ ܟܬܒܬܐ – ܡܦܠܚܢܐ ܝܠܗ ܒܝܚܝܕܝܘܬܐ ܓܘ ܕܪ̈ܓܐ ܩܕܡܝ̈ܐ ܕܒܘܨܝܐ، ܡܛܠ ܕܟܡܚܘܐ ܐܢ ܓܢ̈ܣܐ ܕܡܩܪܒ̈ܐ ܝܢܐ ܟܡܟܣܝ ܡܐ ܕܐܢܫ̈ܐ ܒܥܝ ܕܦܢܝ (Pallant, 2020, Chapter 1).

ܡܘܕܝ ܟܐܡܪ̈ܢ ܣܗܕ̈ܘܬܐ ܥܠ ܓܘܒܝܐ. Thomander ܘ-Krosnick (2024) ܟܟܢܫܝ ܡܐܐ ܫܢ̈ܐ ܕܢܣܝ̈ܘܢܐ، ܘܬܪܝܢ ܫܘ̈ܠܡܐ ܠܐ ܟܫܠܡܝ ܥܡ ܚܘܫܒܐ ܕܠܒܐ (intuition). ܩܕܡܝܐ: ܩܐ ܟܡ̈ܝܘܬܐ – ܫܘܐܠܐ ܦܬܝܚܐ. ܩܐ ܓܘܒܝܐ ܕܦܬܝܘܬܐ ("2-5 ܓܗ̈ܐ") ܡܫܬܐܠܢܐ ܡܢ ܟܠ ܐܘܪܚܐ ܩܕܡܝܐ ܟܦܢܐ ܒܡܢܝܢܐ ܓܘ ܪܝܫܗ، ܘܛܘܟܣܐ ܕܦܬܝ̈ܘܬܐ ܒܓܢܗ ܟܕܚܐ ܠܡܨܥܬܐ، ܡܛܠ ܕܡܫܬܐܠ̈ܢܐ ܟܡܢܚܝ ܕܦܬܝܘܬܐ ܡܨܥܝܬܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܕܣܓܝ ܡܬܚܙܝܐ (Schwarz et al., 1985, as cited in Thomander & Krosnick). ܬܪܝܢܐ: ܩܐ ܫܘܐܠܐ ܕܓܢ̈ܣܐ ܕܚܠܐ ܕܦܘܢ̈ܝܐ ܕܝܠܗ ܠܐ ܝܕܝܥܐ ܝܠܗ – ܐܦ ܦܬܝܚܐ؛ "ܐܚܪܢܐ" ܠܐ ܟܫܪܐ، ܡܛܠ ܕܡܫܬܐܠ̈ܢܐ ܟܬܚܡܝ ܓܢܝܗܝ ܒܓܘܒ̈ܝܐ ܕܡܩܪܒ̈ܐ ܝܢܐ ܠܗܘܢ، ܘܪܫܝܡܬܐ ܣܟܝܪܬܐ ܦܐܝܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܒܣ ܐܝܡܢ ܕܓܡܝܪܬܐ ܝܠܗ̇ – ܡܐ ܕܒܥܕܢܐ ܫܚܝܡܐ ܟܒܥܐ ܢܣܝܘܢܐ ܩܕܡܝܐ ܦܬܝܐ ܥܡ ܢܘܣܚܐ ܦܬܝܚܐ. ܡܬ̈ܠܐ ܓܘ ܫܘܐܠܐ ("ܡܬܠܐ: ܓܪܡܢܝܐ، ܦܘܠܢܝܐ…") ܟܟܢܫܝ ܬܘܬܒܘܬܐ ܥܠ ܡܬ̈ܠܐ، ܘܛܒܐ ܝܠܗ ܕܠܐ ܐܢܝ. ܘ"ܪܫܘܡܘܢ ܟܠ ܡܐ ܕܦܐܐ": ܫܪܫܠܬܐ ܕܫܘ̈ܐܠܐ ܦܪ̈ܝܫܐ ܘܫܘ̈ܝܐ ("ܩܪܐܠܘܟ ܐܗܐ ܓܪܝܕܬܐ، ܝܢ ܠܐ؟") ܟܝܗܒܐ ܫܪܝܪܘܬܐ ܪܡܬܐ ܒܙܘܕܐ ܘܦܘܠܚܢܐ ܥܡܝܩܐ ܒܙܘܕܐ (Dolnicar et al., 2012؛ Smyth et al., 2008، ܐܝܟ ܕܡܝܬܝ̈ܐ ܝܢܐ ܠܘܬ Thomander & Krosnick) – ܘܓܘ ܦܐܝܠ ܐܗܐ ܐܗܘ ܡܕܡ ܓܢܗ ܝܠܗ ܒܚܬܝܬܘܬܐ: ܥܡܘܕܐ ܩܐ ܟܠ ܓܘܒܝܐ (ܠܘܚܐ 1). ܝܗܒܬܐ ܕܕܪܓܐ ܝܢ ܛܟܣܐ. ܐܝܡܢ ܕܚܝ̈ܐ ܟܡܥܨܝ ܠܓܘܒܝܐ – ܡܬܚܫܒܢܐ ܚܕ، ܛܝܡܐ ܚܕ ܕܡܪܒܝܚ ܥܠܘܗܝ – ܒܥܘܬܐ ܕܡܛܟܣܬܐ ܕܦܣܘ̈ܩܐ (ranking) ܟܝܗܒܐ ܝܗܝ̈ܒܬܐ ܛܒ̈ܐ ܒܙܘܕܐ ܡܢ ܝܗܒܬܐ ܕܕܪܓܐ (rating) ܠܟܠ ܦܣܘܩܐ ܒܦܪܝܫܘܬܐ، ܡܛܠ ܕܓܘ ܣܕܪܐ ܕܫܘܐ̈ܠܐ (batteries) ܕܕܪ̈ܓܐ ܡܢܬܐ ܡܢ ܡܫܬܐܠ̈ܢܐ ܟܪܫܡܝ ܐܗܘ ܕܪܓܐ ܓܢܗ ܩܐ ܟܠܗܘܢ؛ ܐܝܡܢ ܕܡܨܝܚ ܕܪܚܡܚ ܬܪܝܢ ܒܚܕ ܡܫܘܚܬܐ – ܟܝܗܒܚ ܕܪ̈ܓܐ، ܘܟܥܒܕܚ ܡܐ ܕܡܨܝܚ ܗܕܟܐ ܕܫܘ̈ܐܠܐ ܗܘܝ ܦܫܝܩ̈ܐ ܘܡܫܬܐܠ̈ܢܐ ܡܫܬܘܬܦ̈ܢܐ (Thomander & Krosnick, 2024).

5. ܐܣܟܝܡܐ ܕܦܘܢܝܐ – ܘܣܒܠܬܐ ܕ-Likert

ܐܣܟܝܡܐ ܕܦܘܢܝܐ ܝܠܗ ܦܘܣܩܢܐ ܕܦܘܫܩܐ ܬܠܝܐ ܝܠܗ ܒܗ ܝܬܝܪ ܡܢ ܟܠ (Pallant, 2020, Chapter 1). ܬܠܬܐ ܢܡܘ̈ܣܐ ܕ-Pallant: ܒܥܘܬܐ ܕܛܝܡܐ ܫܪܝܪܐ ܐܝܡܢ ܕܐܝܬ (ܥܘܡܪܐ ܒܫܢ̈ܐ، ܠܐ ܓܢܣܐ ܕܥܘܡܪܐ – ܐܣܘܪܐ ܕܚܕ̈ܕܐ ܟܒܥܐ ܡܢܝ̈ܢܐ ܡܬܡܫܚ̈ܢܐ ܥܡ ܦܬܝܘܬܐ ܦܬܝܬܐ)؛ ܝܗܒܬܐ ܕܦܬܝܘܬܐ ܕܦܘܢ̈ܝܐ ܦܬܝܬܐ ܟܡܐ ܕܡܨܝܐ، ܡܛܠ ܕ"ܡܨܝܚ ܟܠܙܒܢ ܕܟܢܫܚ ܒܬܪܟܐ" – ܘܗܦܟܐ ܠܐ؛ ܘܒܕܘܟܬ "ܟܫܠܡܢ / ܠܐ ܟܫܠܡܢ" – ܣܒܠܬܐ ܕܙܢܐ ܕ-Likert، ܡܬܠܐ ܡܢ "ܒܟܠܗ ܠܐ ܟܫܠܡܢ" (1) ܗܠ "ܟܫܠܡܢ ܣܓܝ" (6)، ܕܟܝܗܒܐ ܦܬܝܘܬܐ ܕܡܢܝ̈ܢܐ ܦܬܝܬܐ ܒܙܘܕܐ ܘܟܡܦܬܝܐ ܦܘܫܩ̈ܐ ܕܡܨܝܝ. ܥܠ ܡܢܝܢܐ ܕܕܪ̈ܓܐ ܓܪܓ ܕܦܣܩܚ (Pallant ܟܡܫܕܪܐ ܠ-DeVellis, 2012، ܩܐ ܡܫܘܚܠܦܬܐ ܥܠ ܛܘ̈ܒܐ ܘܚܘܣܪ̈ܢܐ)؛ Jamieson (2004) ܟܡܪܫܡܐ ܕܚܡܫܐ ܕܪ̈ܓܐ ܡܩܒ̈ܠܐ ܝܢܐ، ܘܐܝܬ ܚܘܫܒ̈ܐ ܩܐ ܫܒܥܐ ܘܩܐ ܡܢܝܢܐ ܙܘܓܐ ܕܕܪ̈ܓܐ (ܕܠܐ ܡܨܥܬܐ) – ܘܐܗܐ ܫܘܐܠܐ ܟܦܣܩܝ ܣܗܕ̈ܘܬܐ ܕܒܬܪ ܓܘ ܦܣܩܐ. ܡܐ ܕܠܐ ܝܠܗ ܓܘ ܚܪܝܢܐ: ܦܘ̈ܩܕܢܐ ܓܠܝ̈ܐ – ܪܫܡܬܐ ܕܩܘܛܝܐ؟ ܚܕܪܬܐ ܕܡܢܝܢܐ؟ – ܥܡ ܡܬܠܐ، ܡܛܠ ܕܩܐ ܡܢܬܐ ܡܢ ܡܫܬܐܠ̈ܢܐ ܐܗܐ ܦܢܩܝܬܐ ܩܕܡܝܬܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܓܘ ܚܝ̈ܐ ܕܝܠܗܘܢ (Pallant, 2020, Chapter 1).

ܡܘܕܝ ܫܘܐܠܐ ܚܕ ܟܡܬܢܐ ܘܡܘܕܝ ܟܦܠܛ ܡܢܗ. ܡܬܠܐ ܕ-Pallant: "ܟܫܬܝܬ/ܟܫܬܝܐܬ ܬܬܘܢ؟ ܐܝܢ / ܠܐ". ܓܘ ܢܣܝܘܢܐ ܩܕܡܝܐ ܚܕ ܒܕ ܫܐܠ ܐܢ ܟܐܡܪ ܩܐ ܣܝܓܪ̈ܐ، ܣܝܓܪ̈ܐ ܪ̈ܒܐ (cigars) ܝܢ ܩܢܒܣ؛ ܘܒܬܪܟܐ – ܣܦܩܐ ܕܝܕܥܚ ܐܢ، ܝܢ ܣܢܝܩܐ ܝܠܗ ܨܐ ܟܡܐ (ܬܪܬܝܢ-ܬܠܬܐ ܣܝܓܪ̈ܐ ܝܢ ܬܪܬܝܢ-ܬܠܬܐ ܩܘܛ̈ܝܐ) ܘܒܐܝܢܐ ܣܓܝܐܘܬܐ (ܟܠ ܝܘܡܐ ܝܢ ܓܘ ܥܐܕ̈ܐ)؟ ܥܠ ܟܠ ܫܘܐܠܐ ܟܫܐܠܚ ܡܘܕܝ ܝܠܗ̇ ܡܥܠܘܡܘܬܐ ܕܒܕ ܝܗܒ ܘܡܘܕܝ ܝܠܗ̇ ܡܥܠܘܡܘܬܐ ܕܒܕ ܚܣܪܐ (Pallant, 2020, Chapter 1).

ܟܡܐ ܕܪ̈ܓܐ، ܘܐܝܟܢ ܟܪܫܡܚ ܠܗܘܢ – ܣܗܕ̈ܘܬܐ. Thomander ܘ-Krosnick (2024): ܫܪܝܪܘܬܐ ܘܬܪܝܨܘܬܐ ܟܣܠܩܝ ܥܡ ܡܢܝܢܐ ܕܕܪ̈ܓܐ، ܐܠܐ ܬܘܣܦܬܐ ܟܙܥܪܐ ܘܐܙܠܐ، ܘܫܘܠܡܐ ܡܢ ܟܬ̈ܒܐ ܝܠܗ ܚܡܫܐ ܕܪ̈ܓܐ ܩܐ ܣܒܠܬܐ ܕܚܕ ܩܘܛܒܐ (unipolar؛ ܨܦܪܐ ܓܘ ܪܝܫܐ: ܡܢ "ܒܟܠܗ ܠܐ" ܗܠ "ܒܡܫܘܚܬܐ ܪܒܬܐ ܣܓܝ") ܘܫܒܥܐ ܩܐ ܣܒܠܬܐ ܕܬܪܝܢ ܩܘܛ̈ܒܐ (bipolar؛ ܨܦܪܐ ܓܘ ܡܨܥܬܐ: ܡܢ "ܟܪܚܡܢ ܣܓܝ" ܗܠ "ܟܣܢܐܢ ܣܓܝ"، ܥܡ "ܠܐ ܟܪܚܡܢ ܘܠܐ ܟܣܢܐܢ" ܓܘ ܡܨܥܬܐ). ܠܡܨܥܬܐ ܠܐ ܟܡܦܩܚ: ܓܘܒܝܐ ܡܨܥܝܐ ܠܐ ܟܡܥܕܪ ܠܦܘܢ̈ܝܐ ܕܥܛܠܘܬܐ؛ ܐܝܬ ܡܫܬܐܠ̈ܢܐ ܕܒܫܪܪܐ ܕܡܨܥܬܐ ܝܢܐ، ܘܕܠܐ ܡܨܥܬܐ ܟܓܒܝ ܢܘܩܙܐ ܩܪܝܒܬܐ ܓܕܫܢܐܝܬ؛ ܡܦܩܬܐ ܕܝܠܗ̇ ܠܐ ܟܡܛܝܒܐ ܣܒܠܬܐ ܕܚܕ ܩܘܛܒܐ ܘܟܡܢܟܐ ܠܣܒܠܬܐ ܕܬܪܝܢ ܩܘܛ̈ܒܐ. ܣܒܠܬܐ ܕ"ܡܓܪܫܢܐ" (slider) – ܡܬܦܠܛܘܢ ܡܢܗ̇: ܕܪܓܐ ܟܡܬܓܪܫ ܠܐܬܪܐ ܕܫܘܪܝܐ ܕܡܓܪܫܢܐ، ܘܡܫܬܐܠ̈ܢܐ ܒܙܘܕܐ ܟܫܒܩܝ. ܘܪܘ̈ܫܡܐ ܕܡ̈ܠܐ ܥܠ ܟܠ ܕܪ̈ܓܐ، ܕܠܐ ܡܢܝ̈ܢܐ: ܫܪܝܪܘܬܐ ܘܬܪܝܨܘܬܐ ܪ̈ܡܐ ܒܙܘܕܐ ܡܢ ܡ̈ܠܐ ܒܣ ܥܠ ܪ̈ܫܐ، ܡܫܬܐܠ̈ܢܐ ܟܓܒܝ ܐܗܐ، ܘܐܦ ܡܣܪܗܒܐ ܝܠܗ ܒܙܘܕܐ؛ ܡܢܝ̈ܢܐ ܓܢܒ ܡ̈ܠܐ ܟܡܢܟܝ ܐܝܡܢ ܕܣܘܟ̈ܠܐ ܠܐ ܟܫܠܡܝ. ܪܘ̈ܫܡܐ ܕܡܫܟܚ̈ܐ ܝܢܐ ܒܪܘ̈ܚܩܐ ܩܪܝܒ ܫܘ̈ܝܐ – ܩܐ ܚܕ ܩܘܛܒܐ "ܒܟܠܗ ܠܐ / ܩܠܝܠ / ܡܨܥܝܐ / ܣܓܝ / ܣܓܝ ܣܓܝ"؛ ܩܐ ܬܪܝܢ ܩܘܛ̈ܒܐ "ܣܓܝ ܒܝܫܐ / ܒܝܫܐ / ܩܠܝܠ ܒܝܫܐ / ܠܐ ܒܝܫܐ ܘܠܐ ܛܒܐ / ܩܠܝܠ ܛܒܐ / ܛܒܐ / ܣܓܝ ܛܒܐ"؛ ܩܐ ܐܝܟܢܝܘܬܐ ܒܚܡܫܐ "ܣܓܝ ܒܝܫܐ / ܒܝܫܐ / ܡܩܒܠܐ / ܛܒܐ / ܡܥܠܝܐ" (ܬܘܪ̈ܓܡܐ ܕܣܐܝܛ؛ ܓܘ ܡܒܘܥܐ – extremely, very, moderately, slightly, not at all). ܘܫܘܐܠܐ ܕܬܪܝܢ ܩܘܛ̈ܒܐ ܛܒܐ ܒܙܘܕܐ ܡܬܦܢܝܐ ܒܬܪܬܝܢ ܦܣ̈ܥܬܐ – "ܩܐ ܝܢ ܩܘܒܠ؟" ܘܒܬܪܟܐ "ܒܡܫܘܚܬܐ ܪܒܬܐ، ܡܨܥܝܬܐ ܝܢ ܙܥܘܪܬܐ؟" – ܫܒܥܐ ܓܢ̈ܣܐ ܒܬܪܝܢ ܫܘ̈ܐܠܐ ܩܨܝܪ̈ܐ ܒܕܘܟܬ ܫܒܥܐ ܓܘܒ̈ܝܐ ܒܚܕ ܙܒܢܐ (Thomander & Krosnick, 2024). ܦܐܪܐ ܩܐ ܦܐܝܠ: ܡܢܝܢܐ (1-5، 1-7) ܝܠܗ ܪܡܙܐ ܓܘ ܡܦܫܩܢܐ، ܠܐ ܡܐ ܕܡܫܬܐܠܢܐ ܟܚܙܐ – ܓܘ ܦܢܩܝܬܐ ܕܫܘܐ̈ܠܐ، ܡܛܒܥܬܐ ܝܢ ܥܠ ܐܝܢܛܪܢܝܬ، ܟܡܚܘܝܚ ܡ̈ܠܐ؛ ܘܣܒܠܬܐ ܕܐܝܬ ܡܫܪܪܬܐ ܟܡܥܒܪܚ ܠܗ̇ ܒܐܣܟܝܡܐ ܕܒܓܘܗ ܡܫܪܪܬܐ ܗܘܐ (ܦܣܩܐ 2). ܡܐܡܪ̈ܐ ܕ"ܟܫܠܡܢ / ܠܐ ܟܫܠܡܢ" ܣܒܠܬܐ ܕܬܪܝܢ ܩܘܛ̈ܒܐ ܝܢܐ – ܘܥܠ ܥܩܬܐ ܕܝܠܗܘܢ، ܦܣܩܐ 7.

ܣܓܝܐܘܬܐ ܘܟܡܝܘܬܐ – ܠܐ ܒܣܒܠܬܐ ܕ"ܣܓܝ ܓܗ̈ܐ". ܡܫܘ̈ܚܬܐ (dimensions) ܕܠܐ ܡܫܘܚܬܐ ܟܝܢܝܬܐ – ܐܝܩܪܐ، ܚܘܒܐ، ܚܒܝܒܘܬܐ – ܓܪܓ ܕܐܝܬ ܠܗܘܢ ܣܒܠܬܐ ܕܕܪ̈ܓܐ؛ ܡܫܘ̈ܚܬܐ ܥܡ ܡܫܘܚܬܐ ܟܝܢܝܬܐ – ܣܓܝܐܘܬܐ، ܟܡܝܘܬܐ، ܙܒܢܐ – ܠܐ ܟܡܫܚܚ ܠܗܘܢ ܒ"ܡ̈ܠܐ ܕܟܡܝܘܬܐ ܠܐ ܓܠܝ̈ܬܐ" ("ܣܓܝ ܩܐ ܟܡܐ"، "ܣܓܝ ܓܗ̈ܐ ܩܐ ܟܡܐ") ܕܟܠ ܚܕ ܟܦܗܡ ܐܚܪܢܐܝܬ، ܐܠܐ ܒܫܘܐܠܐ ܦܬܝܚܐ ܒܡܫܘܚܬܐ ܟܝܢܝܬܐ: 5 ܝܘܡ̈ܬܐ ܓܘ ܫܒܬܐ، 3 ܫܥ̈ܐ (Thomander & Krosnick, 2024) – ܢܡܘܣܐ ܕ-Pallant ܥܠ ܥܘܡܪܐ ܒܫܢ̈ܐ، ܡܦܬܝܐ. Yan (2024) ܟܡܚܘܐ ܩܐ ܡܘܕܝ ܐܦ ܪܫܝܡܬܐ ܕܦܬܝ̈ܘܬܐ ܠܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܫܪܝܐ: ܡܫܬܐܠ̈ܢܐ ܟܡܢܚܝ ܕܟܬܘܒܐ ܕܦܢܩܝܬܐ ܓܒܐ ܠܦܬܝ̈ܘܬܐ ܒܚܬܝܬܘܬܐ، ܘܡܛܠ ܗܕܟܐ ܟܩܪܝ ܡܢܝܗܝ ܡܘܕܝ ܝܠܗ "ܢܘܪܡܠܝܐ" ܘܟܡܩܝܡܝ ܓܢܝܗܝ ܩܘܒܠ ܐܗܐ. ܐܝܡܢ ܕܫܐܠܠܗܘܢ ܟܡܐ ܬܠܒܙܝܘܢ ܐܢܫ̈ܐ ܟܚܙܝ ܓܘ ܝܘܡܐ، ܣܒܠܬܐ ܕܟܡܫܠܡܐ ܒ"ܒܙܘܕܐ ܡܢ ܬܪܬܝܢ ܫܥ̈ܐ ܘܦܠܓܐ" ܝܗܒܠܗ̇ ܬܘܢ̈ܝܐ ܢܚܝ̈ܬܐ ܒܙܘܕܐ ܡܢ ܣܒܠܬܐ ܕܟܡܫܪܐ ܒ"ܗܠ ܬܪܬܝܢ ܫܥ̈ܐ ܘܦܠܓܐ"؛ ܘܡܢ ܕܪܫܡܠܗ ܬܪܬܝܢ ܫܥ̈ܐ ܘܦܠܓܐ ܓܘ ܪܝܫܐ ܥܠܝܐ ܕܣܒܠܬܐ ܢܚܝܬܬܐ ܨܐ ܣܗܕܠܗ ܒܬܪܟܐ ܕܬܠܒܙܝܘܢ ܟܫܩܠ ܐܬܪܐ ܪܒܐ ܓܘ ܙܒܢܐ ܚܐܪܐ ܕܝܠܗ – ܘܡܢ ܕܪܫܡܠܗ ܐܗܘ ܛܝܡܐ ܓܢܗ ܓܘ ܬܚܬܝܬܐ ܕܣܒܠܬܐ ܪܡܬܐ، ܗܦܟܐ (Schwarz et al., 1985, as cited in Yan). ܘܐܦ ܡܢ Yan: "ܟܡܐ ܓܗ̈ܐ…" ܟܡܥܕܪ ܠܡܢܝܢܐ ܕܓܕܫ̈ܐ (ܘܡܛܝܐ ܠܡܙܥܪܢܘܬܐ)؛ "ܒܐܝܢܐ ܣܓܝܐܘܬܐ…" ܟܡܥܕܪ ܠܟܠܢܝܘܬܐ ܡܢ ܩܘܡܐ ܕܙܒܢܐ (rhythm) ("ܬܪܬܝܢ ܓܗ̈ܐ ܓܘ ܫܢܬܐ"، ܘܡܛܝܐ ܠܝܬܝܪܘܬܐ) – ܐܝܡܢ ܕܒܥܝܚ ܡܢܝܢܐ، ܟܒܥܝܚ ܙܒܢܐ، ܘܟܡܥܗܕܚ ܪ̈ܫܝܡܬܐ ܐܢ ܐܝܬ.

Likert: ܛܟܣܐ ܝܢ ܪܘ̈ܚܩܐ ܫܘ̈ܝܐ؟ ܐܟܐ ܟܬ̈ܒܐ ܦܠܝ̈ܓܐ ܝܢܐ، ܘܣܐܝܛ ܟܫܩܠ ܕܘܟܬܐ. Field (2024، ܩܘܛܝܐ 1.2) ܟܚܫܒ ܕܟܠ ܕܪܓܐ ܕܓܢܐ (subjective) – ܨܒܝܢܐ، ܬܘܟܠܢܐ، ܦܗܡܬܐ – ܓܪܓ ܕܚܫܝܒܐ ܗܘܐ ܡܫܬܚܠܦܢܐ ܕܛܟܣܐ، "ܐܦܢ ܕܣܓܝܐܐ ܝܕ̈ܘܥܐ ܠܐ ܟܥܒܕܝ ܗܕܟܐ": ܠܐ ܡܨܝܚ ܕܗܘܚ ܬܟܝ̈ܠܐ ܕܪܘܚܩܐ ܒܝܢܝ 1 ܘ-2 ܫܘܝܐ ܝܠܗ ܠܪܘܚܩܐ ܒܝܢܝ 4 ܘ-5. Jamieson (2004) ܩܫܝܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܒܙܘܕܐ: ܣܒܠܬܐ ܕ-Likert ܕܪܓܐ ܕܡܫܘܚܬܐ ܕܛܟܣܐ ܝܠܗ̇، ܘܡܛܠ ܗܕܟܐ ܛܝܡܐ ܡܨܥܝܐ ܝܢ ܛܝܡܐ ܕܣܓܝ ܡܬܚܙܐ (mode) ܘܠܐ ܡܨܥܝܬܐ، ܘܒܘܚܪ̈ܢܐ ܠܐ ܦܪܡܝܛܪ̈ܝܐ (ܟܝ ܡܪܒܥܐ، Spearman، Mann-Whitney) ܘܠܐ ܒܘܚܪ̈ܢܐ ܦܪܡܝܛܪ̈ܝܐ – ܘܗܝ ܟܡܥܗܕܐ ܕܦܘܠ̈ܓܐ ܕܦܣܘ̈ܩܐ ܕ-Likert ܣܓܝ ܓܗ̈ܐ ܥܩܝܡ̈ܐ ܝܢ ܦܠܝܓ̈ܐ ܠܬܪܝܢ ܩܘܛ̈ܒܐ ܝܢܐ، ܘܕܐܗܐ ܫܘܐܠܐ ܓܪܓ ܕܡܬܦܣܩܐ ܡܢ ܕܪܓܐ ܕܬܘܩܢܐ. Norman (2010) ܟܦܢܐ ܠܗ̇ ܒܣܗܕ̈ܘܬܐ ܥܠ ܚܣܝܢܘܬܐ: ܓܘ ܕܘܡܝܐ ܕ-93 ܡܫܬܐܠ̈ܢܐ ܥܠ 64 ܙܘܓ̈ܐ ܕܦܣܘ̈ܩܐ ܕܕܪ̈ܓܐ، ܐܣܘܪܐ ܕܚܕ̈ܕܐ ܒܝܢܝ Pearson ܘ-Spearman ܗܘܐ .99، ܘܐܦ ܐܝܡܢ ܕܟܡܙܥܪܠܗ ܠܣܒܠܬܐ ܠܐܪܒܥܐ ܕܪ̈ܓܐ ܥܩܝܡ̈ܐ ܣܓܝ – .987؛ ܒܘܚܪ̈ܢܐ ܦܪܡܝܛܪ̈ܝܐ ܚܣܝ̈ܢܐ ܝܢܐ ܩܐ ܠܐ ܢܘܪܡܠܝܘܬܐ ܘܩܐ ܛܟܣܐ؛ ܘܗܘ ܟܡܝܬܐ ܐܦ ܚܘܫܒܐ ܕ-Carifio ܘ-Perla (2008, as cited in Norman) – ܦܣܘܩܐ ܕ-Likert ܝܚܝܕܝܐ ܡܨܐ ܕܗܘܐ ܕܛܟܣܐ، ܐܠܐ ܣܒܠܬܐ ܕ-Likert، ܓܘܡܪܐ ܕܦܣܘ̈ܩܐ ܣܓܝ̈ܐܐ، ܕܪ̈ܘܚܩܐ ܫܘ̈ܝܐ ܝܠܗ̇، ܒܚܬܝܬܘܬܐ ܐܝܟ ܡܢܝܢܐ ܓܘ ܒܘܚܪܢܐ ܕܓܘܒ̈ܝܐ ܣܓܝ̈ܐܐ ܕܓܘܡܪܐ ܝܠܗ ܕܦܘܢ̈ܝܐ ܬܪ̈ܝܨܐ – ܐܦܢ ܕܠܦܘܬ ܪܥܝܢܐ ܕܝܠܗ ܦܘܣܩܢܐ ܠܐ ܝܠܗ ܒܐܗܐ ܚܘܫܒܐ ܐܠܐ ܒܣܗܕ̈ܘܬܐ ܕܚܣܝܢܘܬܐ. ܥܝܕܐ ܕܣܐܝܛ، ܐܝܟ ܕܦܣܝܩܐ ܝܠܗ ܓܘ ܦܐܬܐ ܕܡܫܬܚܠܦ̈ܢܐ ܘܕܪ̈ܓܐ ܕܡܫܘܚܬܐ، ܝܠܗ "ܐܦ ܘܐܦ": ܦܣܘܩܐ ܕܕܪܓܐ ܝܚܝܕܝܐ ܡܫܬܚܠܦܢܐ ܕܛܟܣܐ ܝܠܗ (ܣܓܝܐܘ̈ܬܐ، ܛܝܡܐ ܡܨܥܝܐ، Spearman)، ܡܢܝܢܐ ܕܣܒܠܬܐ ܕܦܣܘ̈ܩܐ ܣܓܝ̈ܐܐ ܡܫܬܚܠܦܢܐ ܕܪ̈ܘܚܩܐ ܫܘ̈ܝܐ ܝܠܗ (ܡܨܥܝܬܐ، Pearson، t، ܪܝܓܪܫܢ) – ܘܓܘ ܬܪܘܝܗܝ ܗܘ̈ܝܐ ܟܡܬܢܚ ܡܘܕܝ ܥܒܕܠܢ. ܦܐܪܐ ܩܐ ܬܘܩܢܐ: ܡܢ ܕܒܥܐ ܡܨܥܝ̈ܬܐ، ܒܘܚܪ̈ܢܐ t ܘܪܝܓܪܫܢ ܥܠ ܚܘܫܒܐ – ܟܒܢܐ ܣܒܠܬܐ ܕܟܡܐ ܦܣܘ̈ܩܐ، ܠܐ ܫܘܐܠܐ ܚܕ؛ ܘܡܢ ܕܐܝܬ ܠܗ ܒܣ ܫܘܐܠܐ ܚܕ ܟܡܬܢܐ ܠܗ ܐܝܟ ܣܓܝܐܘ̈ܬܐ ܘܛܝܡܐ ܡܨܥܝܐ.

6. ܐܝܟܢ ܐܢܫ̈ܐ ܟܦܢܝ ܥܠ ܫܘܐܠܐ – ܘܩܐ ܡܘܕܝ ܐܗܐ ܟܦܣܩ ܢܘܣܚܐ

ܬܪܝܢ ܨܚܚ̈ܐ ܕܡܕܒܪܢܐ ܕ-Cambridge ܟܫܪܝ ܡܢ ܐܗܘ ܡܘܕܝܠ ܓܢܗ: ܩܐ ܕܦܢܐ ܥܠ ܫܘܐܠܐ ܡܫܬܐܠܢܐ ܟܥܒܪ ܐܪܒܥܐ ܕܪ̈ܓܐ – ܦܗܡܬܐ (ܡܘܕܝ ܟܫܐܠܝ، ܘܡܘܕܝ ܒܥܝ ܕܐܡܪܝ)، ܡܦܩܬܐ ܡܢ ܥܘܗܕܢܐ، ܕܝܢܐ (ܚܘܠܛܐ ܕܡܐ ܕܦܠܛܠܗ ܠܦܘܢܝܐ ܚܕ، ܝܢ ܫܘܥܪܐ) ܘܩܪܒܬܐ (mapping) ܕܦܘܢܝܐ ܠܚܕ ܡܢ ܓܘܒ̈ܝܐ (Yan, 2024؛ Thomander & Krosnick, 2024). ܟܠ ܕܪܓܐ ܟܒܥܐ ܥܡܠܐ، ܘܠܐ ܟܠ ܡܫܬܐܠܢܐ ܡܛܝܒܐ ܝܠܗ ܕܝܗܒ ܠܗ. ܡܢ ܕܟܥܒܕ ܟܠܗܘܢ ܐܝܟ ܕܓܪܓ "ܟܡܛܝܒ" (optimizing)؛ ܡܢ ܕܟܩܨܪ – ܒܪܟܝܟܘܬܐ (ܟܠ ܕܪ̈ܓܐ، ܒܠܐ ܚܬܝܬܘܬܐ) ܝܢ ܒܩܫܝܘܬܐ (ܟܫܒܩ ܡܦܩܬܐ ܘܕܝܢܐ ܘܟܓܒܐ ܦܘܢܝܐ ܕܟܡܬܚܙܐ ܡܩܒܠܢܐ، ܝܢ ܒܣ ܚܕ ܕܦܫܝܩܐ ܝܠܗ ܕܡܓܢܐ ܥܠܘܗܝ) – "ܟܣܦܩ" (satisficing; Krosnick, 1991, as cited in Thomander & Krosnick). ܬܠܬܐ ܡܕܡ̈ܐ ܟܦܣܩܝ ܟܡܐ ܒܕ ܣܦܩܝ: ܥܣܩܘܬܐ ܕܦܘܠܚܢܐ، ܡܨܝܢܘܬܐ ܕܡܫܬܐܠܢܐ ܘܚܦܝܛܘܬܐ (motivation) – ܘܚܦܝܛܘܬܐ ܟܢܚܬܐ ܥܡ ܡܠܝܘܬܐ، ܟܡܐ ܕܦܢܩܝܬܐ ܟܐܪܟܐ. ܐܬ̈ܘܬܐ ܝܕܝ̈ܥܐ ܝܢܐ ܩܐ ܟܠ ܡܢ ܕܦܫܩܠܗ ܦܢܩܝܬܐ ܕܫܘܐ̈ܠܐ: "ܠܐ ܝܕܥܢ" ܒܕܘܟܬ ܚܘܫܒܐ؛ ܣܪܛܐ ܬܪܝܨܐ (straightlining) – ܐܗܘ ܕܪܓܐ ܓܢܗ ܩܐ ܣܕܪܐ ܕܫܘܐ̈ܠܐ ܓܡܝܪܐ ܕܦܣܘ̈ܩܐ؛ ܫܠܡܘܬܐ ܥܡ ܟܠ ܡܐܡܪܐ؛ ܪ̈ܫܐ ܕܣܒܠܬܐ؛ ܡܨܥܬܐ (Yan, 2024). ܘܡܫܬܐܠ̈ܢܐ ܐܦ ܟܩܪܝ ܡܢ ܚܘܕܪܐ (context): ܟܡܢܚܝ ܕܟܬܘܒܐ ܕܦܢܩܝܬܐ ܡܡܠܠܢܐ ܡܫܬܘܬܦܢܐ ܝܠܗ – ܕܟܠ ܫܘܐܠܐ ܐܣܝܪܐ ܝܠܗ، ܕܓܘܒ̈ܝܐ ܓܒܝ̈ܐ ܝܢܐ ܒܚܬܝܬܘܬܐ، ܕܫܘܐܠܐ ܕܩܕܡ ܐܣܝܪܐ ܝܠܗ ܥܡ ܐܗܘ ܕܒܬܪܗ – ܘܟܦܢܝ ܠܦܘܬ ܡܐ ܕܟܡܦܩܝ ܕܒܥܝܠܗܘܢ ܕܐܡܪܝ (Yan, 2024، ܥܠ ܢܡܘ̈ܣܐ ܕܡܡܠܠܐ ܕ-Grice). ܡܢ ܐܟܐ ܢܡܘܣܐ ܕܥܒܕܐ ܕܬܪܝܢ ܨܚܚ̈ܐ: ܟܠ ܦܘܣܩܢܐ ܕܨܘܪܬܐ ܡܒܚܪܐ ܝܠܗ ܒܫܘܐܠܐ ܐܢ ܟܡܙܥܪ ܥܣܩܘܬܐ ܘܟܡܪܒܐ ܚܦܝܛܘܬܐ – ܘܐܢ ܟܡܝܩܪ ܢܡܘ̈ܣܐ ܕܡܡܠܠܐ.

ܡܘܕܝ ܟܛܥܐ ܓܘ ܟܠ ܕܪܓܐ. ܓܘ ܦܗܡܬܐ: ܫܘ̈ܐܠܐ ܐܪ̈ܝܟܐ، ܥܡ ܟܡܐ ܦܣ̈ܘܩܝܬܐ (clauses) ܝܢ ܒܠܐ (negation)، ܟܫܩܠܝ ܒܙܘܕܐ ܙܒܢܐ ܘܝܩܘܪ̈ܐ ܝܢܐ؛ ܡ̈ܠܐ ܕܣܓܝ ܣܘܟ̈ܠܐ؛ ܘܐܦ ܡܠܬܐ ܦܫܝܛܬܐ – ܐܝܡܢ ܕܫܐܠܠܗܘܢ "ܫܬܝܠܘܟ/ܫܬܝܠܘܟܝ ܒܨܘܪܐ 100 ܣܝܓܪ̈ܐ ܓܘ ܚܝ̈ܐ ܕܝܘܟ/ܕܝܘܟܝ؟"، 54% ܦܗܡܠܗܘܢ "ܫܬܝܐ ܕܬܬܘܢ" ܐܝܟ ܟܠ ܡܝܨܬܐ ܘ-46% ܒܣ ܐܝܟ ܡܝܨܬܐ ܠܓܘ (Suessbrick et al., 2000, as cited in Yan) – ܘܬܚܘܡܐ ܕܣܘܟܠܐ (definition) ܓܘ ܫܘܐܠܐ ܟܡܛܝܒ ܣܓܝ ܚܬܝܬܘܬܐ ܓܘ ܚܘܫܒ̈ܐ ܠܐ ܓܠܝ̈ܐ. ܓܘ ܡܦܩܬܐ: ܟܛܥܝ – ܒܝܚܝܕܝܘܬܐ ܓܕܫ̈ܐ ܫܚܝܡ̈ܐ ܘܣܓܝ ܡܬܚܙܝܢ – ܘܟܡܙܝܥܝ ܓܘ ܙܒܢܐ (telescoping: ܓܕܫܐ ܕܗܘܐ ܠܒܪ ܡܢ ܙܒܢܐ ܡܬܢܝܐ ܝܠܗ ܐܝܟ ܕܗܘܐ ܓܘܗ)؛ ܘܡܐ ܕܠܐ ܪܡܝܙܐ ܗܘܐ ܓܘ ܥܘܗܕܢܐ ܓܘ ܐܗܘ ܓܢܣܐ (ܡܗܠܟܬܐ ܥܡ ܟܠܒܐ ܠܐ ܝܠܗ̇ "ܥܒܕܐ ܓܘܫܡܢܝܐ") ܠܐ ܒܕ ܦܠܛ. ܓܘ ܕܝܢܐ: ܡܢܝܢܐ ܡܢ ܬܚܬ ܟܡܙܥܪ، ܟܠܢܝܘܬܐ ܡܢ ܠܥܠ ܟܡܝܬܪ، ܘܪܘܫܡܐ ("ܚܕ ܓܗܐ ܠܐ ܐܝܬ ܠܝ ܥܩ̈ܬܐ ܕܟܟ̈ܐ") – ܒܝܫܐ ܡܢ ܟܠܗܘܢ؛ ܟܡܥܕܪܝ ܙܒܢܐ، ܪ̈ܫܝܡܬܐ، ܓܕܫܐ-ܥܘܓܢܐ (anchor) ܕܟܡܪܫܡ ܫܘܪܝܐ ܕܙܒܢܐ، ܘܟܬܒܐ ܕܝܘܡ̈ܬܐ (diary). ܓܘ ܩܪܒܬܐ: ܡܫܬܐܠܢܐ ܟܡܫܚܠܦ ܦܘܢܝܐ – ܓܘ ܫܘ̈ܐܠܐ ܪܓܝܫ̈ܐ (ܦܣܩܐ 8)، ܝܢ ܩܐ ܦܠܛܬܐ ܡܢ ܫܘ̈ܐܠܐ ܕܒܬܪ: ܡܢ ܕܟܦܢܐ "ܠܐ" ܠܫܘܐܠܐ ܕܡܨܠܠܢܘܬܐ (filter) ܟܦܨܐ ܓܢܗ ܡܢ ܟܠ ܡܐ ܕܒܬܪܗ، ܘܡܛܠ ܗܕܟܐ ܟܫܐܠܚ ܟܠ ܫܘ̈ܐܠܐ ܕܡܨܠܠܢܘܬܐ ܐܟܚܕܐ ܘܒܣ ܒܬܪܟܐ ܫܘ̈ܐܠܐ ܕܒܬܪ؛ ܘܛܟܣܐ ܕܓܘܒ̈ܝܐ ܟܥܒܕ – ܓܘ ܪܫܝܡܬܐ ܟܬܝܒܬܐ ܟܓܒܝ ܒܙܘܕܐ ܩܕܡ̈ܝܐ (primacy)، ܓܘ ܪܫܝܡܬܐ ܕܟܡܩܪܝ – ܐܚܪ̈ܝܐ (Yan, 2024؛ Thomander & Krosnick, 2024). ܓܘ ܪܫܝܡܬܐ ܕܓܢ̈ܣܐ ܕܠܐ ܛܟܣܐ ܟܝܢܝܐ، ܓܘ ܦܢܩܝܬܐ ܥܠ ܐܝܢܛܪܢܝܬ، ܡܨܝܚ ܕܡܚܘܝܚ ܓܘܒ̈ܝܐ ܒܛܟܣܐ ܓܕܫܢܝܐ ܩܐ ܟܠ ܡܫܬܐܠܢܐ – ܐܠܐ ܐܢ ܛܟܣܐ ܒܓܢܗ ܐܝܬ ܠܗ ܣܘܟܠܐ (Thomander & Krosnick, 2024). ܡܠܟܐ ܩܕܡܝܐ ܕ-Yan ܝܠܗ ܩܕܡ ܟܠ ܐܗܐ: ܝܕܥܬܐ ܒܚܬܝܬܘܬܐ ܡܘܕܝ ܝܠܗ ܚܘܫܒܐ ܕܟܡܫܚܚ – "ܕܠܐ ܥܒܕܐ" ܝܠܗ ܐܦ ܡܢ ܕܠܝܬ ܠܗ ܥܒܕܐ ܘܐܦ ܡܢ ܕܒܥܐ ܚܕ، ܘܫܘܐܠܐ ܥܠ "ܟܦܠܚܬ/ܟܦܠܚܬܝ" ܒܓܢܗ ܟܡܫܚ ܒܣ ܦܠܓܐ ܕܚܘܫܒܐ – ܘܦܐܬܐ ܕܫܘܐܠܐ ܕܒܘܨܝܐ ܟܫܪܐ ܬܡܢ.

7. ܢܘܣܚܐ

"ܐܝܬ ܐܘܡܢܘܬܐ ܫܪܝܪܬܐ ܓܘ ܢܘܣܚܐ ܕܦܣܘ̈ܩܐ ܓܠܝ̈ܐ"، ܟܟܬܒܐ Pallant (2020، ܨܚܚܐ 1) – ܠܝܬ ܢܡܘ̈ܣܐ ܕܚܕ ܣܘܟܠܐ، ܐܠܐ ܐܝܬ ܪܫܝܡܬܐ ܕܡܐ ܕܓܪܓ ܕܡܬܦܠܛܚ ܡܢܗ، ܘܟܠ ܦܣܘܩܐ ܓܘܗ̇ ܝܕܝܥܐ ܝܠܗ ܩܐ ܡܢ ܕܦܫܩܠܗ ܚܕ ܓܗܐ ܦܢܩܝܬܐ ܕܫܘܐ̈ܠܐ ܕܚܕ ܐܚܪܢܐ:

ܫܠܡܘܬܐ ܥܡ ܟܠ ܡܕܡ. ܡܠܟܐ ܣܡܝܟܐ ܝܬܝܪ ܡܢ ܟܠ ܕ-Thomander ܘ-Krosnick (2024) ܨܐ ܝܠܗ ܥܣܩܐ ܡܢ ܟܠ ܩܐ ܦܘܠܚܢܐ: ܫܘ̈ܐܠܐ ܕ"ܟܫܠܡܢ / ܠܐ ܟܫܠܡܢ"، "ܫܪܝܪܐ / ܠܐ ܫܪܝܪܐ" ܘ"ܐܝܢ / ܠܐ" ܟܚܫܝ ܡܢ ܡܣܒ ܒܐܦ̈ܐ ܕܫܠܡܘܬܐ (acquiescence) – ܡܨܛܠܝܢܘܬܐ ܕܫܘܪܪܐ ܕܡܐܡܪ̈ܐ ܕܠܐ ܐܣܘܪܐ ܥܡ ܡܐ ܕܐܝܬ ܒܓܘܝܗܝ. ܒܙܘܕܐ ܐܢܫ̈ܐ ܟܫܠܡܝ ܥܡ "ܟܪܚܡܢ ܐܢܢܣ" ܡܢ ܕܠܐ ܟܫܠܡܝ ܥܡ "ܠܐ ܟܪܚܡܢ ܐܢܢܣ"، ܐܦܢ ܕܫܘ̈ܐܠܐ ܓܪܓ ܕܗܘܝ ܨܘܪܬܐ ܕܡܚܙܝܬܐ؛ ܥܠ̈ܠܬܐ – ܣܦܩܘܬܐ (satisficing)، ܢܟܦܘܬܐ، ܦܠܛܬܐ ܡܢ ܬܟܬܘܫܐ، ܐܝܩܪܐ ܠܡܪܐ ܕܫܘܠܛܢܐ. ܒܕܘܟܬ ܡܐܡܪܐ – ܫܘܐܠܐ ܕܟܡܥܗܕ ܠܚܘܫܒܐ ܡܫܝܚܐ ܓܠܝܐܝܬ، ܥܡ ܬܪܝܢ ܓܘܒ̈ܝܐ ܫܘ̈ܝܐ: ܠܐ "ܒܣܝܡܐ ܝܘܢ ܡܢ ܬܫܡܫܬܐ – ܟܫܠܡܢ / ܠܐ ܟܫܠܡܢ"، ܐܠܐ "ܗܠ ܟܡܐ ܒܣܝܡܐ/ܒܣܝܡܬܐ ܝܘܬ ܝܢ ܠܐ ܒܣܝܡܐ/ܒܣܝܡܬܐ ܡܢ ܬܫܡܫܬܐ؟" ܥܡ ܣܒܠܬܐ ܡܢ "ܒܟܠܗ ܠܐ ܒܣܝܡܐ" ܗܠ "ܒܣܝܡܐ ܣܓܝ". ܣܐܝܛ ܐܟܐ ܟܐܚܕ ܬܪܘܝܗܝ: ܣܒܠܬܐ ܡܫܪܪܬܐ ܕܒܢܝܬܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܡܢ ܡܐܡܪ̈ܐ ܕܫܠܡܘܬܐ – ܟܡܦܠܚܚ ܒܗ̇ ܐܝܟ ܕܡܫܪܪܬܐ ܝܠܗ̇، ܘܦܣܘ̈ܩܐ ܗܦܝܟ̈ܐ ܕܓܘܗ̇ (ܦܣܩܐ 9) ܐܢܝ ܝܢܐ ܢܛܘܪܘܬܐ ܝܕܝܥܬܐ ܩܘܒܠ ܡܣܒ ܒܐܦ̈ܐ ܕܦܘܢܝܐ (Field, 2024, Section 18.9.4)؛ ܦܣܘ̈ܩܐ ܚܕ̈ܬܐ ܕܝܘܟܘܢ – ܟܡܢܣܚܚ ܠܗܘܢ ܐܝܟ ܫܘܐܠܐ ܥܠ ܚܘܫܒܐ، ܠܐ ܐܝܟ ܡܐܡܪܐ.

"ܠܐ ܝܕܥܢ" ܘ"ܠܐ ܐܣܝܪܐ" – ܐܝܡܢ ܐܝܢ ܘܐܝܡܢ ܠܐ. Pallant (2020، ܨܚܚܐ 1) ܟܡܠܟܐ ܕܡܘܣܦܚ ܓܢܣܐ ܕܐܗܐ ܙܢܐ ܐܝܡܢ ܕܣܢܝܩ – ܐܢ ܠܐ، ܡܢ ܕܠܐ ܟܝܕܥ ܒܕ ܓܒܐ ܡܨܥܬܐ ܕܣܒܠܬܐ، ܘܐܗܐ ܒܕ ܡܬܩܪܝܐ ܐܝܟ ܕܘܟܬܐ. Thomander ܘ-Krosnick (2024) ܟܡܚܘܝ ܕܓܘ ܫܘ̈ܐܠܐ ܕܕܘܟܬܐ (attitude) ܓܘܒܝܐ ܕ"ܠܐ ܝܕܥܢ" ܣܓܝ ܓܗ̈ܐ ܠܐ ܟܡܚܘܐ ܠܝܬܘܬܐ ܕܕܘܟܬܐ ܐܠܐ ܣܦܩܘܬܐ، ܠܐ ܓܠܝܘܬܐ ܕܫܘܐܠܐ، ܬܪܝܢܘܬܐ ܕܪܓܫܐ (ambivalence) ܝܢ ܢܛܘܪܘܬܐ ܕܨܘܪܬܐ ܕܓܢܐ – ܘܡܛܠ ܗܕܟܐ ܟܡܠܟܝ ܕܡܦܩܚ ܠܗ ܡܢ ܫܘ̈ܐܠܐ ܕܕܘܟܬܐ، ܘܕܫܐܠܚ ܒܬܪܝܗܝ ܥܠ ܚܝܠܐ ܕܕܘܟܬܐ. ܐܦ ܘܐܦ: "ܠܐ ܐܣܝܪܐ" ܩܐ ܫܘܐܠܐ ܕܥܒܕ̈ܐ ܕܠܐ ܐܣܝܪܐ ܝܠܗ ܥܠ ܟܠܢܫ (ܘܫܘܐܠܐ ܕܡܨܠܠܢܘܬܐ ܩܕܡܗ) – ܐܝܢ؛ "ܠܐ ܝܕܥܢ" ܓܘ ܫܘܐܠܐ ܕܕܘܟܬܐ – ܒܥܕܢܐ ܫܚܝܡܐ ܠܐ. ܘܓܘ ܦܐܝܠ، ܪܡܙܐ ܕܐܗܐ ܙܢܐ ܠܐ ܝܠܗ ܛܝܡܐ ܚܣܝܪܐ ܐܠܐ ܦܘܢܝܐ: ܟܟܬܒܚ ܠܗ ܓܘ ܡܦܫܩܢܐ، ܘܟܡܦܩܚ ܠܗ ܩܕܡ ܡܨܥܝܬܐ ܝܢ ܐܣܘܪܐ ܕܚܕ̈ܕܐ (ܚܙܝܡܘܢ ܛܝ̈ܡܐ ܚܣܝ̈ܪܐ ܘܛܘܦܣܐ ܬܩܝܢܐ). ܐܘܪܟܐ ܕܫܘܐܠܐ. ܠܐ ܩܨܝܪܐ ܡܢ ܟܠ – ܩܨܝܪܐ ܡܢ ܟܠ ܕܟܡܥܒܪ ܚܘܫܒܐ ܒܐܘܪܚܐ ܫܘܝܬܐ ܩܐ ܟܠܢܫ: ܡ̈ܠܐ ܕܚܕ ܣܘܟܠܐ، ܝܕܝ̈ܥܬܐ، ܩܨܝܪ̈ܬܐ؛ ܟܡܐ ܕܡܨܝܐ ܒܨܝܪ ܡܐܡܪ̈ܐ؛ ܘܬܚܘܡܐ ܕܣܘܟܠܐ ܓܘ ܫܘܐܠܐ ܐܝܡܢ ܕܚܘܫܒܐ ܠܐ ܓܠܝܐ ܝܠܗ (Thomander & Krosnick, 2024؛ Yan, 2024).

8. ܛܟܣܐ ܕܫܘ̈ܐܠܐ، ܐܘܪܟܐ ܕܦܢܩܝܬܐ ܘܫܘ̈ܐܠܐ ܪܓܝܫ̈ܐ

ܛܟܣܐ. ܣܒܪܬܐ ܛܒܬܐ: ܓܘ ܦܘܫܩ̈ܐ ܕܡܐ̈ܐ ܢܣܝ̈ܘܢܐ، ܡܥܒܕ̈ܢܘܝܬܐ ܕܛܟܣܐ ܕܫܘ̈ܐܠܐ ܢܕܝܪ̈ܐ ܝܢܐ – 11-12 ܡܢ ܒܙܘܕܐ ܡܢ 500 ܡܫܬܚܠܦ̈ܢܐ ܠܘܬ Smith (1988)، 8 ܡܢ 113 ܢܣܝ̈ܘܢܐ ܠܘܬ Schuman ܘ-Presser (1981؛ ܬܪܘܝܗܝ ܐܝܟ ܕܡܝܬܝ̈ܐ ܝܢܐ ܠܘܬ Thomander & Krosnick, 2024). ܐܝܡܢ ܕܟܗܘܝ، ܐܗܐ ܡܛܠ ܢܡܘ̈ܣܐ ܕܡܡܠܠܐ ܝܠܗ: ܫܘܐܠܐ ܕܩܕܡ ܟܡܦܫܩ ܠܐܗܘ ܕܒܬܪܗ. ܡܬܠܐ ܕ-Yan (2024): ܒܣܝܡܘܬܐ ܡܢ ܓܘܪܢܐ ܘܒܬܪܟܐ ܡܢ ܚܝ̈ܐ – ܐܣܘܪܐ ܕܚܕ̈ܕܐ ܪܡܐ ܝܠܗ، ܡܛܠ ܕܓܘܪܢܐ "ܚܕܬܐ" ܝܠܗ ܓܘ ܥܘܗܕܢܐ؛ ܥܡ ܦܬܚܬܐ ܡܫܘܬܦܬܐ ("ܬܪܝܢ ܫܘ̈ܐܠܐ ܥܠ ܚܝ̈ܐ ܕܝܘܟ/ܕܝܘܟܝ – ܩܕܡܝܐ ܥܠ ܓܘܪܢܐ، ܬܪܝܢܐ ܥܠ ܚܝ̈ܐ ܒܟܠܗ") ܐܣܘܪܐ ܟܢܚܬ، ܡܛܠ ܕܡܫܬܐܠܢܐ ܟܦܗܡ ܕܫܘܐܠܐ ܟܠܢܝܐ ܥܠ "ܡܐ ܕܦܝܫܐ ܡܢ ܚܝ̈ܐ" ܝܠܗ (Strack et al., 1988؛ Schwarz et al., 1991، ܐܝܟ ܕܡܝܬܝ̈ܐ ܝܢܐ ܠܘܬ Yan). ܡ̈ܠܟܐ ܟܢܝ̈ܫܐ: ܟܠܢܝܐ ܩܕܡ ܝܚܝܕܝܐ ܓܘ ܐܗܘ ܡܘܬܒܐ ܓܢܗ؛ ܫܘ̈ܐܠܐ ܥܠ ܐܗܘ ܡܘܬܒܐ ܓܢܗ ܐܟܚܕܐ؛ ܫܘܪܝܐ ܒܫܘ̈ܐܠܐ ܦܫܝܩ̈ܐ ܘܒܣܝ̈ܡܐ؛ ܫܘ̈ܐܠܐ ܕܡܨܠܠܢܘܬܐ ܩܐ ܠܐ ܫܐܠܬܐ ܕܡܐ ܕܠܐ ܐܣܝܪܐ ܝܠܗ؛ ܘܫܘ̈ܐܠܐ ܪܓܝܫ̈ܐ ܘܕܡܐܢܐ ܕܒܪܢܫܐ (demographic) – ܓܘ ܚܪܬܐ (Thomander & Krosnick, 2024؛ Yan, 2024). ܐܘܪܟܐ. ܡܠܝܘܬܐ ܟܡܬܟܢܫܐ، ܘܣܦܩܘܬܐ ܥܡܗ̇ – ܘܡܛܠ ܗܕܟܐ ܟܡܐ ܕܡܨܝܐ ܒܨܝܪ ܫܘ̈ܐܠܐ، ܒܣ ܡܐ ܕܟܡܫܡܫ ܠܫܘܐܠܐ ܕܒܘܨܝܐ (ܦܣܩܐ 1). Thomander ܘ-Krosnick ܟܡܥܗܕܝ ܟܬ̈ܒܐ ܕܟܪܒܝ ܘܟܡܚܘܝ ܕܡܫܘܚܬܐ ܒܦܣܘܩܐ ܝܚܝܕܝܐ ܡܨܝܐ ܕܥܒܕܐ ܛܒܐ ܐܦ ܩܐ ܚܘܫܒ̈ܐ ܕܥܝܕܐ ܝܠܗ ܕܡܫܚܚ ܠܗܘܢ ܒܣܕܪܐ ܕܫܘܐ̈ܠܐ؛ ܥܝܕܐ ܕܣܐܝܛ (ܦܣܩܐ 5) ܟܦܐܫ: ܡܢܝܢܐ ܕܣܒܠܬܐ ܕܦܣܘ̈ܩܐ ܣܓܝ̈ܐܐ – ܕܪ̈ܘܚܩܐ ܫܘ̈ܝܐ؛ ܦܣܘܩܐ ܝܚܝܕܝܐ – ܕܛܟܣܐ، ܘܡܬܢܝܐ ܐܝܟ ܣܓܝܐܘ̈ܬܐ ܘܛܝܡܐ ܡܨܥܝܐ.

ܫܘ̈ܐܠܐ ܪܓܝܫ̈ܐ ܘܨܒܝܢܐ ܕܡܬܚܙܝܐ ܛܒܐ (social desirability). ܫܘܐܠܐ ܪܓܝܫܐ ܝܠܗ ܒܬܠܬܐ ܣܘܟ̈ܠܐ (Yan, 2024): ܕܝܠܢܝܐ – ܠܒܪ ܡܢ ܬܚܘ̈ܡܐ ܕܡܡܠܠܐ ܫܚܝܡܐ (ܡܥܠܬܐ، ܓܢܣܢܘܬܐ)؛ ܕܣܘܟܢܐ – ܡܥܠܘܡܘܬܐ ܕܡܫܬܘܕܥܢܘܬܐ ܕܓܠܝܘܬܐ ܕܝܠܗ̇ ܠܓܒܐ ܬܠܝܬܝܐ ܕܣܘܟܢܐ ܝܠܗ̇؛ ܝܢ ܕܐܝܬ ܠܗ ܦܘܢܝܐ "ܬܪܝܨܐ" ܟܢܫܝܐܝܬ – ܘܒܬܪܟܐ ܟܡܝܬܪܝ ܒܡܐ ܕܡܬܚܙܐ ܛܒܐ (ܩܠܐ ܓܘ ܓܒܝܬܐ) ܘܟܡܙܥܪܝ ܒܡܐ ܕܠܐ ܡܬܚܙܐ ܛܒܐ (ܫܬܝܐ ܝܬܝܪܐ). Thomander ܘ-Krosnick (2024) ܟܡܣܝܓܝ: ܡܢܬܐ ܪܒܬܐ ܡܢ ܡܐ ܕܟܡܬܚܙܐ ܐܝܟ ܬܘܢܝܐ ܕܓܠܬܐ ܝܠܗ ܒܫܪܪܐ ܠܐ ܦܘܢܝܐ – ܡܢ ܕܠܐ ܝܗܒܠܗ ܩܠܐ ܨܐ ܒܨܝܪ ܟܦܢܐ ܠܒܘܨ̈ܝܐ ܕܫܘܐ̈ܠܐ – ܘܣܓܝܐܐ ܡܢ ܐܘܪ̈ܚܬܐ "ܚܟܝܡ̈ܬܐ" ܠܐ ܝܢܐ ܡܚܘܝ̈ܬܐ. ܡܘܕܝ ܟܬܝܒܐ ܝܠܗ: ܡܠܝܐ ܕܓܢܐ ܕܠܐ ܡܫܐܠܢܐ ܟܡܙܥܪ ܡܣܒ ܒܐܦ̈ܐ، ܘܡܛܠ ܗܕܟܐ ܦܢܩܝܬܐ ܥܠ ܐܝܢܛܪܢܝܬ ܝܢ ܡܛܒܥܬܐ ܓܒܝܬܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܡܢ ܡܫܡܥܬܐ ܩܐ ܫܘ̈ܐܠܐ ܪܓܝܫ̈ܐ (Yan, 2024)؛ ܠܐ ܝܕܝܥܘܬܐ ܕܫܡܐ (anonymity) ܟܡܪܒܝܐ ܬܘܢܝܐ ܥܠ ܡܐ ܕܠܐ ܡܬܚܙܐ ܛܒܐ ܐܠܐ ܨܐ ܟܡܢܚܬܐ ܥܡܠܐ ܘܚܬܝܬܘܬܐ؛ ܢܘܣܚܐ "ܫܒܩܢܐ" ("ܣܓܝܐܐ ܐܢܫ̈ܐ ܠܐ ܡܛܝܠܗܘܢ ܕܝܗܒܝ ܩܠܐ…") ܟܡܪܒܐ ܬܘܢܝܐ، ܐܠܐ ܠܐ ܡܚܘܝܐ ܝܠܗ ܕܟܡܪܒܐ ܬܪܝܨܘܬܐ (Thomander & Krosnick, 2024). ܘܡܐ ܕܠܐ ܝܠܗ ܐܘܪܚܐ: ܫܠܡܘܬܐ ܡܢ ܝܕܥܬܐ (informed consent) ܕܟܐܡܪܐ ܡܢ ܩܕܡ ܡܘܕܝ ܒܕ ܡܫܬܐܠ، ܘܠܡܢ ܟܦܢܝ ܐܢ ܫܘ̈ܐܠܐ ܐܬܝܠܗܘܢ ܥܩܬܐ – ܓܘ ܦܐܬܐ ܕܐܝܬܝܩܐ ܕܒܘܨܝܐ.

9. ܦܣܘ̈ܩܐ ܗܦܝܟ̈ܐ

ܓܘ ܣܒܠܬܐ ܕܡܐܡܪ̈ܐ ܥܝܕܐ ܝܠܗ ܕܡܢܣܚܚ ܡܢܬܐ ܡܢ ܦܣܘ̈ܩܐ ܒܐܘܪܚܐ ܗܦܝܟܬܐ – ܓܘ ܦܢܩܝܬܐ ܕܙܕܥܬܐ ܕ-SPSS ܕ-Field (2024، ܦܣܩܐ 18.9.4)، 22 ܦܣܘ̈ܩܐ ܕܫܠܡܘܬܐ ܥܡܗܘܢ ܟܐܡܪܐ ܙܕܥܬܐ ("ܣܛܐܛܝܣܛܝܩܐ ܟܡܒܟܝܐ ܠܝ") ܘܦܣܘܩܐ ܚܕ ܗܦܝܟܐ ("ܣܛܝ̈ܘܬܐ ܬܩܝ̈ܢܬܐ ܟܡܚܕܝ ܠܝ"). ܦܣܘ̈ܩܐ ܗܦܝܟ̈ܐ ܚܫܝ̈ܚܐ ܝܢܐ ܡܛܠ ܕܟܡܙܥܪܝ ܡܣܒ ܒܐܦ̈ܐ ܕܦܘܢܝܐ – ܡܫܬܐܠ̈ܢܐ ܓܪܓ ܕܩܪܝ ܩܐ ܕܦܢܝ – ܐܠܐ ܐܝܬ ܠܗܘܢ ܛܝܡܐ ܕܓܪܓ ܕܦܪܥܚ ܩܕܡ ܦܘܫܩܐ: ܦܣܘܩܐ ܗܦܝܟܐ ܐܣܝܪܐ ܝܠܗ ܬܚܝܬ ܨܦܪܐ ܥܡ ܦܣܘ̈ܩܐ ܐܚܪ̈ܢܐ، ܟܡܢܚܬ ܠܐܠܦܐ ܕ-Cronbach ܘܡܨܐ ܐܦ ܕܥܒܕ ܠܗ̇ ܬܚܝܬ ܨܦܪܐ. ܡܛܠ ܗܕܟܐ ܟܗܦܟܚ ܠܡܢܝܢܐ ܕܝܠܗ ܩܕܡ ܦܘܫܩܐ ܕܫܪܝܪܘܬܐ: ܛܝܡܐ ܥܠܝܐ ܕܣܒܠܬܐ ܘܐܦ ܚܕ، ܒܨܝܪ ܛܝܡܐ (ܓܘ ܣܒܠܬܐ 1-5: 6 − ܛܝܡܐ) – 5 ܟܗܘܐ 1، 1 ܟܗܘܐ 5، 3 ܟܦܐܫ 3 (Field, 2024, Section 18.9.4). ܓܘ ܣܐܝܛ: ܟܡܥܠܚ ܦܣܘܩܐ ܐܝܟ ܕܦܢܝܐ ܝܠܗ، ܟܟܬܒܚ reverse ܓܘ ܥܡܘܕܐ ܕܡܥܝܪ̈ܢܘܬܐ ܓܘ ܡܦܫܩܢܐ (legend / מקרא)، ܘܦܐܬܐ ܕܐܠܦܐ ܟܗܦܟ ܠܗ ܡܢ ܓܢܗ̇؛ ܐܣܘܪܐ ܕܚܕ̈ܕܐ ܕܦܣܘܩܐ-ܣܒܠܬܐ ܬܚܝܬ ܨܦܪܐ ܓܘ ܡܦܩܢܐ ܩܪܝܒ ܟܠܙܒܢ ܦܣܘܩܐ ܗܦܝܟܐ ܝܠܗ ܕܠܐ ܪܫܝܡܐ ܝܠܗ.

10. ܢܣܝܘܢܐ ܩܕܡܝܐ

ܩܕܡ ܦܘܪܣܐ، Pallant (2020، ܨܚܚܐ 1) ܟܒܥܝܐ ܢܣܝܘܢܐ ܩܕܡܝܐ (pilot) – ܘܥܠ ܐܢܫ̈ܐ ܡܢ ܐܗܘ ܙܢܐ ܓܢܗ ܕܒܕ ܦܢܝ ܓܘ ܒܘܨܝܐ ܒܓܢܗ (ܥܠܝ̈ܡܐ، ܕܠܐ ܥܒܕܐ، ܐܣܝܪ̈ܐ): ܩܐ ܫܪܪܬܐ ܕܦܘ̈ܩܕܢܐ، ܫܘ̈ܐܠܐ ܘܦܣܘ̈ܩܐ ܕܣܒܠܬܐ ܓܠܝ̈ܐ ܝܢܐ، ܕܡܫܬܐܠ̈ܢܐ ܟܦܗܡܝ ܘܟܦܢܝ ܐܝܟ ܕܓܪܓ، ܘܩܐ ܡܫܟܚܬܐ ܕܫܘ̈ܐܠܐ ܕܡܨܝ̈ܐ ܕܡܢܟܝ. ܐܗܐ ܨܐ ܝܠܗ ܐܬܪܐ ܕܒܓܘܗ ܟܡܬܚܙܐ ܕ"ܟܫܬܝܬ/ܟܫܬܝܐܬ ܬܬܘܢ؟" ܠܐ ܝܠܗ ܫܘܐܠܐ ܚܕ (ܦܣܩܐ 5)، ܘܕܣܒܠܬܐ ܕܥܒܕܐ ܓܘ ܡܪܕܘܬܐ ܐܚܪܬܐ ܠܐ ܟܥܒܕܐ ܐܟܐ (ܦܣܩܐ 2) – ܡܨܝܚ ܡܢ ܗܫܐ ܥܠ ܝܗܝ̈ܒܬܐ ܕܢܣܝܘܢܐ ܩܕܡܝܐ ܕܚܫܒܚ ܐܠܦܐ ܓܘ ܦܐܬܐ ܕܐܠܦܐ. ܘܓܘ ܢܣܝܘܢܐ – ܬܢܝܬܐ ܓܡܝܪܬܐ ܕܡܢܝܘܠܘܬܐ (manipulation) ܘܕܡܚܘ̈ܝܢܐ، ܝܘܠܦܢܐ ܕܡܫܐܠ̈ܢܐ، ܘܒܘܚܪܢܐ ܕܫܪܝܪܘܬܐ ܒܝܢܝ ܚܙܝ̈ܐ ܐܝܡܢ ܕܟܡܐ ܐܢܫ̈ܐ ܟܪܡܙܝ ܬܘܪܨܐ ܕܥܒ̈ܕܐ (Pallant, 2020، ܨܚܚܐ 1؛ ܡܚܫܒܢܐ: ܫܪܝܪܘܬܐ ܒܝܢܝ ܪܡܙ̈ܢܐ). "ܬܪܨܬܐ ܕܡܒܘ̈ܥܐ ܕܫܓܘܫܝܐ ܩܕܡ ܕܦܪܣܚ ܡܐ̈ܐ ܦܢܩ̈ܝܬܐ ܕܫܘܐ̈ܠܐ."

Yan (2024) ܟܡܦܬܝܐ ܩܘܛܝܐ ܕܡܐܢ̈ܐ ܠܦܘܬ ܕܪܓܐ: ܓܘ̈ܕܐ ܕܡܘܫܚܬܐ (focus groups) ܓܘ ܕܪܓܐ ܕܚܘܫܒܐ – ܐܝܟܢ ܐܢܫ̈ܐ ܟܡܡܠܠܝ ܥܠ ܡܘܬܒܐ، ܘܒܐܝܢܝ ܡ̈ܠܐ؛ ܒܨܝܐ ܕܡܗܝܪ̈ܐ ܘܡܫܡܥ̈ܬܐ ܕܗܘܢܐ (cognitive interviews) – ܡܫܬܐܠܢܐ ܟܚܫܒ ܒܩܠܐ ܓܘ ܙܒܢܐ ܕܦܘܢܝܐ، ܘܒܨܘܝܐ ܟܫܡܥ ܡܘܕܝ ܦܗܡܠܗ ܘܐܝܟܢ ܓܒܐܠܗ – ܩܕܡ ܚܩܠܐ؛ ܘܓܘ ܙܒܢܐ ܕܟܢܫܐ – ܙܒ̈ܢܐ ܕܦܘܢܝܐ (ܦܢܩܝܬܐ ܥܠ ܐܝܢܛܪܢܝܬ ܟܪܫܡܐ ܠܗܘܢ). ܐܘܪ̈ܚܬܐ ܠܐ ܟܠܙܒܢ ܟܡܚܘܝ ܐܢܝ ܥܩ̈ܬܐ ܓܢܝܗܝ، ܐܠܐ ܟܡܐ ܐܘܪ̈ܚܬܐ ܛܒ̈ܐ ܝܢܐ ܡܢ ܚܕܐ، ܘ"ܟܠ ܐܘܪܚܐ ܕܫܘܥܪܐ ܛܒܬܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܡܢ ܠܐ ܡܕܡ" (Yan, 2024)؛ Thomander ܘ-Krosnick (2024) ܟܩܪܝ ܠܐܗܐ "ܒܘܚܪܢܐ ܕܗܘܢܐ ܡܩܕܡܐ"، ܘܐܝܗܝ ܝܠܗ̇ ܐܘܪܚܐ ܕܝܠܗܘܢ ܩܐ ܡܫܘܚܬܐ ܐܢ ܫܘܐܠܐ ܟܡܥܒܪ ܚܘܫܒܐ ܒܐܘܪܚܐ ܫܘܝܬܐ (ܦܣܩܐ 7).

11. ܡܢ ܦܢܩܝܬܐ ܠܦܐܝܠ

ܠܟܬܒܐ ܕܪ̈ܡܙܐ (codebook) ܟܡܛܝܒܚ ܩܕܡ ܡܥܠܬܐ ܕܝܗܝ̈ܒܬܐ، ܠܐ ܒܬܪܗ̇: ܩܐ ܟܠ ܡܫܬܚܠܦܢܐ ܫܡܐ ܩܨܝܪܐ ܘܝܚܝܕܝܐ، ܬܚܘܝܬܐ، ܐܘܪܚܐ ܕܪܡܙܢܘܬܐ ܕܦܘܢ̈ܝܐ ܘܕܪܓܐ ܕܡܫܘܚܬܐ؛ ܘܩܐ ܟܠ ܦܢܩܝܬܐ – ܡܢܝܢܐ ܡܦܪܫܢܐ ܕܟܬܝܒܐ ܝܠܗ ܥܠܗ̇، ܗܕܟܐ ܕܡܨܝܚ ܕܕܥܪܚ ܠܗ̇ ܐܝܡܢ ܕܛܥܝܘܬܐ ܟܡܫܬܟܚܐ (Pallant, 2020, Chapter 2). ܓܘ ܣܐܝܛ ܟܬܒܐ ܕܪ̈ܡܙܐ ܝܠܗ ܓܠܝܘܢܐ ܕܡܦܫܩܢܐ (legend / מקרא) ܓܘ ܦܐܝܠ ܕܐܩܣܠ، ܘܒܢܝܢܐ ܕܦܐܝܠ – ܣܕܪܐ ܩܐ ܡܫܬܘܬܦܢܐ، ܥܡܘܕܐ ܩܐ ܡܫܬܚܠܦܢܐ – ܡܬܚܘܐ ܝܠܗ ܓܘ ܛܘܦܣܐ ܬܩܝܢܐ ܕܝܗܝ̈ܒܬܐ، ܥܡ ܛܘܦܣܐ ܣܦܝܩܐ ܩܐ ܡܚܬܬܐ ܘܡܒܚܪܢܐ ܕܟܡܬܢܐ ܡܘܕܝ ܟܠ ܡܚܫܒܢܐ ܒܕ ܡܫܬܘܕܥ. ܬܪܝܢ ܐܘܪ̈ܚܬܐ ܩܨܝܪ̈ܬܐ: ܡܢ ܕܝܗܝ̈ܒܬܐ ܕܝܠܗ ܡܢ ܩܕܡ ܓܘ SPSS ܝܢܐ ܟܡܦܩ ܛܘܦܣܐ ܡܢ ܦܐܝܠ ܓܘ ܡܢ SPSS ܠܐܩܣܠ – ܘܐܢ ܦܢܩܝܬܐ ܟܬܝܒܬܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܓܘ Word ܓܘ ܠܘ̈ܚܐ ܕܓܘ ܩܠܝܬܐ ܩܕܡܝܬܐ ܕܝܠܗܘܢ ܐܝܬ ܪܡܙܐ ܕܫܘܐܠܐ (Q1، Q2، D3)، ܦܐܬܐ ܟܡܡܠܐ ܡܢ ܦܢܩܝܬܐ ܐܦ ܢܘܣܚܐ ܓܡܝܪܐ ܕܫܘܐܠܐ ܘܦܘ̈ܩܕܢܐ ܕܡܨܠܠܢܘܬܐ؛ ܘܡܢ ܕܟܡܥܠܐ ܒܐܝܕܐ – ܟܝܗܒ ܡܢܝ̈ܢܐ ܠܓܘܒ̈ܝܐ ܥܠ ܦܢܩܝܬܐ، ܘܟܟܬܒ ܡܢܝܢܐ.

ܛܥܝ̈ܘܬܐ ܕܡܬܚܙܝܢ ܣܓܝ (Common mistakes)

ܫܐܠܬܐ ܒܓܢ̈ܣܐ ܡܐ ܕܡܨܝܚ ܕܫܐܠܚ ܐܝܟ ܡܢܝܢܐ. ܥܘܡܪܐ، ܫܢ̈ܐ ܕܥܒܕܐ، ܡܥܠܬܐ، ܫܥ̈ܐ – ܒܓܢ̈ܣܐ ܡܫܬܚܠܦ̈ܢܐ ܕܛܟܣܐ ܝܢܐ، ܘܐܣܘܪܐ ܕܚܕ̈ܕܐ ܘܡܨܥܝܬܐ ܐܒܝܕ̈ܐ ܝܢܐ (Pallant, 2020, Chapter 1).

ܚܘܫܒܢܐ ܕܡܨܥܝܬܐ ܕܫܘܐܠܐ ܚܕ ܘܬܘܢܝܐ ܕܝܠܗ̇ ܐܝܟ ܕܗܘܝܐ ܡܢܝܢܐ ܕܣܒܠܬܐ. ܦܣܘܩܐ ܝܚܝܕܝܐ ܡܫܬܚܠܦܢܐ ܕܛܟܣܐ ܝܠܗ (Field, 2024, Box 1.2; Jamieson, 2004) – ܣܓܝܐܘ̈ܬܐ ܘܛܝܡܐ ܡܨܥܝܐ؛ ܡܨܥܝܬܐ ܘܒܘܚܪ̈ܢܐ t – ܩܐ ܡܢܝܢܐ ܕܣܒܠܬܐ ܕܦܣܘ̈ܩܐ ܣܓܝ̈ܐܐ (Norman, 2010).

ܟܬܒܬܐ ܕܣܒܠܬܐ ܕܝܘܟܘܢ ܐܝܡܢ ܕܐܝܬ ܣܒܠܬܐ ܡܫܪܪܬܐ. ܒܨܝܐ ܕܟܬ̈ܒܐ ܩܕܡܝܐ؛ ܘܐܢ ܐܦܢ ܗܕܟܐ – ܦܣܘ̈ܩܐ ܡܬܚܫ̈ܒܢܐ ܣܓܝ̈ܐܐ، ܕܘܡܝܐ ܪܒܐ، ܦܘܫܩܐ ܕܥܠ̈ܠܬܐ ܘܐܠܦܐ (Pallant, 2020, Chapter 1; Field, 2024, Section 18.5).

ܬܘܢܝܐ ܕܐܠܦܐ ܡܢ ܡܐܡܪܐ ܫܪܫܝܐ ܒܕܘܟܬ ܚܘܫܒܢܐ ܓܘ ܕܘܡܝܐ ܕܝܘܟܘܢ. ܫܪܝܪܘܬܐ ܕܣܒܠܬܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܓܘ ܐܗܐ ܟܢܫܐ ܟܠܢܝܐ، ܓܘ ܐܗܐ ܚܘܕܪܐ (Field, 2024, Section 18.9.1; Pallant, 2020, Chapter 1).

ܫܘܐܠܐ ܬܢܝܢܐ، ܠܐ ܬܢܝܢܐ، ܫܘܐܠܐ ܕܟܡܕܒܪ ܠܦܘܢܝܐ. ܠܘܚܐ 2.

ܦܘܪܣܐ ܕܠܐ ܢܣܝܘܢܐ ܩܕܡܝܐ. ܟܠ ܡܐ ܕܠܐ ܐܚܝܕܐ ܝܠܗ ܓܘ ܢܣܝܘܢܐ ܩܕܡܝܐ ܟܡܬܚܕ ܓܘ ܦܘܫܩܐ – ܐܝܡܢ ܕܠܐ ܡܨܝܚ ܒܬܪ ܕܬܪܨܚ (Pallant, 2020, Chapter 1).

ܛܥܝܬܐ ܕܦܣܘ̈ܩܐ ܗܦܝܟ̈ܐ. ܐܠܦܐ ܢܚܝܬܬܐ ܝܢ ܬܚܝܬ ܨܦܪܐ، ܐܣܘܪܐ ܕܚܕ̈ܕܐ ܕܦܣܘܩܐ-ܣܒܠܬܐ ܬܚܝܬ ܨܦܪܐ (Field, 2024, Section 18.9.4)؛ reverse ܓܘ ܡܦܫܩܢܐ ܟܫܪܐ ܥܩܬܐ.

"ܠܐ ܝܕܥܢ" ܐܝܟ ܛܝܡܐ ܚܣܝܪܐ، ܝܢ ܐܝܟ ܡܨܥܬܐ ܕܣܒܠܬܐ. ܪܡܙܐ ܦܪܝܫܐ، ܟܬܝܒܐ، ܕܡܦܝܩܐ ܝܠܗ ܩܕܡ ܡܨܥܝܬܐ (Pallant, 2020، ܨܚܚܐ 1 – ܡܠܟܐ ܕܬܘܣܦܬܐ ܕܓܢܣܐ؛ ܦܘܠܚܢܐ ܓܘ ܦܐܝܠ – ܥܝܕܐ ܕܣܐܝܛ) – ܘܓܘ ܫܘ̈ܐܠܐ ܕܕܘܟܬܐ، ܒܥܕܢܐ ܫܚܝܡܐ ܕܠܐ ܐܗܐ (Thomander & Krosnick, 2024).

ܡܐܡܪ̈ܐ ܕ"ܟܫܠܡܢ / ܠܐ ܟܫܠܡܢ" ܩܐ ܦܣܘ̈ܩܐ ܚܕ̈ܬܐ. ܡܣܒ ܒܐܦ̈ܐ ܕܫܠܡܘܬܐ؛ ܫܘܐܠܐ ܥܠ ܚܘܫܒܐ، ܥܡ ܓܘܒ̈ܝܐ ܫܘ̈ܝܐ (Thomander & Krosnick, 2024).

ܣܓܝܐܘܬܐ ܒ"ܣܓܝ ܓܗ̈ܐ / ܚܠܐ ܓܗ̈ܐ / ܩܠܝܠ ܓܗ̈ܐ". ܟܠ ܚܕ ܟܦܗܡ ܐܚܪܢܐܝܬ، ܘܣܒܠܬܐ ܒܓܢܗ̇ ܟܡܠܦܐ ܡܘܕܝ ܝܠܗ "ܢܘܪܡܠܝܐ"؛ ܡܢܝܢܐ ܒܡܫܘܚܬܐ ܟܝܢܝܬܐ (Thomander & Krosnick, 2024؛ Yan, 2024).

ܡܢܝ̈ܢܐ ܒܕܘܟܬ ܡ̈ܠܐ ܥܠ ܣܒܠܬܐ، ܣܒܠܬܐ ܕܠܐ ܡܨܥܬܐ، ܝܢ ܡܓܪܫܢܐ. ܡ̈ܠܐ ܥܠ ܟܠ ܕܪ̈ܓܐ، 5 ܝܢ 7 ܥܡ ܡܨܥܬܐ (Thomander & Krosnick, 2024).

ܫܘ̈ܐܠܐ ܕܡܨܠܠܢܘܬܐ ܚܠܝܛ̈ܐ ܝܢܐ ܒܝܢܝ ܫܘ̈ܐܠܐ ܕܒܬܪ. ܡܢ ܕܟܦܗܡ ܕ"ܠܐ" ܟܢܛܪ ܫܘ̈ܐܠܐ – ܟܦܢܐ "ܠܐ"؛ ܟܠ ܫܘ̈ܐܠܐ ܕܡܨܠܠܢܘܬܐ ܩܕܡܝܐ (Yan, 2024).

ܪܫܝܡܬܐ ܕܒܘܚܪܢܐ – ܩܕܡ ܦܘܪܣܐ

ܡܒܘ̈ܥܐ

Field, A. (2024). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics (6th ed.). SAGE.

Jamieson, S. (2004). Likert scales: How to (ab)use them. Medical Education, 38(12), 1217-1218. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2929.2004.02012.x

Norman, G. (2010). Likert scales, levels of measurement and the "laws" of statistics. Advances in Health Sciences Education, 15(5), 625-632. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10459-010-9222-y

Pallant, J. (2020). SPSS survival manual: A step by step guide to data analysis using IBM SPSS (7th ed.). Routledge.

Thomander, S. D., & Krosnick, J. A. (2024). Question and questionnaire design. In A. L. Nichols & J. E. Edlund (Eds.), The Cambridge handbook of research methods and statistics for the social and behavioral sciences: Vol. 2. Performing research (pp. 352-370). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009000796.017

Yan, T. (2024). Self-report measures. In A. L. Nichols & J. E. Edlund (Eds.), The Cambridge handbook of research methods and statistics for the social and behavioral sciences: Vol. 2. Performing research (pp. 329-351). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009000796.016

Nunnally (1978)، Briggs ܘ-Cheek (1986)، DeVellis (2012)، De Vaus (2014)، Kline (1999، 2005) ܘ-Streiner ܘ-Norman (2015) – ܐܝܟ ܕܡܝܬܝ̈ܐ ܝܢܐ ܠܘܬ Pallant (2020)؛ Pedhazur ܘ-Schmelkin (1991)، Comrey ܘ-Lee (1992) ܘ-Guadagnoli ܘ-Velicer (1988) – ܐܝܟ ܕܡܝܬܝ̈ܐ ܝܢܐ ܠܘܬ Field (2024)؛ Carifio ܘ-Perla (2008) – ܐܝܟ ܕܡܝܬܝ̈ܐ ܝܢܐ ܠܘܬ Norman (2010)؛ Krosnick (1991)، Schwarz ܘܚܒܪ̈ܘܗܝ (1985)، Dolnicar ܘܚܒܪ̈ܘܗܝ (2012)، Smyth ܘܚܒܪ̈ܘܗܝ (2008)، Smith (1988) ܘ-Schuman ܘ-Presser (1981) – ܐܝܟ ܕܡܝܬܝ̈ܐ ܝܢܐ ܠܘܬ Thomander ܘ-Krosnick (2024)؛ Suessbrick ܘܚܒܪ̈ܘܗܝ (2000)، Strack ܘܚܒܪ̈ܘܗܝ (1988)، Schwarz ܘܚܒܪ̈ܘܗܝ (1985، 1991) ܘ-Grice – ܐܝܟ ܕܡܝܬܝ̈ܐ ܝܢܐ ܠܘܬ Yan (2024). ܠܦܘܬ ܢܡܘܣܐ ܕܣܐܝܛ، ܓܘ ܪܫܝܡܬܐ ܕܡܒܘ̈ܥܐ ܒܣ ܡܒܘ̈ܥܐ ܕܩܪ̈ܝܐ ܝܢܐ ܒܓܢܝܗܝ ܟܡܬܚܙܝ. Field (2024) ܘ-Pallant (2020) ܒܢܘܣܚܐ ܕܝܓܝܛܠܝܐ ܕܪܕܝܐ (reflowable) – ܡܝܬܝܬܐ ܠܦܘܬ ܦܣܩܐ ܘܨܚܚܐ؛ ܬܪܝܢ ܡܐܡܪ̈ܐ ܘܬܪܝܢ ܨܚܚ̈ܐ ܕܡܕܒܪܢܐ ܕ-Cambridge – ܠܦܘܬ ܟܠܗ ܦܪܨܘܦܐ، ܕܠܐ ܡܢܝ̈ܢܐ ܕܦܐܬ̈ܐ ܓܘ ܓܘܫܡܐ ܕܟܬܒܐ.