ܡܫܬܚܠܦ̈ܢܐ، ܕܪ̈ܓܐ ܕܡܫܘܚܬܐ ܘܬܘܩ̈ܢܐ ܕܒܘܨܝܐ
ܡܐ ܟܡܫܚܚ ܘܒܐܝܢܐ ܕܪܓܐ ܕܡܫܘܚܬܐ (level of measurement)، ܐܝܢܐ ܚܘܫܒܢܐ ܫܒܝܩܐ ܝܠܗ ܓܘ ܟܠ ܕܪܓܐ، ܘܐܝܟܢܐ ܟܟܢܫܚ ܝܗܝ̈ܒܬܐ – ܕܐܣܘܪܐ ܕܚܕ̈ܕܐ ܝܢ ܕܢܣܝܘܢܐ، ܒܝܢܝ ܡܫܬܘܬܦ̈ܢܐ (between-subjects) ܝܢ ܒܡܫܘ̈ܚܬܐ ܡܬܢ̈ܝܬܐ (repeated measures) – ܘܡܐ ܕܟܠ ܓܘܒܝܐ ܟܫܒܩ ܠܡܦܠܛܐ ܘܡܐ ܕܠܐ. ܡܢܬܐ ܐ – ܬܘܩܢܐ ܕܒܘܨܝܐ (research design).
ܡܐ ܐܝܬ ܓܘ ܐܗܐ ܦܐܬܐ (On this page)
ܒܬܪ ܕܐܝܬ ܡܢܒܝܢܘܬܐ (prediction) (ܚܙܝܡܘܢ ܫܘܐܠܐ ܕܒܘܨܝܐ ܘܗܘܦܘܬܣ̈ܝܣ) ܟܦܝܫܝ ܬܪܝܢ ܦܘܣ̈ܩܢܐ ܕܟܦܣܩܝ ܟܠ ܡܐ ܕܒܕ ܐܬܐ ܒܬܪܝܗܝ: ܡܐ ܠܡܫܚܐ – ܐܝܢܝ̈ ܡܫܬܚܠܦ̈ܢܐ (variables)، ܘܒܐܝܢܐ ܕܪܓܐ ܕܡܫܘܚܬܐ (level of measurement)، ܡܛܠ ܕܕܪܓܐ ܟܦܣܩ ܐܝܢܐ ܚܘܫܒܢܐ ܫܒܝܩܐ ܝܠܗ ܘܐܝܢܐ ܡܚܫܒܢܐ (calculator) ܦܐܐܫ ܝܠܗ؛ ܘܐܝܟܢܐ ܠܡܟܢܫܐ – ܠܡܚܙܐ ܡܐ ܕܟܗܘܐ، ܝܢ ܠܡܥܠܐ ܘܠܡܦܚܡܐ، ܥܡ ܗܢܝ̈ ܐܢܫ̈ܐ ܝܢ ܥܡ ܐܢܫ̈ܐ ܦܪ̈ܝܫܐ، ܡܛܠ ܕܬܘܩܢܐ (design) ܟܦܣܩ ܡܐ ܫܒܝܩܐ ܝܠܗ ܠܡܦܠܛܐ. ܦܐܬܐ ܟܐܙܠܐ ܒܬܪ Field (2024، ܦܣ̈ܩܐ 1.5-1.6) ܘܟܡܐܣܪܐ ܟܠ ܦܘܣܩܢܐ ܥܡ ܛܘܦܣܐ ܬܩܝܢܐ ܕܐܩܣܠ ܕܣܐܝܛ ܘܥܡ ܡܚܫܒܢܐ ܕܟܡܣܟܐ ܠܗ.
ܡܢܒܝܢܐ ܘܦܐܪܐ
ܥܠܬܐ ܡܩܪܒܬܐ ܘܦܐܪܐ ܡܩܪܒܐ. ܓܘ ܣܐܝܛ، ܐܝܟ ܓܘ Field، ܒܕܘܟܬܐ ܕ"ܠܐ ܬܠܝܐ" ܘ"ܬܠܝܐ" – ܡܛܠ ܕܓܘ ܒܘܨܝܐ ܕܐܣܘܪܐ ܕܚܕ̈ܕܐ ܠܝܬ ܡܫܬܚܠܦܢܐ ܕܒܨܘܝܐ ܫܠܝܛ ܝܠܗ ܥܠܗ.
ܕܪܓܐ ܕܡܫܘܚܬܐ
ܐܣܘܪܐ ܒܝܢܝ ܡܕܡ ܕܡܫܝܚܐ ܝܠܗ ܘܡܢܝ̈ܢܐ ܕܟܡܚܘܝܝ ܠܗ: ܕܓܢ̈ܣܐ (ܕܬܪܝܢ ܛܝ̈ܡܐ، ܕܫܡܗ̈ܐ، ܕܛܟܣܐ) ܝܢ ܡܬܡܫܚܢܐ (ܕܪ̈ܘܚܩܐ ܫܘ̈ܝܐ، ܕܦܘܚܡܐ). ܟܦܣܩ ܡܐ ܫܒܝܩܐ ܝܠܗ ܠܡܚܫܒܐ.
ܬܘܩܢܐ ܕܐܣܘܪܐ ܕܚܕ̈ܕܐ
ܟܚܙܚ ܡܐ ܕܟܗܘܐ ܕܠܐ ܡܥܠܬܐ – ܒܘܨܝܐ ܕܚܕ ܙܒܢܐ ܝܢ ܕܐܘܪܟܐ ܕܙܒܢܐ. ܛܒܥܝܐ ܘܬܪܝܨܐ ܐܟܘܠܘܓܝܐܝܬ؛ ܠܐ ܟܐܡܪ ܡܕܡ ܥܠ ܥܠܬܢܘܬܐ (causality).
ܬܘܩܢܐ ܕܢܣܝܘܢܐ
ܟܥܐܠܚ: ܥܠܬܐ ܡܩܪܒܬܐ ܐܝܬܝܗ̇ ܓܘ ܚܠܬܐ ܚܕܐ ܘܠܝܬܝܗ̇ ܓܘ ܐܚܪܬܐ، ܘܡܫܬܘܬܦ̈ܢܐ ܦܠܝܓ̈ܐ ܝܢܐ ܠܓܒܝܗܝ̈ܢ ܓܕܫܢܐܝܬ. ܐܘܪܚܐ ܝܚܝܕܝܬܐ ܠܡܦܠܛܐ ܥܠܬܐ.
1. ܡܫܬܚܠܦ̈ܢܐ – ܡܢܒܝܢܐ ܘܦܐܪܐ
ܡܫܬܚܠܦܢܐ (variable) ܝܠܗ ܡܕܡ ܕܟܫܢܐ: ܒܝܢܝ ܐܢܫ̈ܐ (ܡܢܝܢܐ ܕܗܘܢܐ (IQ)، ܗܘܦܟܐ)، ܒܝܢܝ ܕܘ̈ܟܐ (ܒܛܝܠܘܬܐ) ܝܢ ܒܙܒܢܐ (ܨܒܝܢܐ ܕܢܦܫܐ، ܝܘܬܪܢܐ). ܣܓܝܐܘܬܐ ܕܗܘܦܘܬܣ̈ܝܣ ܟܬܝ̈ܒܐ ܝܢܐ ܒܬܪܝܢ ܡܫܬܚܠܦ̈ܢܐ – ܥܠܬܐ ܡܩܪܒܬܐ ܘܦܐܪܐ ܡܩܪܒܐ – ܘܩܠܝܕܐ ܩܐ ܒܘܚܪܢܐ ܕܡܠܬܐ ܝܕܥܬܢܝܬܐ ܝܠܗ ܠܡܫܚܐ ܬܪܘܝܗܝ (Field, 2024, Section 1.5.1). ܫܡ̈ܗܐ "ܡܫܬܚܠܦܢܐ ܠܐ ܬܠܝܐ" (ܥܠܬܐ) ܘ"ܡܫܬܚܠܦܢܐ ܬܠܝܐ" (ܦܐܪܐ) ܣܓܝ ܐܣܝܪ̈ܐ ܝܢܐ ܥܡ ܢܣܝܘܢܐ (experiment)، ܕܓܘܗ ܒܨܘܝܐ ܟܡܫܢܐ ܥܠܬܐ؛ ܓܘ ܒܘܨܝܐ ܕܐܣܘܪܐ ܕܚܕ̈ܕܐ، ܕܓܘܗ ܚܕ ܡܫܬܚܠܦܢܐ ܠܐ ܡܫܢܝܐ ܝܠܗ، ܠܝܬ ܣܘܟܠܐ ܠܡܡܠܠܐ ܥܠ ܬܠܝܐ ܘܠܐ ܬܠܝܐ – ܟܠܗܘܢ ܒܫܪܪܐ ܬܠܝ̈ܐ ܝܢܐ. ܡܛܠ ܗܕܐ Field ܟܓܒܐ ܒܢܘܬ "ܡܢܒܝܢܐ" (predictor) ܘ"ܦܐܪܐ" (outcome): ܓܘ ܢܣܝܘܢܐ ܥܠܬܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܡܢܒܝܢܐ ܘܦܐܪܐ ܝܠܗ ܦܐܪܐ، ܘܓܘ ܒܘܨܝܐ ܕܐܣܘܪܐ ܕܚܕ̈ܕܐ ܚܕ ܡܫܬܚܠܦܢܐ ܝܢ ܒܢܘܬ ܟܡܢܒܝܝ – ܠܦܚܘܬ ܣܛܐܛܝܣܛܝܩܐܝܬ – ܡܫܬܚܠܦܢܐ ܐܚܪܢܐ. ܣܐܝܛ ܟܥܒܕ ܐܝܟܘܬܗ: ܓܘ ܟܠ ܡܚܫܒܢܐ ܒܕ ܦܓܥܝܬܘܢ ܒ"ܡܢܒܝܢܐ" ܘ"ܦܐܪܐ"، ܘܦܠܛܐ ܕܥܠܬܢܘܬܐ – ܐܢ ܐܝܬ – ܟܐܬܐ ܡܢ ܬܘܩܢܐ (ܦܣܩܐ 4)، ܠܐ ܡܢ ܫܡܐ.
2. ܕܪ̈ܓܐ ܕܡܫܘܚܬܐ – ܡܐ ܕܡܢܝܢܐ ܟܐܡܪ، ܘܡܐ ܫܒܝܩܐ ܝܠܗ ܠܡܥܒܕ ܥܡܗ
ܕܪܓܐ ܕܡܫܘܚܬܐ (level of measurement) ܝܠܗ ܐܣܘܪܐ ܒܝܢܝ ܡܐ ܕܡܫܝܚܐ ܝܠܗ ܘܡܢܝ̈ܢܐ ܕܟܡܚܘܝܝ ܠܗ (Field, 2024, Section 1.5.2). ܦܘܪܫܐ ܓܣܝܐ: ܡܫܬܚܠܦܢܐ ܕܓܢ̈ܣܐ (categorical) ܟܦܪܫ ܡܕܡ̈ܐ ܠܓܢ̈ܣܐ ܦܪ̈ܝܫܐ – ܐܢܫܐ، ܩܛܘܣܐ، ܥܛܠܦܐ؛ ܠܐ ܡܨܝܚ ܠܗܘܝܐ ܩܠܝܠ ܩܛܘܣܐ. ܡܫܬܚܠܦܢܐ ܡܬܡܫܚܢܐ (continuous) ܟܝܗܒ ܠܟܠ ܡܕܡ ܡܢܝܢܐ ܥܠ ܣܒܠܬܐ (scale). ܘܓܘ ܟܠ ܚܕ – ܕܪ̈ܓܐ:
ܕܬܪܝܢ ܛܝ̈ܡܐ (binary) – ܬܪܝܢ ܓܢ̈ܣܐ ܒܠܚܘܕ: ܐܝܢ/ܠܐ، ܡܫܬܘܬܦܠܗ/ܠܐ ܡܫܬܘܬܦܠܗ. ܕܫܡܗ̈ܐ (nominal) – ܒܢܘܬ ܡܢ ܬܪܝܢ، ܕܠܐ ܛܟܣܐ: ܓܢܣܐ ܕܡܬܒܐ، ܡܢܬܐ ܕܥܡܐ، ܥܠܬܐ ܕܦܢܝܬܐ. ܐܦ ܐܡܬܝ ܕܟܪܫܡܚ ܓܢ̈ܣܐ ܒܡܢܝ̈ܢܐ (1 = ܕܡܥܝܫܢܘܬܐ، 2 = ܕܫܠܡܘܬܐ)، ܡܢܝ̈ܢܐ ܫܡ̈ܗܐ ܝܢܐ: ܡܬܠܐ ܕ-Field ܝܠܗ ܡܢܝ̈ܢܐ ܕܟܘܬܝܢ̈ܐ ܓܘ rugby، ܕܟܐܡܪܝ ܐܝܢܐ ܕܘܟܬܐ ܡܛܥܝܢܐ ܟܡܛܥܐ ܘܠܐ ܟܡܐ ܛܒܐ ܝܠܗ – ܘܚܕ ܠܐ ܒܕ ܫܒܩ ܠܡܢܝܢܐ 4 ܕܡܚܝܕ ܥܡ ܡܢܝܢܐ 6 ܩܐ ܠܡܒܥܛ ܒܕܘܟܬܐ ܕܡܢܝܢܐ 10 ܡܚܝܐ. ܥܡ ܕܫܡܗ̈ܐ ܟܥܒܕܚ ܡܕܡ ܚܕ: ܟܡܢܚ ܣܓܝܐܘ̈ܬܐ (frequencies). ܕܛܟܣܐ (ordinal) – ܓܢ̈ܣܐ ܥܡ ܛܟܣܐ ܡܠܝܠܐ: ܕܘܟܬܐ ܩܕܡܝܬܐ، ܬܪܝܢܝܬܐ، ܬܠܝܬܝܬܐ؛ ܠܐ ܥܒܪܠܗ، ܥܒܪܠܗ، ܡܝܬܪ. ܟܝܕܥܚ ܡܢܘ ܩܕܡ ܡܢܘ، ܠܐ ܒܟܡܐ – ܙܟܝܬܐ ܡܨܝܐ ܗܘܬ ܠܡܙܟܐ ܒܦܘܪܫܢܐ ܪܒܐ ܝܢ ܒܩܠܐ ܚܕ. ܕܪ̈ܘܚܩܐ ܫܘ̈ܝܐ (interval) – ܪ̈ܘܚܩܐ ܫܘ̈ܝܐ ܥܠ ܣܒܠܬܐ ܟܡܚܘܝܝ ܦܘܪ̈ܫܢܐ ܫܘ̈ܝܐ ܓܘ ܬܚܘܝܬܐ: ܦܘܪܫܢܐ ܒܝܢܝ 1 ܘ-2 ܝܠܗ ܦܘܪܫܢܐ ܒܝܢܝ 4 ܘ-5. ܣܓܝܐܘܬܐ ܕܒܘܚܪ̈ܢܐ ܣܛܐܛܝܣܛܝܩ̈ܝܐ ܟܬܒܥܝ ܐܗܐ ܕܪܓܐ ܘܠܥܠ. ܕܦܘܚܡܐ (ratio) – ܥܠ ܗܕܐ، ܐܝܬ ܨܦܪܐ ܫܪܝܪܐ ܘܦܘܚ̈ܡܐ ܕܐܝܬ ܠܗܘܢ ܣܘܟܠܐ: ܙܒܢܐ ܕܦܘܢܝܐ ܕ-200 milliseconds ܝܠܗ ܥܦܝܦܐ ܡܢ 100، ܘܨܦܪܐ milliseconds ܝܠܗ ܚܣܝܪܘܬܐ ܕܙܒܢܐ. ܥܘܡܪܐ، ܥܘܠܬܐ، ܡܢܝܢܐ ܕܝܠܘ̈ܕܐ – ܕܦܘܚܡܐ؛ ܡܢܝܢܐ ܓܘ ܣܒܠܬܐ ܕܥܩܬܐ ܕܓܘܗ̇ 16 ܠܐ ܝܠܗ "ܥܦܝܦܐ ܥܩܐ" ܡܢ 8 – ܠܡܬܚ ܡܢ ܟܠ ܕܪ̈ܘܚܩܐ ܫܘ̈ܝܐ.
ܦܘܪܫܐ ܐܚܪܢܐ ܟܦܠܓ ܡܬܡܫ̈ܚܢܐ: ܡܫܬܚܠܦܢܐ ܡܬܡܫܚܢܐ ܫܪܝܪܐܝܬ ܡܫܝܚܐ ܝܠܗ ܒܟܠ ܕܪܓܐ ܕܚܬܝܬܘܬܐ (ܥܘܡܪܐ ܒܫܢ̈ܐ، ܒܝܪ̈ܚܐ، ܒܝܘܡ̈ܐ...)؛ ܡܫܬܚܠܦܢܐ ܦܪܝܕܐ (discrete) ܟܫܩܠ ܒܣ ܛܝ̈ܡܐ ܡܕܡ، ܒܥܕܬܐ ܡܢܝ̈ܢܐ ܫܠܡ̈ܐ – ܕܪܓܐ ܡܢ 1 ܗܠ 5 ܦܪܝܕܐ ܝܠܗ ܐܦ ܐܢ ܬܚܘܬܗ ܐܝܬ ܡܬܡܫܚܢܘܬܐ ܡܣܬܒܪܢܝܬܐ (3.24 ܡܠܝܠܐ ܝܠܗ، ܐܠܐ ܠܐ ܡܨܝܚ ܠܡܥܠܐ ܠܗ). ܬܚܘܡܐ ܠܐ ܝܠܗ ܓܠܝܐ ܒܬܪܝܢ ܓܢ̈ܒܐ: ܥܘܡܪܐ ܟܬܝܒܐ ܝܠܗ ܒܫܢ̈ܐ ܫܠܡ̈ܐ، ܘܡܢܝܢܐ ܕܝܠܘ̈ܕܐ – ܦܪܝܕܐ – ܡܘܕܥܐ ܝܠܗ ܐܝܟ ܡܨܥܝܬܐ 2.4 ܕܚܕܐ ܡܫܦܚܬܐ ܠܐ ܗܘܝܠܗ̇ (Field, 2024, Box 1.3). ܡܚܫܒܢ̈ܐ (calculators) ܓܘ ܣܐܝܛ ܟܚܫܒܝ ܡܢܝ̈ܢܐ ܐܝܟ ܡܬܡܫ̈ܚܢܐ؛ ܒܨܘܝܬܐ ܟܦܣܩܐ ܐܢ ܡܨܥܝܬܐ ܐܝܬ ܠܗ̇ ܣܘܟܠܐ.
ܠܘܚܐ 1. ܕܪ̈ܓܐ ܕܡܫܘܚܬܐ – ܡܐ ܟܝܕܥܚ، ܡܐ ܫܒܝܩܐ ܝܠܗ ܠܡܚܫܒܐ، ܘܐܝܟܐ ܓܘ ܣܐܝܛ
| ܕܪܓܐ | ܡܬܠܐ | ܡܐ ܕܡܢܝܢܐ ܟܐܡܪ | ܡܐ ܫܒܝܩܐ ܝܠܗ ܠܡܚܫܒܐ | ܡܚܫܒܢܐ ܓܘ ܣܐܝܛ |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ܕܬܪܝܢ ܛܝ̈ܡܐ | ܡܫܬܘܬܦܠܗ / ܠܐ؛ ܢܫ̈ܐ / ܓܒܪ̈ܐ | ܫܡܐ ܕܚܕ ܡܢ ܬܪܝܢ ܓܢ̈ܣܐ | ܣܓܝܐܘ̈ܬܐ ܘܡܢܘ̈ܬܐ ܒܡܐܐ | ܣܓܝܐܘ̈ܬܐ؛ ܟܝ ܡܪܒܥܐ؛ t ܒܝܢܝ ܬܪܝܢ ܓܘ̈ܕܐ (ܐܝܟ ܡܢܒܝܢܐ) |
| ܕܫܡܗ̈ܐ | ܓܢܣܐ ܕܡܬܒܐ؛ ܡܢܬܐ ܕܥܡܐ؛ ܓܢܣܐ ܕܡܐ ܕܐܝܬ ܓܘ ܟܬܒܐ | ܫܡܐ؛ ܡܢܝܢܐ ܡܢ ܨܒܝܢܐ ܝܠܗ | ܣܓܝܐܘ̈ܬܐ، ܛܝܡܐ ܕܣܓܝ ܡܬܚܙܐ (mode) | ܣܓܝܐܘ̈ܬܐ؛ ܟܝ ܡܪܒܥܐ؛ ANOVA (ܐܝܟ ܡܢܒܝܢܐ)؛ ܫܪܝܪܘܬܐ ܒܝܢܝ ܪܡܙ̈ܢܐ (ܕܫܡܗ̈ܐ) |
| ܕܛܟܣܐ (ordinal) | ܝܘܠܦܢܐ ܒܕܪ̈ܓܐ؛ ܕܪܓܐ 1-5 ܕܦܣܘܩܐ ܝܚܝܕܝܐ؛ ܕܘܟܬܐ ܓܘ ܛܟܣܐ | ܡܢܘ ܩܕܡ ܡܢܘ؛ ܠܐ ܒܟܡܐ | ܛܝܡܐ ܡܨܥܝܐ (median)، ܕܪ̈ܓܐ ܡܢ ܡܐܐ؛ ܐܣܘܪܐ ܕܚܕ̈ܕܐ ܕ-Spearman | ܐܣܘܪ̈ܐ ܕܚܕ̈ܕܐ – Spearman؛ ܫܪܝܪܘܬܐ ܒܝܢܝ ܪܡܙ̈ܢܐ (metric ܕܛܟܣܐ) |
| ܕܪܘ̈ܚܩܐ ܫܘ̈ܝܐ | ܡܢܝܢܐ ܕܣܒܠܬܐ ܕܦܣܘ̈ܩܐ ܣܓܝ̈ܐܐ؛ ܚܡܝܡܘܬܐ ܒ-Celsius | ܦܘܪ̈ܫܢܐ ܫܘ̈ܝܐ = ܪ̈ܘܚܩܐ ܫܘ̈ܝܐ؛ ܠܝܬ ܨܦܪܐ ܫܪܝܪܐ | ܡܨܥܝܬܐ، ܣܛܝܘܬܐ ܬܩܝܢܬܐ، Pearson، t، ANOVA، ܪܝܓܪܫܢ | ܐܣܘܪ̈ܐ ܕܚܕ̈ܕܐ، ܨܘܪܬܐ ܕܒܕܪܐ، t، ANOVA، ܪܝܓܪܫܢ، ܐܠܦܐ ܕ-Cronbach |
| ܦܘܚܡܐ | ܥܘܡܪܐ؛ ܥܘܠܬܐ؛ ܫܥ̈ܐ ܕܫܘܬܦܘܬܐ؛ ܙܒܢܐ ܕܦܘܢܝܐ | ܐܦ ܦܘܚ̈ܡܐ: 20 ܝܠܗ ܥܦܝܦܐ ܡܢ 10 | ܟܠ ܡܐ ܕܐܝܬ ܓܘ ܕܪ̈ܘܚܩܐ ܫܘ̈ܝܐ، ܘܐܦ ܦܘܚ̈ܡܐ ܘܡܢܘ̈ܬܐ ܒܡܐܐ ܕܫܘܢܝܐ | ܐܝܟ ܕܪ̈ܘܚܩܐ ܫܘ̈ܝܐ |
ܡܥܝܪܢܘܬܐ. ܕܪ̈ܓܐ ܠܦܘܬ Field (2024، ܦܣܩܐ 1.5.2، ܘܟܢܘܫܝܐ Cramming Sam 1.2). ܓܘ ܛܘܦܣܐ ܬܩܝܢܐ ܕܐܩܣܠ ܕܣܐܝܛ (ܣܕܪܐ = ܡܫܬܘܬܦܢܐ، ܥܡܘܕܐ = ܡܫܬܚܠܦܢܐ) ܓܠܝܘܢܐ ܕܡܦܫܩܢܐ (legend / מקרא) ܟܪܫܡ ܩܐ ܟܠ ܡܫܬܚܠܦܢܐ ܓܢܣܐ ܕܝܠܗ – ܘܡܚܫܒܢ̈ܐ ܟܡܦܠܚܝ ܒܗ ܩܐ ܓܘܒܝܐ ܡܩܕܡܐ (ܡܬܠܐ metric ܕ-α ܓܘ ܦܐܬܐ ܕܫܪܝܪܘܬܐ). ܓܘ SPSS ܐܗܐ ܝܠܗ ܥܡܘܕܐ Measure (Nominal / Ordinal / Scale)؛ ܦܐܬܐ ܡܢ SPSS ܠܐܩܣܠ ܟܡܫܢܐ ܠܗ ܐܝܟ ܕܐܝܬܘܗܝ، ܘܟܡܙܗܪ ܐܡܬܝ ܕܟܠ ܡܫܬܚܠܦ̈ܢܐ ܬܚܝܡ̈ܐ ܝܢܐ Nominal – ܓܘܒܝܐ ܡܩܕܡܐ ܕܒܬ̈ܐ ܕܒܘܨܝܐ ܕܫܘܐ̈ܠܐ، ܠܐ ܡܘܕܥܢܘܬܐ ܥܠ ܡܫܬܚܠܦ̈ܢܐ.
3. ܣܒ̈ܠܬܐ ܕܕܪ̈ܓܐ – ܕܛܟܣܐ ܝܢ ܕܪ̈ܘܚܩܐ ܫܘ̈ܝܐ؟
ܫܘܐܠܐ ܕܟܕܥܪ ܓܘ ܟܠ ܒܘܨܝܐ ܕܦܢܩܝ̈ܬܐ ܕܫܘܐ̈ܠܐ: ܕܪܓܐ "ܒܡܫܘܚܬܐ ܣܓܝ ܪܒܬܐ ... ܒܟܠܗ ܠܐ" ܒܚܡܫܐ ܕܪ̈ܓܐ – ܐܢ ܗܘ ܣܒܠܬܐ ܕܪ̈ܘܚܩܐ ܫܘ̈ܝܐ (interval scale)، ܕܫܒܝܩܐ ܝܠܗ ܠܡܚܫܒܐ ܩܐ ܕܝܠܗ ܡܨܥܝܬܐ ܘܐܣܘܪܐ ܕܚܕ̈ܕܐ ܕ-Pearson، ܝܢ ܣܒܠܬܐ ܕܛܟܣܐ (ordinal scale)؟ Field (2024، ܩܘܛܝܐ 1.2) ܚܪܝܦܐ ܝܠܗ: ܕܝܢܐ ܕܝܗܒܠܗ 10 ܫܪܝܪܐܝܬ ܡܬܚܫܚܠܗ ܒܢܘܬ ܡܢ ܕܝܢܐ ܕܝܗܒܠܗ 2، ܐܠܐ ܐܢ ܚܡܫܐ ܓܗ̈ܐ؟ ܘܐܢ ܬܪܘܝܗܝ ܝܗܒܠܗܘܢ 8 – ܐܢ ܡܬܚܫܚܠܗܘܢ ܒܡܫܘܚܬܐ ܫܘܝܬܐ؟ ܒܠܟܝ ܠܐ، ܡܛܠ ܕܕܪܓܐ ܬܠܝܐ ܝܠܗ ܒܚܘܫܒܐ ܕܓܢܐ ܕܟܠ ܚܕ ܥܠ ܡܐ ܝܠܗ "ܡܘܗܒܬܐ". ܡܛܠ ܗܕܐ، ܟܟܬܒ، ܓܘ ܟܠ ܚܠܬܐ ܕܒܗ̇ ܟܒܥܝܚ ܡܢ ܐܢܫ̈ܐ ܕܡܕܪܓܝ ܡܕܡ ܕܓܢܐ – ܓܒܝܐ، ܬܘܟܠܢܐ ܥܠ ܦܘܢܝܐ، ܦܗܡܐ ܕܦܘ̈ܩܕܢܐ – ܐܠܨܐ ܝܠܗ ܠܡܚܫܒܐ ܠܝܗܝ̈ܒܬܐ ܐܝܟ ܣܒܠܬܐ ܕܛܟܣܐ، "ܐܦ ܐܢ ܣܓܝܐܐ ܡܢ ܒܨܘ̈ܝܐ ܠܐ ܟܥܒܕܝ ܗܕܐ". ܘܓܘ ܦܣܩܐ 1.5.2 ܗܘ ܟܡܘܣܦ: ܡܫܬܚܠܦ̈ܢܐ ܕܟܡܬܚܙܝ ܕܪ̈ܘܚܩܐ ܫܘ̈ܝܐ ܘܡܚܫܒ̈ܐ ܝܢܐ ܐܝܟ ܕܪ̈ܘܚܩܐ ܫܘ̈ܝܐ ܣܓܝ ܓܗ̈ܐ ܕܛܟܣܐ ܝܢܐ.
ܥܝܕܐ ܕܣܐܝܛ، ܕܟܦܐܫ ܡܢ ܗܕܐ ܘܡܢ ܥܒܕܐ ܡܩܒܠܐ: ܦܣܘܩܐ ܝܚܝܕܝܐ ܓܘ ܣܒܠܬܐ ܕܕܪ̈ܓܐ – ܕܛܟܣܐ؛ ܟܡܘܕܥܚ ܛܝܡܐ ܡܨܥܝܐ (median) ܘܣܓܝܐܘ̈ܬܐ، ܘܐܣܘܪܐ ܕܚܕ̈ܕܐ ܕ-Spearman. ܡܢܝܢܐ ܕܣܒܠܬܐ ܕܦܣܘ̈ܩܐ ܣܓܝ̈ܐܐ (multi-item scale score) – ܓܘܡܪܐ ܝܢ ܡܨܥܝܬܐ ܕܟܡܐ ܦܣܘ̈ܩܐ ܕܫܪܝܪܘܬܐ ܓܘܝܬܐ ܕܝܠܗܘܢ ܡܒܘܚܪܬܐ ܝܠܗ̇ (ܚܙܝܡܘܢ ܫܪܝܪܘܬܐ ܘܬܪܝܨܘܬܐ) – ܡܚܫܒܐ ܝܠܗ ܐܝܟ ܕܪ̈ܘܚܩܐ ܫܘ̈ܝܐ، ܐܝܟ ܥܝܕܐ ܓܘ ܝܕܥ̈ܬܐ ܟܢܫܝ̈ܬܐ، ܘܟܡܘܕܥܚ ܐܗܐ ܓܠܝܐܝܬ ܓܘ ܨܚܚܐ ܕܐܘܪܚܐ (method section). ܐܗܐ ܦܘܣܩܢܐ ܕܒܨܘܝܬܐ ܝܠܗ، ܠܐ ܕ-software: SPSS ܒܕ ܚܫܒ ܡܨܥܝܬܐ ܩܐ ܟܠ ܥܡܘܕܐ ܕܡܢܝ̈ܢܐ، ܐܦ ܩܐ ܡܢܝ̈ܢܐ ܕܟܘܬܝܢ̈ܐ.
4. ܕܐܣܘܪܐ ܕܚܕ̈ܕܐ ܝܢ ܕܢܣܝܘܢܐ – ܡܐ ܫܒܝܩܐ ܝܠܗ ܠܡܦܠܛܐ
ܒܦܫܝܛܘܬܐ، ܐܝܬ ܬܪܬܝܢ ܐܘܪ̈ܚܬܐ ܠܡܒܚܪܐ ܗܘܦܘܬܣܝܣ (hypothesis): ܠܡܚܙܐ ܡܐ ܕܟܗܘܐ ܛܒܥܐܝܬ، ܝܢ ܠܡܫܢܝܐ ܓܢܒܐ ܡܢ ܣܒܝܒܘܬܐ ܘܠܡܚܙܐ ܡܥܒܕܢܘܬܐ ܕܝܠܗ. ܓܘ ܒܘܨܝܐ ܕܐܣܘܪܐ ܕܚܕ̈ܕܐ (correlational) (ܝܢ ܕܚܕ ܙܒܢܐ) ܟܚܙܚ ܥܠܡܐ ܕܠܐ ܡܥܠܬܐ – ܓܘ ܨܘܪܬܐ ܚܕܐ ܕܡܫܬܚܠܦ̈ܢܐ ܣܓܝ̈ܐܐ، ܝܢ ܒܡܫܘ̈ܚܬܐ ܡܬܢ̈ܝܬܐ ܒܐܘܪܟܐ ܕܙܒܢܐ (ܒܘܨܝܐ ܕܐܘܪܟܐ ܕܙܒܢܐ (longitudinal))؛ ܓܘ ܒܘܨܝܐ ܕܢܣܝܘܢܐ (experimental) ܟܡܫܢܚ ܡܫܬܚܠܦܢܐ ܚܕ ܩܐ ܡܚܙܐ ܡܥܒܕܢܘܬܐ ܕܝܠܗ ܥܠ ܐܚܪܢܐ (Field, 2024, Section 1.6). ܠܒܘܨܝܐ ܕܐܣܘܪܐ ܕܚܕ̈ܕܐ ܐܝܬ ܝܘܬܪܢܐ: ܗܘ ܟܝܗܒ ܚܙܝܐ ܛܒܥܝܐ، ܡܛܠ ܕܒܨܘܝܐ ܠܐ ܟܡܥܒܕ ܥܠ ܡܐ ܕܟܗܘܐ ܘܡܫܘ̈ܚܬܐ ܠܐ ܝܢܐ ܡܣܒ ܒܐܦ̈ܐ ܡܢ ܐܝܬܘܬܐ ܕܝܠܗ – ܓܢܒܐ ܚܫܝܚܐ ܕܬܪܝܨܘܬܐ ܐܟܘܠܘܓܝܬܐ (ecological validity)؛ ܘܐܝܡܢ ܕܐܝܬ ܗܘ ܐܘܪܚܐ ܝܚܝܕܝܬܐ، ܡܛܠ ܕܠܐ ܡܨܝܚ ܝܢ ܠܐ ܫܒܝܩܐ ܝܠܗ ܠܡܫܢܝܐ (ܚܕ ܠܐ ܒܕ ܦܠܓ ܐܢܫ̈ܐ ܓܕܫܢܐܝܬ ܠܬܢܢܐ ܕ-30 ܫܢ̈ܐ). ܛܝܡܐ ܕܝܠܗ: ܗܘ ܠܐ ܟܐܡܪ ܡܕܡ ܥܠ ܡܥܒܕܢܘܬܐ ܕܥܠܬܢܘܬܐ.
ܩܐ ܡܘܢܐ؟ Field (2024، ܦܣܩܐ 1.6.2) ܟܐܙܠ ܠ-Hume: ܬܚܡܐ ܕ-Hume ܕܥܠܬܐ ܟܬܒܥ ܕܥܠܬܐ ܗܘܝܐ ܩܕܡ ܦܐܪܐ ܘܕܬܪܘܝܗܝ ܟܡܬܚܙܝ ܚܕ ܚܕܐ ܒܟܠ ܙܒܢܐ. ܓܘ ܒܘܨܝܐ ܕܐܣܘܪܐ ܕܚܕ̈ܕܐ ܡܫܬܚܠܦ̈ܢܐ ܒܥܕܬܐ ܡܫܝ̈ܚܐ ܝܢܐ ܒܗܘ ܙܒܢܐ، ܘܡܛܠ ܗܕܐ ܠܝܬ ܡܘܕܥܢܘܬܐ ܥܠ ܡܢܘ ܗܘܐ ܩܕܡ ܡܢܘ – ܒܘܨܝܐ ܕܐܘܪܟܐ ܕܙܒܢܐ ܟܫܪܐ ܐܗܐ ܡܢܬܢܐܝܬ. ܐܠܐ ܥܘܩܬܐ ܥܡܝܩܬܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܕܐܦ ܡܬܚܙܝܢܘܬܐ ܚܕ ܚܕܐ ܒܟܠ ܙܒܢܐ ܠܐ ܟܦܪܫܐ ܒܝܢܝ ܓܕܫܐ ܘܥܠܬܢܘܬܐ: ܡܨܐ ܕܗܘܐ ܡܫܬܚܠܦܢܐ ܬܠܝܬܝܐ ܕܥܒܕ ܬܪܘܝܗܝ. ܐܗܐ ܝܠܗ "ܡܕܡ ܬܠܝܬܝܐ" – tertium quid – ܡܫܬܚܠܦܢܐ ܡܚܠܛܢܐ (confound). ܓܘ ܡܬܠܐ ܕܪܗܛ ܓܘ ܣܐܝܛ: ܫܘܬܦܘܬܐ ܓܘ ܥܒܕܐ ܕܥܕܬܐ ܘܚܘܫܒܐ ܕܕܝܠܝܘܬܐ ܐܝܬ ܠܗܘܢ ܐܣܘܪܐ ܕܚܕ̈ܕܐ – ܐܠܐ ܥܬܝܩܘܬܐ ܓܘ ܡܬܒܐ ܡܨܝܐ ܕܥܒܕܐ ܬܪܘܝܗܝ (ܨܘܪܬܐ 1). Mill ܐܘܣܦܠܗ ܥܠ Hume ܫܪܛܐ ܚܣܝܪܐ: ܟܠ ܦܘܫ̈ܩܐ ܐܚܪ̈ܢܐ ܐܠܨܐ ܝܠܗ ܕܡܣܠܝܝ – ܦܐܪܐ ܐܠܨܐ ܝܠܗ ܕܡܬܚܙܐ ܐܡܬܝ ܕܥܠܬܐ ܐܝܬܝܗ̇ ܘܠܐ ܡܬܚܙܐ ܐܡܬܝ ܕܥܠܬܐ ܠܝܬܝܗ̇. ܘܐܗܐ ܝܠܗ ܚܬܝܬܐܝܬ ܡܐ ܕܢܣܝܘܢܐ ܟܥܒܕ: ܟܡܦܚܡ ܚܠ̈ܬܐ ("ܫܪ̈ܛܐ") ܕܒܗܝ̈ܢ ܥܠܬܐ ܡܩܪܒܬܐ ܐܝܬܝܗ̇ ܝܢ ܠܝܬܝܗ̇. ܓܘ ܡܬܠܐ ܕ-Field – ܬܠܬܐ ܓܘ̈ܕܐ ܕܬܠܡܝ̈ܕܐ ܕܟܩܒܠܝ ܡܥܝܪܢܘܬܐ ܡܣܡܟܢܝܬܐ، ܡܥܝܪܢܘܬܐ ܩܫܝܬܐ ܝܢ ܚܕܐ ܡܥܝܪܢܘܬܐ ܠܐ، ܘܒܘܚܪܢܐ ܕܣܛܐܛܝܣܛܝܩܐ ܒܚܪܬܐ: ܓܘܕܐ ܕ"ܠܐ ܡܥܝܪܢܘܬܐ" ܝܠܗ̇ ܚܠܬܐ ܕܒܗ̇ ܥܠܬܐ ܠܝܬܝܗ̇، ܘܒܣ ܦܘܚܡܐ ܥܡܗ̇ ܟܫܒܩ ܠܡܐܡܪ ܕܐܘܪܚܐ ܕܡܥܝܪܢܘܬܐ ܥܒܕܠܗ̇ ܠܦܘܪܫܢܐ.
ܨܘܪܬܐ 1. ܬܠܬܐ ܦܘܫ̈ܩܐ ܩܐ ܗܘ ܐܣܘܪܐ ܕܚܕ̈ܕܐ
ܐܣܘܪܐ ܕܚܕ̈ܕܐ ܕܡܬܚܙܐ ܒܝܢܝ ܫܘܬܦܘܬܐ ܘܕܝܠܝܘܬܐ (ܣܪܛܐ ܡܢܩܛܐ) ܟܡܫܠܡ ܥܡ ܬܠܬܐ ܓܐܪ̈ܐ – ܘܝܗܝ̈ܒܬܐ ܕܐܣܘܪܐ ܕܚܕ̈ܕܐ ܠܐ ܟܦܪܫܝ ܒܝܢܝܗܝ
ܡܥܝܪܢܘܬܐ. "ܡܕܡ ܬܠܝܬܝܐ" (tertium quid) ܕ-Field (2024، ܦܣܩܐ 1.6.2): ܡܫܬܚܠܦܢܐ ܕܠܒܪ ܕܟܥܒܕ ܐܦ ܠܡܢܒܝܢܐ ܘܐܦ ܠܦܐܪܐ ܟܥܒܕ ܐܣܘܪܐ ܕܚܕ̈ܕܐ ܒܝܢܝܗܝ ܕܠܐ ܚܕ ܐܣܘܪܐ ܕܥܠܬܢܘܬܐ ܒܝܢܝܗܝ. ܒܣ ܬܘܩܢܐ ܕܓܘܗ ܥܠܬܐ ܡܩܪܒܬܐ ܐܝܬܝܗ̇ ܓܘ ܚܠܬܐ ܚܕܐ ܘܠܝܬܝܗ̇ ܓܘ ܐܚܪܬܐ، ܥܡ ܦܘܠܓܐ ܓܕܫܢܝܐ، ܟܦܪܫ ܒܝܢܝ ܬܠܬܐ ܦܘܫ̈ܩܐ.
ܡܥܝܪܢܘܬܐ ܕܟܢܛܪܐ ܡܢ ܒܘܠܒܠܐ ܡܦܪܣܐ (Field, 2024, Box 1.4): ܠܐ ܒܘܚܪܢܐ ܣܛܐܛܝܣܛܝܩܝܐ ܟܫܒܩ ܦܠܛܐ ܕܥܠܬܢܘܬܐ، ܐܠܐ ܬܘܩܢܐ (design). ܐܢܫ̈ܐ ܟܚܫܒܝ ܕ-ANOVA ܘ-t "ܕܢܣܝܘܢܐ" ܝܢܐ ܘܪܝܓܪܫܢ ܘܐܣܘܪܐ ܕܚܕ̈ܕܐ "ܕܐܣܘܪܐ ܕܚܕ̈ܕܐ" ܝܢܐ ܡܛܠ ܕܒܬܫܥܝܬܐ ܗܟܢܐ ܡܘܦܠܚܠܗܘܢ ܒܝܗܝ – ܐܠܐ ܐܗܢܝ̈ ܥܒ̈ܕܐ ܡܬܡܛܝܩܐܝܬ ܚܕ ܐܝܟ ܚܕ ܝܢܐ. ܐܣܘܪܐ ܕܚܕ̈ܕܐ ܕܡܚܘܫܒܐ ܝܠܗ ܥܠ ܝܗܝ̈ܒܬܐ ܕܢܣܝܘܢܐ ܡܒܘܚܪܐ ܟܡܣܢܕ ܦܠܛܐ ܕܥܠܬܢܘܬܐ؛ ANOVA ܥܠ ܒܘܨܝܐ ܕܫܘܐ̈ܠܐ – ܠܐ.
5. ܒܝܢܝ ܡܫܬܘܬܦ̈ܢܐ ܝܢ ܡܫܘ̈ܚܬܐ ܡܬܢ̈ܝܬܐ – ܬܪܝܢ ܡܒܘ̈ܥܐ ܕܫܘܚܠܦܐ
ܓܘ ܢܣܝܘܢܐ ܐܝܬ ܬܪܬܝܢ ܐܘܪ̈ܚܬܐ ܠܡܫܢܝܐ ܡܢܒܝܢܐ (Field, 2024, Section 1.6.3): ܓܘ̈ܕܐ ܦܪ̈ܝܫܐ ܕܡܫܬܘܬܦ̈ܢܐ ܓܘ ܟܠ ܫܪܛܐ – ܬܘܩܢܐ ܒܝܢܝ ܡܫܬܘܬܦ̈ܢܐ (between-subjects) (ܠܐ ܬܠܝܐ)؛ ܝܢ ܗܢܝ̈ ܡܫܬܘܬܦ̈ܢܐ ܓܘ ܟܠ ܫܪ̈ܛܐ، ܚܕ ܒܬܪ ܚܕ – ܬܘܩܢܐ ܓܘ ܡܫܬܘܬܦ̈ܢܐ (within-subjects) (ܡܫܘ̈ܚܬܐ ܡܬܢ̈ܝܬܐ). ܓܒܝܐ ܟܦܣܩ ܒܘܚܪܢܐ: t ܠܠܐ ܬܠܝ̈ܐ ܩܘܒܠ t ܠܙܘܓܢ̈ܝܐ، ANOVA ܕܚܕ ܐܘܪܚܐ ܩܘܒܠ ANOVA ܠܡܫܘ̈ܚܬܐ ܡܬܢ̈ܝܬܐ. ܘܪܥܝܢܐ ܕܒܬܪܗ ܓܘ ܫܘܚܠܦܐ (variance) ܝܠܗ (ܦܣܩܐ 1.6.4). ܓܘ ܟܠ ܢܣܝܘܢܐ ܐܝܬ ܬܪܝܢ ܡܒܘ̈ܥܐ ܕܫܘܚܠܦܐ: ܛܟܣܢܝܐ (systematic) – ܡܐ ܕܒܨܘܝܐ ܥܒܕܠܗ ܓܘ ܫܪܛܐ ܚܕ ܘܠܐ ܓܘ ܐܚܪܢܐ؛ ܘܠܐ ܛܟܣܢܝܐ (unsystematic) – ܥܠ̈ܠܬܐ ܓܕܫܢ̈ܝܬܐ ܕܐܝܬܝܗܝ̈ ܒܝܢܝ ܫܪ̈ܛܐ: ܦܘܪ̈ܫܢܐ ܕܡܨܝܢܘܬܐ، ܫܥܬܐ ܕܝܘܡܐ، ܨܒܝܢܐ ܕܢܦܫܐ. ܒܘܚܪ̈ܢܐ ܣܛܐܛܝܣܛܝܩ̈ܝܐ ܟܫܥܪܝ ܟܡܐ ܡܢ ܫܘܚܠܦܐ ܛܟܣܢܝܐ ܝܠܗ ܘܟܡܐ ܠܐ، ܘܟܡܦܚܡܝ. ܓܘ ܡܫܘ̈ܚܬܐ ܡܬܢ̈ܝܬܐ ܬܚܘܝ̈ܬܐ ܩܝ̈ܡܬܐ ܕܡܫܬܘܬܦܢܐ – ܥܘܡܪܐ، ܓܢܣܐ، ܗܘܢܐ، ܡܙܝܥܢܘܬܐ – ܚܕ ܐܝܟ ܚܕ ܝܢܐ ܓܘ ܬܪܝܢ ܫܪ̈ܛܐ، ܘܡܛܠ ܗܕܐ "ܩܠܐ ܣܪܝܩܐ" ܙܥܘܪܐ ܝܠܗ؛ ܒܝܢܝ ܡܫܬܘܬܦ̈ܢܐ ܐܗܢܝ̈ ܥܠ̈ܠܬܐ ܚܐܪ̈ܐ ܝܢܐ ܠܡܫܢܝܐ ܒܝܢܝ ܓܘ̈ܕܐ، ܘܩܠܐ ܣܪܝܩܐ ܪܒܐ ܝܠܗ. ܡܛܠ ܗܕܐ، ܒܫܪ̈ܛܐ ܫܘ̈ܝܐ، ܬܘܩܢܐ ܕܡܫܘ̈ܚܬܐ ܡܬܢ̈ܝܬܐ ܪܓܝܫܐ ܝܠܗ ܒܢܘܬ ܠܓܠܝܐ ܕܡܥܒܕܢܘܬܐ (effect).
ܠܘܚܐ 2. ܬܪܝܢ ܬܘܩ̈ܢܐ ܕܢܣܝܘܢܐ – ܡܐ ܟܡܙܝܥ ܠܟܠ ܚܕ ܘܡܐ ܟܥܒܕܚ
| ܒܝܢܝ ܡܫܬܘܬܦ̈ܢܐ (ܠܐ ܬܠܝܐ) | ܓܘ ܡܫܬܘܬܦ̈ܢܐ (ܡܫܘ̈ܚܬܐ ܡܬܢ̈ܝܬܐ) | |
|---|---|---|
| ܡܢܘ ܓܘ ܟܠ ܫܪܛܐ | ܓܘ̈ܕܐ ܦܪ̈ܝܫܐ | ܗܢܝ̈ ܡܫܬܘܬܦ̈ܢܐ، ܓܘ ܟܠ ܫܪ̈ܛܐ |
| ܡܒܘܥܐ ܕܩܠܐ ܣܪܝܩܐ | ܦܘܪ̈ܫܢܐ ܒܝܢܝ ܐܢܫ̈ܐ ܕܦܠܝܓ̈ܐ ܝܢܐ ܠܓܘ̈ܕܐ – ܪܒܐ | ܫܘܢܝܐ ܓܘ ܗܘ ܐܢܫܐ ܡܢ ܡܫܘܚܬܐ ܠܡܫܘܚܬܐ – ܙܥܘܪܐ |
| ܙܘܥܬܐ ܛܟܣܢܝܬܐ | ܓܘ̈ܕܐ ܦܪ̈ܝܫܐ ܝܢܐ ܓܘ ܡܕܡ ܠܒܪ ܡܢ ܫܘܢܝܐ ܕܒܨܘܝܐ (ܡܫܬܚܠܦܢܐ ܡܚܠܛܢܐ) | ܡܥܒܕ̈ܢܘܝܬܐ ܕܡܪܘܬܐ ܘܕܡܐܢܘܬܐ: ܥܒܕܐ ܓܘ ܫܪܛܐ ܬܪܝܢܐ ܡܥܒܕܐ ܝܠܗ ܡܢ ܩܕܡܝܐ |
| ܚܘܠܡܢܐ | ܦܘܠܓܐ ܓܕܫܢܝܐ ܠܫܪ̈ܛܐ | ܫܘܝܘܬܐ ܕܛܟܣܐ (counterbalancing)، ܒܦܣܐ |
| ܒܘܚܪܢܐ ܓܘ ܣܐܝܛ | t ܠܠܐ ܬܠܝ̈ܐ؛ ANOVA ܕܚܕ ܐܘܪܚܐ؛ ܢܣܝܘܢܐ ܕܣܓܝ ܥܠ̈ܠܬܐ ܝܢ ܒܓܘ̈ܫܡܐ – ܬܘܩܢܐ ܕܢܣܝ̈ܘܢܐ | t ܠܙܘܓܢ̈ܝܐ؛ ANOVA ܠܡܫܘ̈ܚܬܐ ܡܬܢ̈ܝܬܐ |
| ܪܓܝܫܘܬܐ | ܢܚܝܬܐ ܒܢܘܬ – ܐܠܨܐ ܝܠܗ ܝܬܝܪ ܡܫܬܘܬܦ̈ܢܐ ܩܐ ܗܘ ܚܝܠܐ ܣܛܐܛܝܣܛܝܩܝܐ | ܪܡܬܐ ܒܢܘܬ |
ܡܥܝܪܢܘܬܐ. ܠܦܘܬ Field (2024، ܦܣ̈ܩܐ 1.6.3-1.6.5). ܙܘ̈ܥܬܐ ܘܚܘ̈ܠܡܢܐ ܝܢܐ ܡܒܘ̈ܥܐ ܕܫܘܚܠܦܐ ܛܟܣܢܝܐ ܕܠܐ ܝܠܗ ܫܘܢܝܐ ܕܒܨܘܝܐ – ܘܓܕܫܢܝܘܬܐ (randomization) ܟܡܫܢܝܐ ܠܗܘܢ ܠܫܘܚܠܦܐ ܠܐ ܛܟܣܢܝܐ، ܕܒܘܚܪܢܐ ܟܝܕܥ ܠܡܚܫܒܐ ܠܗ.
6. ܓܕܫܢܝܘܬܐ – ܩܐ ܡܘܢܐ ܕܠܐ ܗܝ ܠܝܬ ܢܣܝܘܢܐ
ܓܘ ܬܪܘܝܗܝ ܬܘܩ̈ܢܐ ܐܠܨܐ ܝܠܗ ܠܡܒܨܪܐ ܫܘܚܠܦܐ ܠܐ ܛܟܣܢܝܐ، ܐܠܐ ܚܫܝܚܐ ܒܢܘܬ ܡܢ ܗܕܐ – ܠܡܫܪܪܐ ܕܟܠ ܫܘܚܠܦܐ ܛܟܣܢܝܐ ܒܝܢܝ ܫܪ̈ܛܐ ܟܐܬܐ ܡܢ ܫܘܢܝܐ ܕܒܨܘܝܐ ܒܠܚܘܕ. ܡܐܢܐ ܝܠܗ ܦܣܐ (Field, 2024, Section 1.6.5)، ܒܬܪܝܢ ܐܣܟܝ̈ܡܐ. ܓܘ ܡܫܘ̈ܚܬܐ ܡܬܢ̈ܝܬܐ ܬܪܝܢ ܡܒܘ̈ܥܐ ܪ̈ܫܝܐ ܕܫܘܚܠܦܐ ܛܟܣܢܝܐ ܝܢܐ ܡܥܒܕܢܘܬܐ ܕܡܪܘܬܐ (practice effect) – ܓܘ ܫܪܛܐ ܬܪܝܢܐ ܡܫܬܘܬܦܢܐ ܡܢ ܩܕܡ ܟܝܕܥ ܚܠܬܐ ܘܡܚܘܝܢܐ – ܘܡܥܒܕܢܘܬܐ ܕܡܐܢܘܬܐ (boredom effect) ܝܢ ܠܐܘܬܐ. ܠܐ ܡܨܝܚ ܠܡܒܛܠܐ ܠܗܘܢ، ܐܠܐ ܡܨܝܚ ܠܡܫܪܪܐ ܕܠܐ ܝܢܐ ܛܟܣܢ̈ܝܐ ܒܐܝܕܐ ܕܫܘܝܘܬܐ ܕܛܟܣܐ (counterbalancing): ܟܡܦܣܚ ܩܐ ܟܠ ܡܫܬܘܬܦܢܐ ܐܢ ܒܕ ܥܒܪ ܫܪܛܐ 1 ܩܕܡ 2 ܝܢ ܗܦܝܟܐܝܬ. ܓܘ ܡܬܠܐ ܕ-Field: ܐܢ ܟܠ ܬܠܡܝ̈ܕܐ ܥܒܪܝ "ܠܐ ܡܥܝܪܢܘܬܐ" ܘܒܬܪ ܗܕܐ "ܡܥܝܪܢܘܬܐ ܩܫܝܬܐ"، ܛܘܝܒܐ ܒܬܪ ܡܥܝܪܢܘܬܐ ܩܫܝܬܐ ܡܨܐ ܕܐܬܐ ܒܣ ܡܢ ܝܬܝܪ ܣܡܝܢܪ̈ܐ ܕܣܛܐܛܝܣܛܝܩܐ. ܓܘ ܒܝܢܝ ܡܫܬܘܬܦ̈ܢܐ ܦܣܐ ܝܠܗ ܦܘܠܓܐ ܓܕܫܢܝܐ (random assignment) ܕܡܫܬܘܬܦ̈ܢܐ ܠܫܪ̈ܛܐ: ܡܫܬܘܬܦ̈ܢܐ ܓܘ ܓܘ̈ܕܐ ܦܪ̈ܝܫܐ ܦܪ̈ܝܫܐ ܝܢܐ ܒܗܘܢܐ، ܒܚܘܫܚܐ ܘܒܐܠܦܐ ܡܕܡ̈ܐ، ܘܦܘܠܓܐ ܓܕܫܢܝܐ ܟܡܫܪܪ ܕܐܗܢܝ̈ ܦܘܪ̈ܫܢܐ ܒܕ ܝܗܒܝ ܠܫܘܚܠܦܐ ܠܐ ܛܟܣܢܝܐ ܘܠܐ ܠܛܟܣܢܝܐ. ܡܬܠܐ ܕ-Field: ܣܕܢܐ ܕܚܘܫܒܐ ܡܦܪܫܢܐ ܩܘܒܠ ܗܝܡܢܘܬܐ ܒ-fake news، ܕܓܘܕܐ ܕܢܣܝܘܢܐ ܕܝܠܗ̇ ܟܢܝܫܬܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܓܘ ܟܢܘܫܝܐ ܕܪ̈ܚܡܐ ܕܬܐܘܪܝ̈ܐ ܕܩܘܢܣܦܝܪܣܝܐ ܘܓܘܕܐ ܕܦܘܚܡܐ – ܓܘ ܟܢܘܫܝܐ ܕܪܝܐܢܘܬܐ. ܣܕܢܐ "ܠܐ ܥܒܕܠܗ" – ܘܠܝܬ ܐܘܪܚܐ ܠܡܝܕܥ ܐܢ ܡܛܠ ܕܚܘܫܒܐ ܡܦܪܫܢܐ ܠܐ ܟܡܥܕܪ، ܝܢ ܡܛܠ ܕܟܢܝ̈ܫܐ ܩܐ ܣܕܢܐ ܡܝܝܠܝ ܒܢܘܬ ܠܗܝܡ̈ܢܘܝܬܐ ܢܘܟܪ̈ܝܬܐ ܘܥܣܩܐ ܝܠܗ ܩܐ ܕܝܠܗܘܢ ܚܘܫܒܐ ܐܝܟ ܗܢܐ. ܓܘ̈ܕܐ ܦܪ̈ܝܫܐ ܗܘܘ ܠܐ ܒܣ ܓܘ ܣܕܢܐ.
ܦܣܐ ܓܢܒܗ ܟܦܠܛ ܦܐܬܐ ܬܘܩܢܐ ܕܢܣܝ̈ܘܢܐ: ܦܘܠܓܐ ܓܕܫܢܝܐ ܝܢ ܛܟܣܐ ܓܕܫܢܝܐ ܕܪܗܛܐ، ܓܘ̈ܫܡܐ (blocks)، ܡܪܒܥܐ ܠܛܝܢܝܐ (Latin square) ܝܢ ܡܪܒܥܐ ܕ-Williams ܩܐ ܫܘܝܘܬܐ ܕܛܟܣܐ، ܘܐܦ ܪܒܘܬܐ ܕܕܘܡܝܐ ܕܐܠܨܐ ܝܠܗ̇ – ܥܡ ܙܪܥܐ (seed) ܩܝܡܐ، ܗܟܢܐ ܕܡܨܝܚ ܠܡܬܢܝܐ ܦܣܐ ܓܘ R.
ܬܪܝܢ ܦܣ̈ܐ ܦܪ̈ܝܫܐ ܕܛܒܐ ܝܠܗ ܕܠܐ ܡܚܠܛܚ: ܓܘܒܝܐ ܓܕܫܢܝܐ ܕܕܘܡܝܐ (random sampling) – ܡܢܘ ܡܢ ܟܢܫܐ ܟܠܢܝܐ (population) ܟܥܐܠ ܠܒܘܨܝܐ – ܥܣܝܩܐ ܝܠܗ ܒܦܘܫܛܐ ܕܡܫܟܚ̈ܢܘܬܐ ܡܢ ܕܘܡܝܐ ܠܟܢܫܐ ܟܠܢܝܐ (ܦܐܬܐ "ܕܘܡܝܐ ܘܓܘܒܝܐ ܕܕܘܡܝܐ")؛ ܦܘܠܓܐ ܓܕܫܢܝܐ – ܡܢܘ ܡܢ ܡܫܬܘܬܦ̈ܢܐ ܟܐܬܐ ܠܐܝܢܐ ܫܪܛܐ – ܥܣܝܩܐ ܝܠܗ ܒܦܠܛܐ ܕܥܠܬܢܘܬܐ. ܢܣܝܘܢܐ ܥܠ ܕܘܡܝܐ ܕܦܫܝܩܘܬܐ (convenience sample) ܟܫܒܩ ܦܠܛܐ ܕܥܠܬܢܘܬܐ ܥܠ ܐܗܐ ܕܘܡܝܐ ܕܠܐ ܦܘܫܛܐ ܕܡܫܟܚ̈ܢܘܬܐ؛ ܒܘܨܝܐ ܕܫܘܐ̈ܠܐ (survey) ܥܠ ܕܘܡܝܐ ܕܡܣܬܒܪܢܘܬܐ ܟܫܒܩ ܦܘܫܛܐ ܕܡܫܟܚ̈ܢܘܬܐ ܕܠܐ ܥܠܬܢܘܬܐ.
7. ܘܡܐ ܟܥܒܕܚ ܓܘ ܒܘܨܝܐ ܕܚܩܠܐ (field research)، ܕܒܗ ܩܪܝܒ ܟܠ ܡܕܡ ܕܐܣܘܪܐ ܕܚܕ̈ܕܐ ܝܠܗ
ܒܘܨܝܐ ܕܫܘܐ̈ܠܐ، ܡܦܓܥ̈ܢܘܝܬܐ، ܦܘܫܩܐ ܕܡܐ ܕܐܝܬ ܓܘ ܟܬܒ̈ܐ، ܝܗܝ̈ܒܬܐ ܕܡܕܒܪܢܘܬܐ – ܣܓܝܐܘܬܐ ܕܒܘܨܝܐ ܟܢܫܝܐ ܥܒܕܢܝܐ ܠܐ ܡܨܐ ܠܡܦܠܓܐ ܐܢܫ̈ܐ ܓܕܫܢܐܝܬ ܠܫܪ̈ܛܐ، ܘܡܛܠ ܗܕܐ ܣܓܝܐܘܬܐ ܕܝܠܗ ܕܐܣܘܪܐ ܕܚܕ̈ܕܐ ܝܠܗ، ܘܦܠܛܐ ܕܥܠܬܢܘܬܐ ܓܘܗ ܟܪܝܐ ܝܠܗ. ܐܗܐ ܠܐ ܝܠܗ ܦܣܝܠܐ؛ ܐܗܐ ܝܠܗ ܬܚܘܡܐ ܕܟܡܘܕܥܚ. ܡܐ ܕܡܨܝܚ ܠܡܥܒܕ: ܠܡܫܚܐ ܡܫܬܚܠܦ̈ܢܐ ܡܚܠܛ̈ܢܐ (confounders) ܕܡܨܝܚ ܠܡܢܒܝܐ ܠܗܘܢ ܡܢ ܩܕܡ (ܥܬܝܩܘܬܐ، ܥܘܡܪܐ، ܝܘܠܦܢܐ) ܘܠܡܥܠܐ ܠܗܘܢ ܠܪܝܓܪܫܢ (regression) – "ܫܘܠܛܢܐ ܣܛܐܛܝܣܛܝܩܝܐ". ܗܘ ܟܫܩܠ ܡܢܬܐ ܕܡܫܬܚܠܦ̈ܢܐ ܕܡܫܝ̈ܚܐ ܝܢܐ ܘܒܣ ܐܢܝ̈؛ ܦܘܠܓܐ ܓܕܫܢܝܐ ܟܥܒܕ ܐܦ ܥܠ ܡܐ ܕܠܐ ܚܫܒܚ ܥܠܗ. ܡܫܘܚܬܐ ܡܬܢܝܬܐ ܒܙܒܢܐ – ܬܪܝܢ ܓܠ̈ܠܐ (waves) ܠܦܚܘܬ – ܟܝܗܒܐ ܛܟܣܐ ܕܙܒ̈ܢܐ ܕܬܚܡܐ ܕ-Hume ܟܬܒܥ، ܐܠܐ ܠܐ ܡܣܠܝܢܘܬܐ ܕܦܘܫ̈ܩܐ ܐܚܪ̈ܢܐ. ܦܘܚܡܐ ܩܕܡ-ܒܬܪ ܥܡ ܓܘܕܐ ܕܦܘܚܡܐ ܕܠܐ ܩܒܠܠܗ̇ ܬܪܥܝܬܐ – ܩܪܝܒܐ ܠܢܣܝܘܢܐ ܐܝܟ ܕܓܘ̈ܕܐ ܕܡ̈ܝܐ ܝܢܐ، ܘܪܚܝܩܐ ܡܢܗ ܐܝܟ ܕܐܝܢܐ ܕܓܒܐ ܠܡܫܬܘܬܦܐ ܦܪܝܫܐ ܝܠܗ ܡܢ ܐܝܢܐ ܕܠܐ. ܘܓܘ ܟܠ ܚܠ̈ܬܐ: ܠܡܟܬܒ ܦܠܛܐ ܓܘ ܠܫܢܐ ܕܬܘܩܢܐ ܟܫܒܩ – "ܐܣܝܪܐ ܝܠܗ ܥܡ"، "ܟܡܢܒܝܐ"، "ܣܠܩܠܗ ܓܘ" – ܘܠܡܢܛܪ "ܥܒܕܠܗ" ܩܐ ܕܘܟܬܐ ܕܓܘܗ̇ ܗܘܐ ܦܣܐ.
ܛܥܝ̈ܘܬܐ ܕܡܬܚܙܝܢ ܣܓܝ (Common mistakes)
ܡܨܥܝܬܐ ܕܪ̈ܡܙܐ ܕܫܡܗ̈ܐ. "ܡܨܥܝܬܐ ܕܓܢܣܐ ܕܡܬܒܐ 2.3" – ܚܘܫܒܢܐ ܥܠ ܫܡ̈ܗܐ. ܩܐ ܕܫܡܗ̈ܐ ܟܡܢܚ ܣܓܝܐܘ̈ܬܐ؛ SPSS ܒܕ ܚܫܒ ܡܨܥܝܬܐ ܩܐ ܟܠ ܡܢܝܢܐ، ܘܡܫܐܠܢܘܬܐ ܥܠ ܒܨܘܝܬܐ ܝܠܗ̇.
ܐܣܘܪܐ ܕܚܕ̈ܕܐ ܕ-Pearson ܒܝܢܝ ܬܪܝܢ ܦܣܘ̈ܩܐ ܝܚܝܕ̈ܝܐ ܕܕܪ̈ܓܐ. ܦܣܘܩܐ ܝܚܝܕܝܐ ܝܠܗ ܣܒܠܬܐ ܕܛܟܣܐ؛ Spearman. Pearson ܘܡܨܥܝܬܐ ܢܛܝܪ̈ܐ ܝܢܐ ܩܐ ܡܢܝ̈ܢܐ ܕܣܒ̈ܠܬܐ ܕܦܣܘ̈ܩܐ ܣܓܝ̈ܐܐ – ܘܟܡܘܕܥܚ ܕܗܟܢܐ ܥܒܕܠܘܟܘܢ.
"ܡܢܒܝܢܐ" ܕܟܡܬܩܪܐ "ܡܥܒܕܢܐ". ܓܘ ܪܝܓܪܫܢ ܥܠ ܝܗܝ̈ܒܬܐ ܕܒܘܨܝܐ ܕܫܘܐ̈ܠܐ ܡܢܒܝܢܐ ܟܡܢܒܐ؛ ܗܘ ܠܐ ܟܡܥܒܕ ܗܠ ܕܬܘܩܢܐ ܐܡܪ ܐܗܐ. ܠܫܢܐ ܓܘ ܨܚܚܐ ܕܡܫܩܠܬܐ (discussion) ܟܦܐܫ ܡܢ ܬܘܩܢܐ.
ܠܡܛܥܝܐ ܚܠܬܐ ܕܒܗ̇ ܥܠܬܐ ܠܝܬܝܗ̇. "ܝܗܒܠܢ ܠܟܠ ܬܪܥܝܬܐ ܘܕܝܠܝܘܬܐ ܣܠܩܠܗ̇" – ܕܠܐ ܓܘܕܐ ܕܠܐ ܩܒܠܠܗ̇، ܠܝܬ ܐܘܪܚܐ ܠܡܝܕܥ ܐܢ ܠܐ ܗܘܬ ܣܠܩܐ ܐܦ ܕܠܐ ܗܝ. ܦܘܚܡܐ (control) ܝܠܗ ܠܒܐ ܕܢܣܝܘܢܐ، ܠܐ ܡܘܣܦܬܐ.
ܓܘܕܐ ܕܦܘܚܡܐ ܡܢ ܡܒܘܥܐ ܐܚܪܢܐ. ܢܣܝܘܢܐ ܓܘ ܥܕܬܐ ܚܕܐ ܘܦܘܚܡܐ ܓܘ ܥܕܬܐ ܐܚܪܬܐ – ܓܘ̈ܕܐ ܦܪ̈ܝܫܐ ܝܢܐ ܒܟܠ ܡܐ ܕܟܦܪܫ ܒܝܢܝ ܥܕ̈ܬܐ. ܦܘܠܓܐ ܓܕܫܢܝܐ ܡܢ ܗܘ ܓܢܙܐ، ܝܢ ܠܦܚܘܬ ܦܐܝܘܬܐ ܟܬܝܒܬܐ.
ܡܫܘ̈ܚܬܐ ܡܬܢ̈ܝܬܐ ܒܛܟܣܐ ܩܝܡܐ. ܟܠܗܘܢ ܥܒܪܝ ܫܪܛܐ ܐ ܘܒܬܪ ܗܕܐ ܒ – ܦܘܪܫܢܐ ܒܝܢܝ ܫܪ̈ܛܐ ܟܡܬܚܠܛ ܥܡ ܡܪܘܬܐ ܘܠܐܘܬܐ. ܟܡܦܣܚ ܛܟܣܐ.
ܠܡܚܫܒܐ ܕܬܘܩܢܐ "ܕܐܣܘܪܐ ܕܚܕ̈ܕܐ" ܝܠܗ ܒܘܚܪܢܐ ܕܐܣܘܪܐ ܕܚܕ̈ܕܐ. ܬܘܩܢܐ ܝܠܗ ܐܝܟܢܐ ܟܢܫܠܘܟܘܢ؛ ܒܘܚܪܢܐ ܝܠܗ ܐܝܟܢܐ ܦܫܩܠܘܟܘܢ. ANOVA ܥܠ ܒܘܨܝܐ ܕܫܘܐ̈ܠܐ ܕܐܣܘܪܐ ܕܚܕ̈ܕܐ ܝܠܗ̇؛ ܐܣܘܪܐ ܕܚܕ̈ܕܐ ܥܠ ܢܣܝܘܢܐ – ܕܢܣܝܘܢܐ.
ܠܡܚܠܛܐ ܓܘܒܝܐ ܓܕܫܢܝܐ ܕܕܘܡܝܐ ܥܡ ܦܘܠܓܐ ܓܕܫܢܝܐ. ܩܕܡܝܐ ܥܣܝܩܐ ܝܠܗ ܒܩܐ ܡܢܘ ܦܠܛܐ ܐܣܝܪܐ ܝܠܗ؛ ܬܪܝܢܐ – ܐܢ ܕܥܠܬܢܘܬܐ ܝܠܗ. ܡܨܝܚ ܠܡܙܟܐ ܒܚܕ ܕܠܐ ܬܪܝܢܐ.
ܪܫܝܡܬܐ ܕܒܘܚܪܢܐ (checklist) – ܩܕܡ ܕܒܢܚ ܦܐܝܠ ܕܝܗܝ̈ܒܬܐ
| ܫܘܐܠܐ | ܩܡܘܕܝ ܐܗܐ ܚܫܝܚܐ ܝܠܗ |
|---|---|
| ܩܐ ܟܠ ܡܫܬܚܠܦܢܐ – ܡܐ ܝܠܗ، ܐܝܟܢܐ ܡܫܝܚܐ ܝܠܗ، ܘܒܐܝܢܐ ܕܪܓܐ: ܕܬܪܝܢ ܛܝ̈ܡܐ / ܕܫܡܗ̈ܐ / ܕܛܟܣܐ / ܕܪ̈ܘܚܩܐ ܫܘ̈ܝܐ / ܕܦܘܚܡܐ؟ | ܕܪܓܐ ܟܦܣܩ ܡܐ ܫܒܝܩܐ ܝܠܗ ܠܡܚܫܒܐ ܘܐܝܢܐ ܡܚܫܒܢܐ (ܠܘܚܐ 1). |
| ܣܒ̈ܠܬܐ ܕܕܪ̈ܓܐ – ܦܣܘܩܐ ܝܚܝܕܝܐ (ܕܛܟܣܐ) ܝܢ ܡܢܝܢܐ ܕܦܣܘ̈ܩܐ ܣܓܝ̈ܐܐ (ܕܪ̈ܘܚܩܐ ܫܘ̈ܝܐ)؟ ܟܬܝܒܐ ܝܠܗ ܓܘ ܨܚܚܐ ܕܐܘܪܚܐ؟ | ܦܘܣܩܢܐ ܕܒܨܘܝܬܐ ܝܠܗ، ܠܐ ܕ-software (ܦܣܩܐ 3). |
| ܓܠܝܘܢܐ ܕܡܦܫܩܢܐ (legend / מקרא) ܓܘ ܦܐܝܠ: ܩܐ ܟܠ ܡܫܬܚܠܦܢܐ ܓܢܣܐ، ܘܩܐ ܓܢ̈ܣܐ – ܪܘ̈ܫܡܐ؟ | ܡܚܫܒܢ̈ܐ ܘܣܝܢܬܐܟܣ ܟܦܝܫܝ ܡܢܗ؛ ܪܘ̈ܫܡܐ ܒܕܘܟܬܐ ܕܪ̈ܡܙܐ ܣܬܝܡ̈ܐ. |
| ܬܘܩܢܐ – ܕܐܣܘܪܐ ܕܚܕ̈ܕܐ (ܚܕ ܙܒܢܐ / ܐܘܪܟܐ ܕܙܒܢܐ) ܝܢ ܕܢܣܝܘܢܐ؟ ܦܠܛܐ ܟܬܝܒܐ ܝܠܗ ܓܘ ܠܫܢܐ ܕܗܘ ܟܫܒܩ؟ | "ܐܣܝܪܐ ܝܠܗ ܥܡ" ܩܘܒܠ "ܥܒܕܠܗ" (ܦܣ̈ܩܐ 4، 7). |
| ܐܢ ܕܢܣܝܘܢܐ – ܐܝܬ ܚܠܬܐ ܕܒܗ̇ ܥܠܬܐ ܠܝܬܝܗ̇؟ ܡܢܘ ܦܠܝܓܐ ܝܠܗ ܠܐܝܢܐ ܫܪܛܐ، ܘܐܝܟܢܐ؟ | ܕܠܐ ܦܘܚܡܐ ܘܦܘܠܓܐ ܓܕܫܢܝܐ ܠܝܬ ܦܠܛܐ ܕܥܠܬܢܘܬܐ (ܦܣ̈ܩܐ 4، 6). |
| ܒܝܢܝ ܡܫܬܘܬܦ̈ܢܐ ܝܢ ܡܬܢܝܐ؟ ܐܢ ܡܬܢܝܐ – ܛܟܣܐ ܕܫܪ̈ܛܐ ܡܦܣܐ ܝܠܗ؟ | ܟܦܣܩ ܒܘܚܪܢܐ ܘܙܘ̈ܥܬܐ (ܠܘܚܐ 2). |
| ܐܝܢܝ̈ ܡܫܬܚܠܦ̈ܢܐ ܡܚܠܛ̈ܢܐ ܡܨܝܚ ܠܡܢܒܝܐ – ܘܐܢ ܡܫܝ̈ܚܐ ܝܢܐ؟ | ܫܘܠܛܢܐ ܣܛܐܛܝܣܛܝܩܝܐ ܡܨܝܐ ܝܠܗ ܒܣ ܥܠ ܡܐ ܕܡܫܝܚܐ ܝܠܗ (ܦܣܩܐ 7). |
| ܡܢ ܐܝܢܐ ܟܢܫܐ ܟܠܢܝܐ ܓܒܝܐ ܝܠܗ ܕܘܡܝܐ، ܘܐܝܟܢܐ؟ ܦܠܛܐ ܒܕ ܗܘܐ ܦܫܝܛܐ ܠܓܒܗ ܒܠܚܘܕ؟ | ܓܘܒܝܐ ܓܕܫܢܝܐ ܕܕܘܡܝܐ ≠ ܦܘܠܓܐ ܓܕܫܢܝܐ (ܦܣܩܐ 6). |
ܡܒܘ̈ܥܐ
Field, A. (2024). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics (6th ed.). SAGE.