ܫܪܝܪܘܬܐ: ܐܠܦܐ ܕ-Cronbach ܘܡܢܝܢܐ ܕܣܒܠܬܐ

ܛܥܢܐ ܕܝܗܝ̈ܒܬܐ (loading the data)

ܟܡܕܒܩܚ ܥܡܘ̈ܕܐ ܬܪܝܨܐܝܬ ܡܢ ܓܠܝܘܢܐ (worksheet)، ܥܡ ܣܕܪܐ ܕܪ̈ܫܐ (header row) – ܟܪܫܡܚ ܓܘ ܐܩܣܠ، ܟܢܣܚܚ، ܘܟܡܕܒܩܚ ܠܐܟܐ:

ܓܘܒܝܐ ܕܦܣܘ̈ܩܐ ܕܣܒܠܬܐ ܘܬܘܩܢܐ ܕܡܢܝܢܐ

ܩܡܘܕܝ ܟܒܚܪܚ ܫܪܝܪܘܬܐ؟

ܦܢܩܝܬܐ ܕܫܘܐ̈ܠܐ ܕܟܡܫܚܐ ܚܕ ܒܢܝܢܐ (construct) – ܣܒܥܘܬܐ، ܡܫܥܒܕܘܬܐ، ܩܢܛܐ – ܟܥܒܕܐ ܐܗܐ ܒܟܡܐ ܦܣܘ̈ܩܐ، ܘܡܢܗܘܢ ܚܕ ܡܢܝܢܐ ܚܫܝܒܐ ܝܠܗ. ܩܕܡ ܕܡܦܠܚܚ ܒܐܗܐ ܡܢܝܢܐ ܓܘ ܦܘܫܩܐ (analysis) ܣܢܝܩ ܝܠܗ ܕܝܕܥܚ ܕܦܣܘ̈ܩܐ ܫܪܝܪܐܝܬ "ܟܫܠܡܝ ܥܡ ܚܕ̈ܕܐ": ܕܐܝܢܐ ܕܪܡܐ ܝܠܗ ܓܘ ܟܠܗ̇ ܣܒܠܬܐ، ܪܡܐ ܝܠܗ ܨܐ ܓܘ ܟܠ ܓܘܕܐ ܕܦܣܘ̈ܩܐ ܕܓܒܝܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܡܢܗ̇ ܓܕܫܢܐܝܬ (Field, 2024, Section 18.9.1). ܐܗܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܫܠܡܘܬܐ ܓܘܝܬܐ (internal consistency)، ܚܕ ܡܢ ܙܢ̈ܝܐ ܕܫܪܝܪܘܬܐ ܕܡܬܦܫܩܝ ܓܘ ܦܐܬܐ ܫܪܝܪܘܬܐ ܘܬܪܝܨܘܬܐ: ܫܡ̈ܗܐ ܘܚܘܫܒ̈ܐ؛ ܐܝܡܢ ܕܡܐܢܐ ܕܡܫܘܚܬܐ ܒܢܝ̈ ܐܢܫܐ ܝܢܐ ܕܟܪܡܙܝ – ܒܕܘܟܬ ܐܗܐ ܟܡܫܚܚ ܫܪܝܪܘܬܐ ܒܝܢܝ ܪܡܙ̈ܢܐ.

ܒܢܘܣܚܐ ܦܘܪܡܠܝܐ: ܡܢܝܢܐ ܚܙܝܐ ܕܟܠ ܡܫܬܘܬܦܢܐ ܝܠܗ ܡܢܝܢܐ ܫܪܝܪܐ ܘܙܘܕܐ ܛܥܝܘܬܐ ܕܡܫܘܚܬܐ، X = T + E، ܘܫܪܝܪܘܬܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܡܢܬܐ ܕܫܘܚܠܦܐ (variance) ܓܘ ܡܢܝ̈ܢܐ ܚܙܝ̈ܐ ܕܡܒܘܥܗ ܝܠܗ ܫܘܚܠܦܐ ܕܡܢܝ̈ܢܐ ܫܪܝܪ̈ܐ (Field, 2024, Equations 18.9-18.12) – ܝܢ، ܒܢܘܣܚܐ ܫܘܝܐ، ܡܪܒܥܐ ܕܐܣܘܪܐ ܕܚܕ̈ܕܐ (correlation) ܒܝܢܝ ܡܢܝ̈ܢܐ ܫܪܝܪ̈ܐ ܘܚܙܝ̈ܐ. Field ܟܡܚܝܠ ܚܕ ܢܘܩܙܐ ܕܦܫܝܩܐ ܝܠܗ ܠܡܛܥܝܐ: ܫܪܝܪܘܬܐ ܠܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܕܝܠܝܘܬܐ ܕܦܢܩܝܬܐ ܕܫܘܐ̈ܠܐ ܒܠܚܘܕ، ܐܠܐ ܕܦܢܩܝܬܐ، ܕܐܢܫ̈ܐ ܕܦܢܝܠܗܘܢ ܥܠܗ̇ ܘܕܣܝܩܐ – ܣܒܠܬܐ ܕܫܪܝܪܬܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܓܘ ܚܕ ܕܘܡܝܐ (sample) ܠܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܡܚܝܒܐܝܬ ܫܪܝܪܬܐ ܓܘ ܕܘܡܝܐ ܐܚܪܢܐ. ܡܛܠ ܗܕܐ Pallant (2020، ܨܚܚܐ 9) ܟܒܥܝܐ ܕܒܚܪܚ ܫܪܝܪܘܬܐ ܓܘ ܕܘܡܝܐ ܕܝܘܟܘܢ، ܐܦܢ ܐܝܡܢ ܕܣܒܠܬܐ ܝܕܝܥܬܐ ܘܡܫܪܪܬܐ ܝܠܗ̇، ܘܕܬܢܚ ܠܗ̇ ܓܘ ܨܚܚܐ ܕܐܘܪܚܐ (method section).

ܡܘܕܝ ܝܠܗ̇ ܐܠܦܐ ܕ-Cronbach؟

ܫܘܚܠܦܐ ܕܡܢܝ̈ܢܐ ܫܪܝܪ̈ܐ ܠܐ ܡܨܝܚ ܕܡܫܚܚ ܠܗ ܬܪܝܨܐܝܬ. ܦܘܫܪܐ ܥܒܕܢܝܐ ܥܬܝܩܐ ܝܠܗ ܫܪܝܪܘܬܐ ܕܦܠܓ̈ܐ (split-half): ܟܦܠܓܚ ܦܣܘ̈ܩܐ ܠܬܪܬܝܢ ܓܘ̈ܕܐ ܓܕܫܢ̈ܝܐ، ܟܚܫܒܚ ܡܢܝܢܐ ܩܐ ܟܠ ܦܠܓܐ، ܘܐܣܘܪܐ ܕܚܕ̈ܕܐ ܒܝܢܝ ܦܠܓ̈ܐ ܝܠܗ ܫܘܥܪܐ (estimate) ܕܫܪܝܪܘܬܐ – ܚܕ ܦܠܓܐ ܟܦܠܚ ܐܝܟ ܒܘܚܪܢܐ ܒܓܢܒ ܦܠܓܐ ܬܪܝܢܐ. ܥܩܬܐ: ܐܝܬ ܣܓܝ ܐܘܪ̈ܚܬܐ ܕܦܘܠܓܐ، ܘܟܠ ܚܕܐ ܟܝܗܒܐ ܡܢܝܢܐ ܐܚܪܢܐ. Cronbach (1951, as cited in Field, 2024, Section 18.9.2) ܡܩܪܒܠܗ ܡܚܘܝܢܐ (index) ܕܐܝܠܗ، ܒܩܪܝܒܘܬܐ، ܡܨܥܝܬܐ (mean) ܕܟܠ ܦܘܠ̈ܓܐ ܡܨܝܢ̈ܐ – ܘܐܗܐ ܝܠܗ̇ α. ܫܘܝܘܬܐ ܕܦܐܬܐ ܟܚܫܒܐ:

α = k/(k − 1) · (1 − Σs_i²/s_T²)

k – ܡܢܝܢܐ ܕܦܣܘ̈ܩܐ؛ s_i² – ܫܘܚܠܦܐ ܕܟܠ ܦܣܘܩܐ؛ s_T² – ܫܘܚܠܦܐ ܕܓܘܡܪܐ ܕܦܣܘ̈ܩܐ. ܚܘܫܒܐ: ܐܢ ܦܣܘ̈ܩܐ ܟܡܫܚܝ ܗܘ ܡܕܡ، ܫܘܚܠܦܐ ܕܓܘܡܪܐ ܪܒܐ ܝܠܗ ܣܓܝ ܡܢ ܓܘܡܪܐ ܕܫܘܚܠ̈ܦܐ (ܡܛܠ ܕܦܣܘ̈ܩܐ ܟܫܚܠܦܝ ܚܕ̈ܕܐ، ܘܫܘܚܠ̈ܦܐ ܡܫܘܬ̈ܦܐ (covariances) ܟܡܬܟܢܫܝ)؛ ܐܢ ܠܐ ܝܢܐ ܐܣܝܪ̈ܐ، ܫܘܚܠܦܐ ܕܓܘܡܪܐ ܩܪܝܒܐ ܝܠܗ ܠܓܘܡܪܐ ܕܫܘܚܠ̈ܦܐ ܘ-α ܩܪܝܒܬܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܠܨܦܪܐ. Field (ܦܣܩܐ 18.9.2) ܟܡܚܘܐ ܗܝ ܫܘܝܘܬܐ ܒܠܫܢܐ ܕܡܐܛܪܝܟܣ ܕܫܘܚܠ̈ܦܐ ܡܫܘܬ̈ܦܐ (covariance matrix): ܡܪܒܥܐ ܕܡܢܝܢܐ ܕܦܣܘ̈ܩܐ ܥܦܝܦܐ ܥܠ ܫܘܚܠܦܐ ܡܫܘܬܦܐ ܡܨܥܝܐ، ܡܦܠܓܐ ܥܠ ܓܘܡܪܐ ܕܟܠ ܗܕ̈ܡܐ ܓܘ ܡܐܛܪܝܟܣ. α ܥܠ ܦܣܘ̈ܩܐ ܡܬܩ̈ܢܐ (ܥܡܘܕܐ ܬܪܝܢܝܐ ܓܘ ܠܘܚܐ 1؛ "Cronbach's Alpha Based on Standardized Items" ܓܘ SPSS) ܝܠܗ̇ ܗܝ ܫܘܝܘܬܐ ܥܠ ܡܐܛܪܝܟܣ ܕܐܣܘܪ̈ܐ ܕܚܕ̈ܕܐ ܒܕܘܟܬ ܫܘܚܠ̈ܦܐ ܡܫܘܬ̈ܦܐ: k·r̄/(1 + (k − 1)·r̄)، ܐܝܡܢ ܕ-r̄ ܝܠܗ ܐܣܘܪܐ ܕܚܕ̈ܕܐ ܡܨܥܝܐ ܒܝܢܝ ܦܣܘ̈ܩܐ. Field: α ܥܡܝܬܐ ܦܐܝܬܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܐܝܡܢ ܕܟܓܡܪܚ ܝܢ ܟܡܨܥܚ ܦܣܘ̈ܩܐ ܐܝܟ ܕܐܝܬܝܢ (ܗܘܝܐ ܥܡܝܐ، ܘܨܐ ܡܐ ܕܦܐܬܐ ܟܥܒܕܐ ܓܘ ܡܢܝܢܐ)؛ ܡܬܩܢܬܐ – ܒܣ ܐܝܡܢ ܕܟܡܬܩܢܚ ܦܣܘ̈ܩܐ ܩܕܡ ܓܘܡܪܐ. Raykov (2024) ܟܡܚܕܕ: ܡܬܩܢܬܐ ܡܨܝܐ ܕܗܘܝܐ ܪܡܬܐ ܝܢ ܢܚܝܬܬܐ ܣܓܝ ܡܢ ܫܪܝܪܘܬܐ ܕܡܢܝܢܐ ܕܒܥܒܕܐ ܟܦܫܩܚ، ܘܡܛܠ ܗܕܐ ܛܒ ܝܠܗ ܠܡܪܚܩܐ ܡܢ ܬܘܢܝܐ ܘܦܘܫܩܐ ܕܝܠܗ̇ ܐܠܐ ܐܢ ܐܝܬ ܥܠܬܐ ܚܝܠܬܢܝܬܐ ܕܡܬܩܢܚ ܡܢ ܫܘܪܝܐ – ܓܘ ܠܘܚܐ 1 ܡܚܘܝܬܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܐܝܟ ܦܘܚܡܐ ܥܡ SPSS، ܘܟܬܢܚ α ܥܡܝܬܐ.

ܩܪܝܢܐ ܕܡܦܩܢܐ (How to read the output)

ܠܘܚܐ 1 – α. Field (2024، ܦܣܩܐ 18.11) ܟܒܥܐ ܛܝ̈ܡܐ "ܒܩܪܝܒܘܬܐ .7-.8"؛ Pallant (2020، ܨܚܚܐ 9) ܟܟܬܒܐ ܕܣܒܠܬܐ ܐܝܬ ܠܗ̇ ܕܗܘܝܐ ܠܥܠ ܡܢ .7 (DeVellis, 2012)، ܘܕܠܥܠ ܡܢ .8 ܒܨܒܝܢܐ ܝܠܗ. ܬܪܘܝܗܝ ܣܝ̈ܡܐ ܟܡܘܣܦܝ ܒܗܝ ܢܫܡܐ ܕܬܚܘ̈ܡܐ ܟܠܢ̈ܝܐ ܚܘܫܒܐ ܒܝܫܐ ܝܢܐ، ܡܛܠ ܕ-α ܬܠܝܬܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܒܡܢܝܢܐ ܕܦܣܘ̈ܩܐ (ܦܣܩܐ ܕܫܪ̈ܛܐ ܠܬܚܬ) – ܘܡܛܠ ܗܕܐ ܠܘܚܐ ܟܡܚܘܐ ܓܢܒܗ̇ ܨܐ ܐܣܘܪܐ ܕܚܕ̈ܕܐ ܡܨܥܝܐ ܒܝܢܝ ܦܣܘ̈ܩܐ ܘܦܬܝܘܬܐ (range) ܕܝܠܗ. Pallant: ܩܐ ܣܒ̈ܠܬܐ ܟܪ̈ܝܬܐ (ܒܨܘܪܐ ܡܢ 10 ܦܣܘ̈ܩܐ) ܥܝܕܐ ܝܠܗ ܕܡܩܒܠܚ α ܢܚܝܬܬܐ ܩܠܝܠ، ܘܗܝܕܝܟ ܛܒ ܝܠܗ ܕܬܢܚ ܐܣܘܪܐ ܡܨܥܝܐ، ܕܦܬܝܘܬܐ ܛܒܬܐ ܕܝܠܗ ܝܠܗ̇ .2-.4 (Briggs & Cheek, 1986, as cited in Pallant, 2020). N ܓܘ ܠܘܚܐ ܝܠܗ ܡܢܝܢܐ ܕܡܫܬܘܬܦ̈ܢܐ ܕܦܢܝܠܗܘܢ ܥܠ ܟܠ ܦܣܘ̈ܩܐ – ܫܩܠܬܐ ܕܣܕܪܐ ܟܠܗ (listwise deletion)، ܐܝܟ ܓܘ SPSS – ܘܥܡܘܕܐ "ܫܒܝܩ̈ܐ" ܟܐܡܪ ܟܡܐ ܡܫܬܘܬܦ̈ܢܐ ܠܐ ܥܠܝܠ̈ܐ ܝܢܐ ܓܘ ܚܘܫܒܢܐ ܕܫܪܝܪܘܬܐ (ܐܢܝ ܡܨܝ ܕܡܩܒܠܝ ܐܦ ܗܫܐ ܡܢܝܢܐ ܕܣܒܠܬܐ، ܚܙܝܡܘܢ ܠܬܚܬ).

ܠܘܚܐ 2 – ܬܚܘ̈ܡܐ ܕܬܘܟܠܢܐ (confidence intervals) ܩܐ α. α ܕܓܘ ܠܘܚܐ 1 ܫܘܥܪܐ ܝܠܗ ܡܢ ܕܘܡܝܐ، ܘ-Raykov (2024) ܟܡܘܥܕ ܕܬܢܚ ܓܢܒܗ ܬܚܘܡܐ ܕܬܘܟܠܢܐ. ܠܘܚܐ ܟܝܗܒ ܠܗ ܒܬܠܬܐ ܕܪ̈ܓܐ (95%، 99%، 99.9%) ܘܒܬܠܬܐ ܐܘܪ̈ܚܬܐ: ADF (asymptotically distribution-free; Maydeu-Olivares, Coffman & Hartmann, 2007) – ܐܘܪܚܐ ܕ-delta ܕܓܘܗ̇ ܫܘܚܠܦܐ ܕܫܘܚܠ̈ܦܐ ܡܫܘܬ̈ܦܐ ܫܘܥܪܐ ܝܠܗ ܡܢ moments ܪ̈ܒܝܥܝܐ ܕܝܗܝ̈ܒܬܐ ܓܢܒܗܘܢ، ܕܠܐ ܣܡܟܐ ܥܠ ܢܘܪܡܠܝܘܬܐ (normality) ܝܢ ܥܠ ܡܘܕܝܠ (model) – ܐܗܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܫܪܒܬܐ ܕ-Raykov (2024) ܟܩܪܐ ܠܗ̇ "ܚܐܪܬܐ ܡܢ ܡܘܕܝܠ ܘܩܪܝܒ ܚܐܪܬܐ ܡܢ ܫܪ̈ܛܐ" (Raykov & Marcoulides, 2015, as cited in Raykov) ܘܐܝܠܗ̇ ܓܘܒܝܐ ܡܩܕܡܐ (default) ܕܬܘܢܝܐ ܓܘ ܦܐܬܐ (ܣܕܪܐ ܬܚܝܬܐ، 95%)؛ ܬܐܘܪܝܐ ܢܘܪܡܠܝܬܐ (van Zyl, Neudecker & Nel, 2000, as cited in Maydeu-Olivares et al.) – ܗܝ ܐܘܪܚܐ ܕ-delta ܥܡ ܣܡܟܐ ܥܠ ܢܘܪܡܠܝܘܬܐ ܕܣܓܝ ܡܫܘ̈ܚܬܐ – ܘ-F ܕ-Feldt (1965, as cited in Maydeu-Olivares et al.) – ܬܚܘܡܐ "ܚܬܝܬܐ" ܥܡ ܣܡܟܐ ܥܠ ܦܣܘ̈ܩܐ ܡܫܘܚ̈ܝܐ ܘܢܘܪܡܠܝܘܬܐ، ܕܐܝܠܗ ܨܐ ܡܐ ܕ-psych::alpha ܟܛܒܥ. Maydeu-Olivares ܘܐܚܪ̈ܢܐ (2007) ܡܫܟܚܠܗܘܢ ܓܘ ܣܝܡܘܠܝܫܢ̈ܐ: ܓܘ ܦܣܘ̈ܩܐ ܩܪܝܒ̈ܐ ܠܢܘܪܡܠܝܘܬܐ ܬܠܬܐ ܐܘܪ̈ܚܬܐ ܩܪܝܒ ܫܘ̈ܝܐ ܝܢܐ ܘܐܦ ܓܘ ܕܘ̈ܡܝܐ ܙܥܘܪ̈ܐ ܬܚܘܡܐ ܢܘܪܡܠܝܐ ܟܡܟܣܐ ܛܒ؛ ܐܝܡܢ ܕܠܐ ܫܘܝܘܬܐ (skewness) ܝܢ kurtosis ܟܣܠܩ ܠܥܠ ܡܢ 1 ܬܚܘ̈ܡܐ ܢܘܪܡܠܝ̈ܐ ܥܨܝܪ̈ܐ ܝܢܐ ܝܬܝܪ، ܘ-ADF ܒܨܒܝܢܐ ܝܠܗ – ܡܢ N = 100 ܘܠܥܠ. ܡܛܠ ܗܕܐ ܡܥܝܪܢܘܬܐ ܕܠܘܚܐ ܟܦܚܡܐ ܬܪܬܝܢ ܛܥܝ̈ܘܬܐ ܬܩܝܢ̈ܬܐ (standard errors): ܐܝܡܢ ܕܦܪ̈ܝܫܐ ܝܢܐ ܒܙܘܕܐ ܡܢ 20% – ܝܗܝ̈ܒܬܐ ܪܚܝ̈ܩܐ ܝܢܐ ܡܢ ܢܘܪܡܠܝܘܬܐ، ܘܬܚܘܡܐ ܢܘܪܡܠܝܐ (ܘܥܡܗ Feldt) ܠܐ ܝܠܗ ܬܘܟܠܢܝܐ. ܬܚܘ̈ܡܐ ܐܝܬ ܠܗܘܢ ܕܡܬܩܪܝ ܚܕ̈ܕܐ ܥܡ ܬܚܘܡܐ ܕܩܘܒܠܐ (threshold): ܬܚܘܡܐ ܕܟܠܗ ܠܥܠ ܡܢ .7 ܝܠܗ ܟܡܢܝܚ؛ ܬܚܘܡܐ ܕܟܥܒܪ ܠܗ ܟܐܡܪ ܕܕܘܡܝܐ ܠܐ ܟܦܣܩ. ܬܚܘܡܐ ܥܠܝܐ ܠܥܠ ܡܢ 1 (ܟܗܘܐ ܐܝܡܢ ܕ-α̂ ܩܪܝܒܬܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܠ-1 ܓܘ ܬܚܘܡܐ ܫܘܝܐ ܠܬܪܝܢ ܓܢ̈ܒܐ) ܡܚܘܝܐ ܝܠܗ ܐܝܟ 1 ܘܪܫܝܡܐ ܝܠܗ.

ܠܘܚܐ 3 – ܣܛܐܛܝܣܛܝܩܐ ܕܦܣܘ̈ܩܐ. ܬܪܬܝܢ ܥܡܘ̈ܕܐ ܐܚܪ̈ܝܐ ܐܢܝ ܝܢܐ ܕܟܩܪܚ. ܐܣܘܪܐ ܕܚܕ̈ܕܐ ܕܦܣܘܩܐ-ܣܒܠܬܐ ܡܬܘܪܨܐ (Corrected Item-Total Correlation) – ܐܣܘܪܐ ܒܝܢܝ ܦܣܘܩܐ ܘܓܘܡܪܐ ܕܫܪܟܐ ܕܦܣܘ̈ܩܐ ("ܬܘܪܨܐ": ܦܣܘܩܐ ܓܢܒܗ ܠܐ ܥܠܝܠܐ ܝܠܗ ܓܘ ܓܘܡܪܐ ܕܥܡܗ ܐܣܝܪܐ ܝܠܗ). ܓܘ ܣܒܠܬܐ ܫܪܝܪܬܐ ܟܠ ܦܣܘ̈ܩܐ ܐܣܝܪ̈ܐ ܝܢܐ ܛܒ ܥܡ ܣܒܠܬܐ؛ Field ܘ-Pallant ܟܣܝܡܝ ܗܘ ܬܚܘܡܐ – ܠܬܚܬ ܡܢ .3 ܦܣܘܩܐ ܟܡܫܚܐ ܡܕܡ ܐܚܪܢܐ ܡܢ ܟܠܗ̇ ܣܒܠܬܐ. α ܐܢ ܦܣܘܩܐ ܫܩܝܠܐ – ܡܘܕܝ ܗܘܝܬܐ α ܕܠܐ ܐܗܐ ܦܣܘܩܐ. ܓܘ ܣܒܠܬܐ ܛܒܬܐ ܐܦ ܚܕ ܦܣܘܩܐ ܠܐ ܟܡܫܚܠܦ α ܣܓܝ، ܘܟܠ ܛܝ̈ܡܐ ܓܘ ܥܡܘܕܐ ܩܪܝܒ̈ܐ ܝܢܐ ܠ-α ܟܠܢܝܬܐ ܘܠܬܚܬ ܡܢܗ̇؛ ܦܣܘܩܐ ܕܫܩܠܬܐ ܕܝܠܗ ܟܡܣܠܩܐ α (ܓܘܢܐ ܙܪܕܐ ܒܬܚܬܝܬܐ) ܡܩܪܒܢܐ ܝܠܗ ܠܫܩܠܬܐ – ܐܠܐ Pallant ܟܡܚܕܕܐ: ܐܗܐ ܦܐܝܕܐ ܝܠܗ ܩܐ ܐܝܢܐ ܕܟܒܢܐ ܣܒܠܬܐ، ܘܓܘ ܣܒܠܬܐ ܡܫܪܪܬܐ ܘܝܕܝܥܬܐ ܫܩܠܬܐ ܕܦܣܘܩܐ ܟܟܠܝܐ ܦܘܚܡܐ ܥܡ ܒܘܨ̈ܝܐ ܐܚܪ̈ܢܐ ܕܡܦܠܚܠܗܘܢ ܒܗ̇؛ Field ܟܡܘܣܦ ܕܐܢ ܟܫܩܠܚ، ܟܪܗܛܚ ܬܘܒ ܦܘܫܩܐ ܕܥܠ̈ܠܬܐ (factor analysis) ܕܝܕܥܚ ܕܒܢܝܢܐ ܢܛܝܪܐ ܝܠܗ؛ ܘ-Raykov (2024) ܟܐܙܠ ܪܚܘܩ ܝܬܝܪ: ܐܝܡܢ ܕܐܠܦܐ ܢܚܝܬܬܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܡܢ ܫܪܝܪܘܬܐ ܫܪܝܪܬܐ ܕܣܒܠܬܐ – ܗܘܝܐ ܕܣܓܝ ܟܡܬܚܙܐ – ܫܩܠܬܐ ܕܦܣܘܩܐ ܠܦܘܬ ܐܗܐ ܡܢܝܢܐ ܣܛܐܛܝܣܛܝܩܝܐ ܡܨܝܐ ܕܡܢܚܬܐ ܐܦ ܫܪܝܪܘܬܐ ܘܐܦ ܬܪܝܨܘܬܐ (validity)، ܘܡܛܠ ܗܕܐ ܗܘ ܒܥܡܝܘܬܐ ܟܡܘܥܕ ܕܠܐ ܡܦܠܚܚ ܒܗ ܐܝܟ ܡܕܒܪܢܐ ܠܫܘܢܝܐ ܕܣܒܠܬܐ. ܥܝܕܐ ܕܣܐܝܛ (site convention): ܥܡܘܕܐ ܟܦܝܫ ܓܘ ܡܦܩܢܐ (output)، ܐܝܟ ܓܘ SPSS، ܐܝܟ ܒܘܚܪܢܐ ܕܟܘܪܗܢܐ – ܘܠܐ ܐܝܟ ܫܬܐܣܐ ܠܫܩܠܬܐ (ܦܘܫܩܐ ܪܚܒܐ ܓܘ ܦܐܬܐ ܕܫܡ̈ܗܐ، ܦܣܩܐ 2). ܦܣܘܩܐ ܥܡ ܐܣܘܪܐ ܕܒܨܘܪܐ ܡܢ ܨܦܪܐ (ܓܘܢܐ ܣܡܘܩܐ ܒܬܚܬܝܬܐ) ܩܪܝܒ ܒܟܠ ܙܒܢ ܦܣܘܩܐ ܗܦܝܟܐ ܝܠܗ ܕܠܐ ܗܦܝܟܐ ܝܠܗ – ܚܙܝܡܘܢ ܦܣܩܐ ܕܒܬܪܗ.

ܠܘܚܐ 4 – ܡܐܛܪܝܟܣ ܕܐܣܘܪ̈ܐ ܕܚܕ̈ܕܐ. Pallant (2020، ܨܚܚܐ 9) ܟܫܪܝܐ ܕܘܟܐ ܗܪܟܐ: ܟܠ ܐܣܘܪ̈ܐ ܒܝܢܝ ܦܣܘ̈ܩܐ ܐܝܬ ܠܗܘܢ ܕܗܘܝ ܥܠ ܡܢ ܨܦܪܐ، ܡܛܠ ܕܟܠܗܘܢ ܟܡܫܚܝ ܗܝ ܕܝܠܝܘܬܐ؛ ܛܝܡܐ ܕܒܨܘܪܐ ܡܢ ܨܦܪܐ ܟܡܚܘܐ ܦܣܘܩܐ ܕܠܐ ܗܦܝܟܐ ܝܠܗ ܒܐܘܪܚܐ ܬܪܝܨܬܐ، ܘܟܡܬܚܙܐ ܒܗ ܙܒܢܐ ܐܝܟ ܐܣܘܪܐ ܕܦܣܘܩܐ-ܣܒܠܬܐ ܕܒܨܘܪܐ ܡܢ ܨܦܪܐ ܓܘ ܠܘܚܐ 3. ܡܨܥܝܬܐ ܕܐܣܘܪ̈ܐ ܓܘ ܠܘܚܐ 4 ܝܠܗ̇ ܡܢܝܢܐ ܕܓܘ ܠܘܚܐ 1 (Summary Item Statistics ܓܘ SPSS).

ܦܣܘ̈ܩܐ ܗܦܝ̈ܟܐ

ܣܓܝ ܦܢܩܝ̈ܬܐ ܕܫܘܐ̈ܠܐ ܐܝܬ ܓܘܗܝܢ ܦܣܘ̈ܩܐ ܕܟܬܝܒ̈ܐ ܝܢܐ ܒܐܘܪܚܐ ܗܦܝܟܬܐ – "ܥܢܝ̈ܢܐ ܕܥܕܬܐ ܕܡܬܐ ܠܐ ܟܡܥܢܝܢܝ" ܒܝܢܝ ܦܣܘ̈ܩܐ ܕܟܫܠܡܚ ܥܡܗܘܢ ܐܝܡܢ ܕܡܫܥܒܕܘܬܐ ܪܡܬܐ ܝܠܗ̇. Field (2024، ܦܣܩܐ 18.9.4) ܟܡܦܫܩ ܩܡܘܕܝ ܐܢܝ ܬܡܢ ܝܢܐ (ܟܡܐܠܨܝ ܠܡܫܬܘܬܦܢܐ ܕܩܪܐ، ܘܟܡܙܥܪܝ ܡܣܒ ܒܐܦ̈ܐ ܕܦܘܢܝܐ (response bias)) ܘܩܡܘܕܝ ܐܢܝ ܟܡܚܪܒܝ α ܐܢ ܠܐ ܟܥܒܕܚ ܡܕܡ ܥܡܗܘܢ: ܫܘܚܠܦܐ ܡܫܘܬܦܐ (covariance) ܒܝܢܝ ܦܣܘܩܐ ܕܐܗܐ ܙܢܐ ܘܫܪܟܐ ܕܒܨܘܪܐ ܡܢ ܨܦܪܐ ܝܠܗ، ܗܘ ܟܡܙܥܪ ܡܨܥܝܬܐ ܕܫܘܚܠ̈ܦܐ ܡܫܘܬ̈ܦܐ ܓܘ ܥܠܝܬܐ ܕܫܘܝܘܬܐ، ܘ-α ܟܢܚܬܐ – ܥܕܡܐ ܠܛܝܡܐ ܕܒܨܘܪܐ ܡܢ ܨܦܪܐ، ܕܠܝܬ ܠܗ ܣܘܟܠܐ. ܡܬܠܐ ܕܝܠܗ (ܦܣܩܐ 18.11، ܡܦܩܢܐ 18.14 ܩܘܒܠ 18.15): ܣܒܠܬܐ ܡܢܬܢܝܬܐ (subscale) ܥܡ ܚܕ ܦܣܘܩܐ ܗܦܝܟܐ ܕܠܐ ܗܦܝܟܐ ܝܠܗ – α = .537 ܒܕܘܟܬ .707، ܐܣܘܪܐ ܕܦܣܘܩܐ-ܣܒܠܬܐ ܕܒܨܘܪܐ ܡܢ ܨܦܪܐ ܩܐ ܗܘ ܦܣܘܩܐ، ܘ"α ܐܢ ܦܣܘܩܐ ܫܩܝܠܐ" .687. ܐܗܐ ܝܠܗ ܐܬܐ ܕܟܓܠܐ، ܘܦܐܬܐ ܟܡܚܝܠ ܠܗ ܒܓܘܢܐ ܣܡܘܩܐ ܒܬܚܬܝܬܐ ܘܒܙܘܗܪܐ.

ܗܘܦܟܐ ܦܫܝܛܐ ܝܠܗ: ܡܢ ܛܝܡܐ ܥܠܝܐ ܕܣܒܠܬܐ ܘܙܘܕܐ 1 ܟܡܒܨܪܚ ܡܢܝܢܐ – ܓܘ ܣܒܠܬܐ 1-5، ܡܢ 6 (Field, Section 18.9.4): 5 ܟܗܘܐ 1، 1 ܟܗܘܐ 5، ܘ-3 ܟܦܝܫ 3. ܦܐܬܐ ܟܡܦܠܚ ܒܢܘܣܚܐ ܟܠܢܝܐ (ܛܝܡܐ ܬܚܬܝܐ + ܛܝܡܐ ܥܠܝܐ) − ܛܝܡܐ، ܕܟܝܗܒ ܗܘ ܡܕܡ ܓܘ ܣܒܠܬܐ ܕܟܫܪܝܐ ܡܢ 1 ܘܬܪܝܨܐ ܝܠܗ ܨܐ ܩܐ ܣܒܠܬܐ 0-10 ܝܢ −3 ܥܕܡܐ 3؛ ܡܛܠ ܗܕܐ ܣܢܝܩ ܝܠܗ ܕܦܬܝܘܬܐ ܕܦܘܢ̈ܝܐ ܓܘ ܩܘܛܝܐ ܗܘܝܐ ܦܬܝܘܬܐ ܡܨܝܢܝܬܐ ܕܣܒܠܬܐ، ܠܐ ܦܬܝܘܬܐ ܕܚܙܝܬܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܓܘ ܝܗܝ̈ܒܬܐ. ܪܫܡܐ ܕ"ܦܣܘܩܐ ܗܦܝܟܐ" ܓܘ ܪܫܝܡܬܐ ܟܗܦܟܐ ܦܣܘܩܐ ܩܕܡ ܚܘܫܒܢܐ ܕܫܪܝܪܘܬܐ ܘܕܡܢܝܢܐ؛ ܐܢ ܓܘ ܦܐܝܠ ܐܝܬ ܓܠܝܘܢܐ ܕܡܦܫܩܢܐ (legend / מקרא) ܘܡܠܬܐ "reverse" ܟܡܬܚܙܝܐ ܓܘ ܡܥܝܪ̈ܢܘܬܐ (notes) ܕܦܣܘܩܐ، ܪܫܡܐ ܟܡܬܥܒܕ ܒܓܢܗ. Pallant (2020، ܨܚܚܐ 8) ܟܡܥܗܕܐ ܕܒܚܪܚ ܓܘ ܡܕܒܪܢܐ ܕܣܒܠܬܐ ܝܢ ܓܘ ܡܐܡܪܐ ܫܪܫܝܐ ܐܝܢܝ ܦܣܘ̈ܩܐ ܗܦܝ̈ܟܐ ܝܢܐ – ܠܐ ܕܡܚܫܒܚ ܒܣ ܡܢ ܢܘܣܚܐ.

ܡܢܝܢܐ ܕܣܒܠܬܐ

ܒܬܪ ܕܫܪܝܪܘܬܐ ܡܫܟܚܬܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܣܦܩܬܐ، ܟܡܚܝܕܚ ܦܣܘ̈ܩܐ ܠܚܕ ܡܢܝܢܐ ܩܐ ܟܠ ܡܫܬܘܬܦܢܐ. Pallant (2020، ܨܚܚܐ 8) ܟܚܫܒܐ ܓܘܡܪܐ، ܘܟܐܡܪܐ ܕܣܓܝ ܒܨܘܝ̈ܐ ܟܦܠܓܝ ܥܠ ܡܢܝܢܐ ܕܦܣܘ̈ܩܐ ܕܡܢܝܢܐ ܕܥܪܐ ܠܣܒܠܬܐ ܫܪܫܝܬܐ ܕܦܘܢ̈ܝܐ (1-5) ܘܗܘܐ ܦܫܝܩܐ ܝܬܝܪ ܠܦܘܫܩܐ – ܐܗܐ ܝܠܗ ܓܘܒܝܐ ܡܩܕܡܐ ܕܦܐܬܐ، "ܡܨܥܝܬܐ ܕܦܣܘ̈ܩܐ". ܦܘܪܫܢܐ ܥܒܕܢܝܐ ܒܝܢܝ ܬܪܘܝܗܝ ܝܠܗ ܓܘ ܥܒܕܐ ܥܡ ܚܣܝ̈ܪܐ: ܓܘ SPSS ܓܘܡܪܐ ܦܫܝܛܐ ܕܦܣܘ̈ܩܐ ܟܝܗܒ ܛܝܡܐ ܚܣܝܪܐ (missing value) ܩܐ ܟܠ ܡܫܬܘܬܦܢܐ ܕܚܣܝܪܐ ܠܗ ܚܕ ܦܣܘܩܐ (Pallant, Chapter 8)، ܘܡܨܥܝܬܐ ܕܦܣܘ̈ܩܐ ܬܪܝܨ̈ܐ – MEAN.n ܓܘ ܣܝܢܬܐܟܣ (syntax) ܕ-SPSS – ܟܡܦܠܚܐ ܒܡܐ ܕܐܝܬ. ܦܐܬܐ ܟܚܫܒܐ ܡܢܝܢܐ ܩܐ ܡܫܬܘܬܦܢܐ ܒܣ ܐܢ ܦܢܐ ܥܠ ܡܢܬܐ ܣܦܩܬܐ ܡܢ ܦܣܘ̈ܩܐ (ܓܘܒܝܐ ܡܩܕܡܐ 75%: ܚܡܫܐ ܡܢ ܐܫܬܐ)، ܘܓܘܡܪܐ، ܐܝܡܢ ܕܓܒܝܐ ܝܠܗ، ܟܫܥܪ ܠܗ ܐܝܟ ܡܨܥܝܬܐ ܥܦܝܦܬܐ ܥܠ ܡܢܝܢܐ ܕܦܣܘ̈ܩܐ؛ ܐܝܢܐ ܕܠܐ ܥܒܪܠܗ ܬܚܘܡܐ ܟܡܩܒܠ ܩܠܝܬܐ ܣܦܝܩܬܐ (empty cell). Pallant ܟܒܥܝܐ ܕܟܬܒܚ ܓܘ ܟܬܒܐ ܕܪ̈ܡܙܐ (codebook) ܫܡܐ ܕܡܫܬܚܠܦܢܐ ܚܕܬܐ، ܡܘܕܝ ܟܡܚܘܐ، ܐܝܢܝ ܦܣܘ̈ܩܐ ܓܡܝܪ̈ܐ ܝܢܐ، ܐܝܢܝ ܗܦܝ̈ܟܐ ܝܢܐ ܘܡܘܕܝ ܝܠܗ̇ ܦܬܝܘܬܐ ܡܨܝܢܝܬܐ – ܚܬܝܬܐܝܬ ܡܐ ܕܦܐܬܐ ܟܟܬܒܐ ܠܣܕܪܐ ܕܡܦܫܩܢܐ ܓܘ ܦܐܝܠ ܕܡܚܬܝܐ ܝܠܗ.

ܥܝܕܐ ܕܣܐܝܛ (ܦܐܬܐ ܡܫܬܚܠܦ̈ܢܐ ܘܕܪ̈ܓܐ ܕܡܫܘܚܬܐ): ܦܣܘܩܐ ܝܚܝܕܝܐ ܕܛܟܣܐ ܡܫܬܚܠܦܢܐ ܕܛܟܣܐ (ordinal variable) ܝܠܗ؛ ܡܢܝܢܐ ܕܣܒܠܬܐ ܕܦܣܘ̈ܩܐ ܣܓܝ̈ܐܐ (multi-item scale) ܡܬܦܠܚܐ ܝܠܗ ܐܝܟ ܡܫܬܚܠܦܢܐ ܕܪܘ̈ܚܩܐ ܫܘ̈ܝܐ (interval)، ܘܡܛܠ ܗܕܐ ܟܥܐܠ ܠܐܣܘܪܐ ܕܚܕ̈ܕܐ ܕ-Pearson، ܠܒܘܚܪܢܐ t ܘܠܪܝܓܪܫܢ (regression). ܗܝܣܛܘܓܪܡ ܕܓܘ ܡܦܩܢܐ ܟܡܚܘܐ ܐܢ ܡܢܝܢܐ ܡܦܠܓܐ ܝܠܗ ܒܐܘܪܚܐ ܡܩܒܠܬܐ ܘܐܢ ܐܝܬ floor ܝܢ ceiling.

ܫܪ̈ܛܐ ܘܙܘܗܪ̈ܐ (Assumptions and warnings)

ܡܘܕܝ α ܟܣܡܟܐ. Field (2024، ܦܣܩܐ 18.9.3) ܟܡܦܪܫ: α ܟܣܡܟܐ ܕܟܠ ܦܣܘ̈ܩܐ ܟܡܫܚܝ ܡܢܝܢܐ ܫܪܝܪܐ ܒܗܝ ܟܡܝܘܬܐ – "tau-equivalence ܓܘܝܬܐ" (essential tau-equivalence)، ܕܡܢ ܚܘܪܐ ܡܬܡܛܝܩܝܐ ܫܘܝܐ ܝܠܗ ܠܛܥ̈ܢܐ (loadings) ܫܘ̈ܝܐ ܕܟܠ ܦܣܘ̈ܩܐ ܥܠ ܚܕ ܥܠܬܐ (factor). ܓܘ ܫܪܪܐ ܛܥ̈ܢܐ ܦܪ̈ܝܫܐ ܝܢܐ، ܘܗܝܕܝܟ α ܟܫܥܪܐ ܫܪܝܪܘܬܐ ܒܚܣܝܪܘܬܐ – "ܬܚܘܡܐ ܬܚܬܝܐ (lower bound)". Field ܟܐܡܪ ܐܦ ܕܐܢܫ̈ܐ ܕܝܕܥܝ ܒܐܗܐ ܥܢܝܢܐ ܟܚܫܒܝ α ܐܝܟ ܡܚܘܝܢܐ ܒܝܫܐ، ܘܟܡܫܕܪ ܠܡܐܡܪ̈ܐ ܥܠ ܚܠܝܦ̈ܐ؛ ܐܠܐ ܗܝ ܝܠܗ̇ ܡܐ ܕܟܠ ܟܬܒܐ ܙܒܢܝܐ (journal) ܟܡܣܟܐ ܕܚܙܐ، ܘܐܗܐ ܝܠܗ ܥܠܬܐ ܕܦܐܬܐ ܟܚܫܒܐ ܠܗ̇.

ܡܢܝܢܐ ܕܦܣܘ̈ܩܐ. ܓܘ ܥܠܝܬܐ ܕܫܘܝܘܬܐ ܝܬܝܒܐ ܝܠܗ ܡܪܒܥܐ ܕܡܢܝܢܐ ܕܦܣܘ̈ܩܐ، ܘܡܛܠ ܗܕܐ α ܟܣܠܩܐ ܟܡܐ ܕܣܒܠܬܐ ܐܪܝܟܬܐ ܝܠܗ̇ – ܐܦܢ ܕܦܣܘ̈ܩܐ ܠܐ ܗܘܝ ܫܠܝܡ̈ܐ ܝܬܝܪ. ܡܬܠܐ ܕ-Cortina (1993, as cited in Field, Section 18.9.3) ܓܘ ܨܘܪܬܐ 1: ܬܠܬܐ ܦܣܘ̈ܩܐ ܥܡ ܐܣܘܪܐ ܡܨܥܝܐ ܡܝܩܪܐ ܕ-.57 ܘܥܣܪܐ ܦܣܘ̈ܩܐ ܥܡ ܐܣܘܪܐ ܡܨܥܝܐ ܕ-.28 – ܬܪܘܝܗܝ α = .80. ܐܗܐ ܝܠܗ ܥܠܬܐ ܕܠܘܚܐ ܟܡܚܘܐ ܐܣܘܪܐ ܡܨܥܝܐ ܓܢܒ α، ܘܕܠܝܬ ܣܘܟܠܐ ܒܬܚܘܡܐ ܚܕ ܩܐ ܟܠ ܣܒܠܬܐ.

α ܠܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܡܚܘܝܢܐ ܕܚܕ ܡܫܘܚܬܐ (unidimensionality). α ܪܡܬܐ ܠܐ ܟܐܡܪܐ ܕܣܒܠܬܐ ܟܡܫܚܐ ܚܕ ܡܕܡ: Grayson (2004, as cited in Field, Section 18.9.3) ܡܚܘܝܠܗ ܕ-α = .8 ܟܡܬܩܒܠܐ ܐܦ ܡܢ ܚܕ ܥܠܬܐ (factor)، ܐܦ ܡܢ ܬܪܬܝܢ ܥܠ̈ܠܬܐ ܐܣܝܪ̈ܬܐ ܘܐܦ ܡܢ ܬܪܬܝܢ ܥܠ̈ܠܬܐ ܠܐ ܐܣܝܪ̈ܬܐ. Field: ܐܢ ܓܘ ܦܢܩܝܬܐ ܕܫܘܐ̈ܠܐ ܐܝܬ ܣܒ̈ܠܬܐ ܡܢܬܢ̈ܝܬܐ (subscales)، ܟܚܫܒܚ α ܩܐ ܟܠ ܣܒܠܬܐ ܡܢܬܢܝܬܐ ܒܦܪܝܫܘܬܐ ܘܠܐ ܩܐ ܟܠ ܦܣܘ̈ܩܐ ܚܕ̈ܕܐ – ܐܝܟ ܕ-Cronbach ܓܢܒܗ ܡܩܪܒܠܗ. ܒܢܝܢܐ ܕܣܒܠܬܐ ܟܒܚܪܚ ܒܦܘܫܩܐ ܕܥܠ̈ܠܬܐ (factor analysis)، ܠܐ ܒ-α.

ܬܚܘ̈ܡܐ ܕܩܘܒܠܐ (thresholds). Field (ܦܣܩܐ 18.9.4) ܟܡܝܬܐ Kline (1999): .8 ܦܐܝܐ ܝܠܗ ܠܒܘܚܪ̈ܢܐ ܕܗܘܢܐ، .7 ܠܒܘܚܪ̈ܢܐ ܕܡܨܝܢܘܬܐ، ܘܓܘ ܒܢܝܢ̈ܐ ܢܦܫܢ̈ܝܐ ܡܫܚܠܦ̈ܐ ܡܨܝܚ ܕܡܣܟܚ ܒܐܘܪܚܐ ܫܪܝܪܬܐ ܐܦ ܒܨܘܪܐ ܡܢ .7؛ Nunnally (1978) – ܓܘ ܕܪ̈ܓܐ ܩܕܡܝ̈ܐ ܕܒܘܨܝܐ ܣܦܩ ܝܠܗ .5. ܫܘܠܡܐ ܕ-Field: ܠܐ ܐܝܬ ܠܢ ܕܡܦܠܚܚ ܒܬܚܘ̈ܡܐ ܟܠܢ̈ܝܐ، ܐܠܐ ܕܦܫܩܚ α ܓܘ ܣܝܩܐ ܕܐܝܟܢܐ ܡܫܝܚܬܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܘܕܒܘܨܝܐ (Pedhazur & Schmelkin, 1991). ܡܥܝܪܢܘܬܐ "ܛܒܬܐ / ܡܩܒܠܬܐ / ܠܬܚܬ ܡܢ ܬܚܘܡܐ ܡܩܒܠܐ" ܕܦܐܬܐ ܟܛܒܥ ܟܡܦܠܚܐ ܒ-.7 ܘܒ-.8 ܕ-Pallant، ܘܗܝ ܢܘܩܙܐ ܕܫܘܪܝܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܩܐ ܡܡܠܠܐ، ܠܐ ܦܣܩܐ ܕܕܝܢܐ.

ܕܘܡܝܐ. ܫܪܝܪܘܬܐ ܬܠܝܬܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܒܕܘܡܝܐ (Field, Section 18.9.1; Pallant, Chapter 9)، ܘܡܛܠ ܗܕܐ ܟܬܢܚ ܠܗ̇ ܩܐ ܕܘܡܝܐ ܕܗܫܐ ܓܢܒ ܡܐ ܕܒܢܝ̈ܐ ܕܣܒܠܬܐ ܬܢܝܠܗܘܢ. Field ܟܡܘܣܦ ܕܐܦ ܪܘܟܒܐ ܕܕܘܡܝܐ – ܐܢܫ̈ܐ ܡܢ ܟܢܫ̈ܐ ܟܠܢ̈ܝܐ (populations) ܦܪ̈ܝܫܐ ܓܘ ܗܘ ܕܘܡܝܐ – ܟܡܨܠܐ α، ܒܙܒ̈ܢܐ ܠܥܠ ܘܒܙܒ̈ܢܐ ܠܬܚܬ (Waller, 2008, as cited in Field).

ܚܣܝ̈ܪܐ. ܫܪܝܪܘܬܐ ܚܫܝܒܬܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܥܠ ܡܫܬܘܬܦ̈ܢܐ ܕܦܢܝܠܗܘܢ ܥܠ ܟܠ ܦܣܘ̈ܩܐ (ܫܩܠܬܐ ܕܣܕܪܐ ܟܠܗ، ܐܝܟ ܓܘܒܝܐ ܡܩܕܡܐ ܕ-SPSS)؛ ܐܝܡܢ ܕܣܓܝ̈ܐܐ ܫܒܝܩ̈ܐ ܝܢܐ، ܦܐܬܐ ܟܡܙܗܪ. ܡܢܝܢܐ، ܒܓܢܒ ܐܚܪܢܐ، ܚܫܝܒܐ ܝܠܗ ܩܐ ܟܠ ܐܝܢܐ ܕܥܒܪܠܗ ܬܚܘܡܐ ܕܦܣܘ̈ܩܐ ܬܪܝܨ̈ܐ – ܘܡܛܠ ܗܕܐ N ܕܫܪܝܪܘܬܐ ܘ-N ܕܡܢܝܢܐ ܡܨܝ ܕܗܘܝ ܦܪ̈ܝܫܐ ܓܘ ܗܢܝ ܝܗܝ̈ܒܬܐ. ܩܐ ܫܘܐܠܐ ܐܝܡܢ ܡܨܝܚ ܕܫܥܪܚ ܦܣܘ̈ܩܐ ܚܣܝ̈ܪܐ ܘܐܝܡܢ ܠܐ – ܦܐܬܐ ܛܝ̈ܡܐ ܚܣܝ̈ܪܐ.

ܡܘܕܝ ܠܐ ܟܚܫܒܐ ܐܗܐ ܦܐܬܐ. ܫܪܝܪܘܬܐ ܕܦܠܓ̈ܐ ܘܡܢܝܢܐ ܡܫܘܬܦܐ ܕܐܣܘܪܐ ܓܘ ܓܘܕܐ (ICC) – ܬܪܝܢ ܓܘܒ̈ܝܐ ܐܚܪ̈ܢܐ ܓܘ ܕܝܐܠܘܓ ܕ-SPSS (Field, Section 18.10)؛ ܬܚܘܡܐ bootstrap ܩܐ α (Raykov, 2024، ܟܡܥܗܕ ܠܗ ܓܢܒ ܐܘܪܚܐ ܕ-delta – ܬܠܬܐ ܬܚܘ̈ܡܐ ܕܓܘ ܠܘܚܐ 2 ܐܢܐܠܝܬܝܩ̈ܝܐ ܝܢܐ)؛ ܘܚܠܝܦ̈ܐ ܕ-Field ܟܡܫܕܪ ܠܗܘܢ (ܦܣܩܐ 18.9.3) ܩܐ ܣܒ̈ܠܬܐ ܕܠܐ ܟܩܝܡܝ ܓܘ ܫܪܛܐ ܕ-tau-equivalence – ܐܢܝ ܟܒܥܝ ܦܘܫܩܐ ܕܥܠ̈ܠܬܐ: ܫܪܝܪܘܬܐ ܡܪܟܒܬܐ (composite reliability؛ ω, Raykov, 2024, Equations 13-15) ܥܡ ܬܚܘܡܐ ܕܬܘܟܠܢܐ، ܓܢܒ ܐܠܦܐ، ܚܫܝܒܬܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܓܘ ܦܐܬܐ ܦܘܫܩܐ ܕܥܠ̈ܠܬܐ ܡܫܪܪܢܐ (ܠܘܚܐ 4). ܦܘܫܩܐ ܕܥܠ̈ܠܬܐ ܓܢܒܗ – ܘܐܦ ܫܘܐܠܐ ܐܢ ܦܣܘ̈ܩܐ ܫܪܝܪܐܝܬ ܝܬܝܒ̈ܐ ܝܢܐ ܥܠ ܚܕ ܥܠܬܐ – ܒܚܝܪܐ ܝܠܗ ܬܡܢ (ܐܝܡܢ ܕܒܢܝܢܐ ܦܣܝܩܐ ܝܠܗ ܡܢ ܩܕܡ) ܝܢ ܓܘ ܦܐܬܐ ܦܘܫܩܐ ܕܥܠ̈ܠܬܐ ܡܒܨܝܢܐ (ܐܝܡܢ ܕܒܢܝܢܐ ܠܐ ܝܠܗ ܝܕܝܥܐ)، ܠܐ ܓܘ ܐܗܐ ܦܐܬܐ.

ܘܕܟܝ ܟܥܒܕܚ ܐܗܐ ܒ-SPSS؟ (And how do you do it in SPSS?)

ܩܕܡ ܟܠ ܡܕܡ – ܗܘܦܟܐ (Pallant, 2020, Chapter 8): Transform › Recode into Different Variables…، ܦܣܘ̈ܩܐ ܗܦܝ̈ܟܐ ܠ-Input Variable → Output Variable، ܫܡܐ ܚܕܬܐ ܩܐ ܟܠ ܚܕ (Pallant: Rop2 ܩܐ op2)، ܘܓܘ ܟܦܬܘܪ Old and New Values ܟܬܚܡܚ 1 ← 5، 2 ← 4، 3 ← 3، 4 ← 2، 5 ← 1 ("ܠܐ ܟܠ ܣܒ̈ܠܬܐ ܕ-5 ܢܘܩ̈ܙܐ ܝܢܐ – ܒܚܪܘܢ ܕܗܦܟܠܘܟܘܢ ܟܠ ܛܝ̈ܡܐ ܡܨܝܢ̈ܐ"). Field (ܦܣܩܐ 18.9.4) ܟܥܒܕ ܐܗܐ ܒܚܕ ܦܘܩܕܢܐ ܕܚܘܫܒܢܐ، Transform › Compute: 6 − item. ܣܝܢܬܐܟܣ ܕܦܐܬܐ ܟܒܢܐ ܟܡܦܠܚ ܒܐܘܪܚܐ ܕ-Field، ܠܡܫܬܚܠܦ̈ܢܐ ܚܕ̈ܬܐ، ܕܫܪܫܝܐ ܢܛܝܪܐ ܗܘܐ.

ܫܪܝܪܘܬܐ (Pallant, Chapter 9; Field, Section 18.10): Analyze › Scale › Reliability Analysis… – ܦܣܘ̈ܩܐ (ܗܦܝ̈ܟܐ ܒܢܘܣܚܐ ܗܦܝܟܐ ܕܝܠܗܘܢ!) ܠܩܘܛܝܐ Items؛ Model: Alpha؛ ܫܡܐ ܕܣܒܠܬܐ ܓܘ Scale label (ܟܡܘܣܦ ܪܫܐ ܠܡܦܩܢܐ)؛ ܘܓܘ ܟܦܬܘܪ Statistics… – Descriptives for: Item, Scale, Scale if item deleted؛ Inter-Item: Correlations؛ Summaries: Correlations. ܣܝܢܬܐܟܣ:

RELIABILITY
  /VARIABLES=item1 item2 item3_rev item4 item5_rev item6
  /SCALE('Commitment') ALL
  /MODEL=ALPHA
  /STATISTICS=DESCRIPTIVE SCALE CORR
  /SUMMARY=TOTAL CORR.

ܩܪܝܢܐ ܕܡܦܩܢܐ (Pallant, Chapter 9): Case Processing Summary – Valid ܘ-Excluded (ܫܩܠܬܐ ܕܣܕܪܐ ܟܠܗ) = N ܘ"ܫܒܝܩ̈ܐ" ܓܘ ܠܘܚܐ 1؛ Reliability Statistics – Cronbach's Alpha، Cronbach's Alpha Based on Standardized Items، N of Items = ܬܠܬܐ ܥܡܘ̈ܕܐ ܩܕܡܝ̈ܐ؛ Item Statistics – ܡܨܥܝܬܐ ܘܣܛܝܘܬܐ ܬܩܝܢܬܐ (standard deviation) ܓܘ ܠܘܚܐ 3؛ Inter-Item Correlation Matrix = ܠܘܚܐ 4؛ Summary Item Statistics – ܣܕܪܐ ܕ-Inter-Item Correlations، ܥܡܘ̈ܕܐ Mean، Minimum، Maximum = ܐܣܘܪܐ ܡܨܥܝܐ ܘܦܬܝܘܬܐ ܕܝܠܗ؛ Item-Total Statistics – Corrected Item-Total Correlation ܘ-Cronbach's Alpha if Item Deleted = ܠܘܚܐ 3. ܬܚܘܡܐ ܕܬܘܟܠܢܐ ܩܐ α (ܠܘܚܐ 2) ܠܝܬ ܓܘ ܡܦܩܢܐ ܕ-RELIABILITY – ܩܐ ܐܗܐ ܐܝܬ R (ܦܣܩܐ ܕ-R ܠܬܚܬ). Pallant ܟܒܚܪܐ ܩܕܡ ܕܡܢܝܢܐ ܕܗܘ̈ܝܐ ܘܡܢܝܢܐ ܕܦܣܘ̈ܩܐ ܬܪ̈ܝܨܐ ܝܢܐ – ܛܥܝܘܬܐ ܦܫܝܛܬܐ ܕܟܡܦܫܩܐ ܣܓܝ α ܢܘܟܪ̈ܝܬܐ.

ܡܢܝܢܐ (Pallant, Chapter 8): Transform › Compute Variable… – ܫܡܐ ܩܐ ܡܫܬܚܠܦܢܐ ܚܕܬܐ، ܘܓܘ ܡܐܡܪܐ item1 + item2 + Ritem3 + … ܩܐ ܓܘܡܪܐ، ܝܢ MEAN.5(item1, item2, …) ܩܐ ܡܨܥܝܬܐ ܕܦܣܘ̈ܩܐ ܬܪܝܨ̈ܐ ܥܡ ܣܢܝܩܘܬܐ ܕܚܡܫܐ ܦܣܘ̈ܩܐ ܒܨܘܪܐ ܕܨܘܪܐ – ܐܗܐ ܝܠܗ ܦܘܩܕܢܐ ܕܓܘ ܣܝܢܬܐܟܣ ܕܦܐܬܐ (ܥܦܝܦܐ ܥܠ ܡܢܝܢܐ ܕܦܣܘ̈ܩܐ ܐܝܡܢ ܕܓܘܡܪܐ ܓܒܝܐ ܝܠܗ). ܟܦܬܘܪ "ܡܚܬܬܐ ܕܣܝܢܬܐܟܣ SPSS" ܓܘ ܡܦܩܢܐ ܟܒܢܐ ܟܠ ܓܫܩ̈ܐ – ܛܥܢܐ، ܟܬܒܐ ܕܪ̈ܡܙܐ (ܐܢ ܗܘܐ ܐܝܬ ܡܦܫܩܢܐ)، ܗܘܦܟܐ، RELIABILITY، ܡܢܝܢܐ ܘ-DESCRIPTIVES – ܥܠ ܝܗܝ̈ܒܬܐ ܘܒܫܡ̈ܗܐ ܕܡܫܬܚܠܦ̈ܢܐ ܕܛܥܝ̈ܢܐ ܝܢܐ.

ܘܕܟܝ ܟܥܒܕܚ ܐܗܐ ܒ-R؟ (And how do you do it in R?)

ܨܪܪܐ psych ܟܚܫܒ ܟܠ ܡܕܡ ܒܚܕ ܦܘܩܕܢܐ، alpha(): α ܥܡܝܬܐ (raw_alpha)، ܡܬܩܢܬܐ (std.alpha)، ܐܣܘܪܐ ܡܨܥܝܐ (average_r)، ܐܣܘܪܐ ܕܦܣܘܩܐ-ܣܒܠܬܐ ܡܬܘܪܨܐ (r.drop) ܘ-α ܐܢ ܦܣܘܩܐ ܫܩܝܠܐ (alpha.drop). ܣܩܪܝܦܬ (script) ܪܗܛܐ ܝܠܗ ܐܝܟ ܕܐܝܬܘܗܝ ܥܠ ܦܐܝܠ ܕܡܬܠܐ (sample data file) ܘܝܗܒܠܗ ܛܝ̈ܡܐ ܕܠܘܚܐ (ܓܘ ܡܥܝܪ̈ܢܘܬܐ). ܢܡܘܣܐ ܕܣܐܝܛ (site rule) ܩܐ ܣܘܪܝܬ ܒ-R: ܦܐܝܠ ܢܛܝܪܐ ܝܠܗ ܒ-UTF-8، ܟܠ ܣܕܪܐ ܕܡܥܝܪܢܘܬܐ ܟܫܪܐ ܒܡܠܬܐ ܕܣܘܪܝܬ، ܘܫܡ̈ܗܐ ܥܒܪ̈ܝܐ ܕܓܠܝ̈ܘܢܐ ܘܕܡܫܬܚܠܦ̈ܢܐ ܟܒܥܝ ܐܬܪܐ (locale) UTF-8 (ܓܘ Windows: R 4.2 ܘܠܥܠ، ܝܢ Sys.setlocale('LC_ALL', 'Hebrew')).

# ܐܠܦܐ ܕ-Cronbach ܘܡܢܝܢܐ ܕܣܒܠܬܐ – ܦܪܘܦܣܘܪ ܣܛܐܛ. ܐܗܐ ܦܐܝܠ ܢܛܝܪܐ ܝܠܗ ܒ-UTF-8؛ ܟܠ ܣܕܪܐ ܕܡܥܝܪܢܘܬܐ ܟܫܪܐ ܒܡܠܬܐ ܕܣܘܪܝܬ
library(readxl)   # ܩܪܝܢܐ ܕܐܩܣܠ
library(psych)    # ܐܠܦܐ: alpha
library(alphaci)  # ܬܚܘ̈ܡܐ ܕܬܘܟܠܢܐ ܩܐ α (ADF)

# ܛܥܢܐ: ܛܘܦܣܐ ܬܩܝܢܐ – ܣܕܪܐ = ܡܫܬܘܬܦܢܐ، ܥܡܘܕܐ = ܡܫܬܚܠܦܢܐ؛ ܓܠܝܘܢܐ "נתונים"
d <- read_excel("C:/Rdata/DATA_scale_example_heb.xlsx", sheet = "נתונים")
items <- d[, c("מחויבות_1", "מחויבות_2", "מחויבות_3", "מחויבות_4", "מחויבות_5", "מחויבות_6")]

# ܗܘܦܟܐ ܕܦܣܘ̈ܩܐ ܕܟܬܝܒ̈ܐ ܝܢܐ ܒܐܘܪܚܐ ܗܦܝܟܬܐ: (ܛܝܡܐ ܬܚܬܝܐ + ܛܝܡܐ ܥܠܝܐ) − ܛܝܡܐ
items$"מחויבות_3" <- (1 + 5) - items$"מחויבות_3"
items$"מחויבות_5" <- (1 + 5) - items$"מחויבות_5"

# ܫܪܝܪܘܬܐ: ܫܩܠܬܐ ܕܣܕܪܐ ܟܠܗ ܐܝܟ ܓܘ SPSS (RELIABILITY)
complete <- items[complete.cases(items), ]
a <- alpha(complete)
a$total$raw_alpha       # ܐܠܦܐ ܕ-Cronbach = .809
a$total$std.alpha       # ܐܠܦܐ ܥܠ ܦܣܘ̈ܩܐ ܡܬܩ̈ܢܐ = .809
a$total$average_r       # ܐܣܘܪܐ ܡܨܥܝܐ ܒܝܢܝ ܦܣܘ̈ܩܐ = .414
nrow(complete)          # ܡܢܝܢܐ N ܕܣܕܪ̈ܐ ܓܡܝܪ̈ܐ = 171
a$item.stats$r.drop     # ܐܣܘܪܐ ܕܦܣܘܩܐ-ܣܒܠܬܐ ܡܬܘܪܨܐ: .689 .568 .662 .559 .584 .366
a$alpha.drop$raw_alpha  # ܐܠܦܐ ܐܢ ܦܣܘܩܐ ܫܩܝܠܐ: .753 .779 .757 .781 .776 .822

# ܬܚܘ̈ܡܐ ܕܬܘܟܠܢܐ ܩܐ α (ܠܘܚܐ 2 ܓܘ ܦܐܬܐ): ADF – alphaci؛ psych – Feldt (F) ܘ-ase (ܛܥܝܘܬܐ ܬܩܝܢܬܐ ܢܘܪܡܠܝܬܐ ܕ-Duhachek)
alphaci(complete, type = "adf", conf_level = 0.95)      # ADF 95%: .764 .854 (alphaci: ܕܪܓܐ ܡܢ ܡܐܐ ܕ-t؛ ܓܘ ܦܐܬܐ z – ܬܚܘ̈ܡܐ ܦܪ̈ܝܫܐ ܝܢܐ ܓܘ ܡܢܝܢܐ ܬܠܝܬܝܐ)
alphaci(complete, type = "normal", conf_level = 0.99)   # ܬܐܘܪܝܐ ܢܘܪܡܠܝܬܐ 99%: .750 .868
a$feldt                 # F ܕ-Feldt 95%: .761 .850
a$total$ase             # ܛܥܝܘܬܐ ܬܩܝܢܬܐ ܢܘܪܡܠܝܬܐ = .0225؛ ܬܚܘ̈ܡܐ z: .809 ± 1.96·.0225 = .765 .853

# ܡܢܝܢܐ ܕܣܒܠܬܐ: ܡܨܥܝܬܐ ܕܦܣܘ̈ܩܐ ܬܪܝܨ̈ܐ، ܒܣ ܩܐ ܡܫܬܘܬܦ̈ܢܐ ܥܡ 75% ܦܣܘ̈ܩܐ ܬܪܝܨ̈ܐ ܒܨܘܪܐ ܕܨܘܪܐ
valid <- rowSums(!is.na(items))
score <- ifelse(valid / ncol(items) >= 0.75, rowMeans(items, na.rm = TRUE), NA)
c(n = sum(!is.na(score)), mean = mean(score, na.rm = TRUE), sd = sd(score, na.rm = TRUE))   # ܡܢܝܢܐ، ܡܨܥܝܬܐ، SD: 197, 3.199, 0.742

ܬܚܘ̈ܡܐ ܕܬܘܟܠܢܐ: ܨܪܪܐ alphaci (ܢܘܣܚܐ 1.0.1) ܟܚܫܒ ܗܢܝ ܛܥܝ̈ܘܬܐ ܬܩܝܢ̈ܬܐ ܐܝܟ ܦܐܬܐ – ADF ܘܢܘܪܡܠܝܬܐ – ܐܠܐ ܟܒܢܐ ܬܚܘ̈ܡܐ ܥܡ ܕܪܓܐ ܡܢ ܡܐܐ (percentile) ܕ-t(N − 1) ܘܟܦܠܓ ܥܠ N − 1، ܘܡܛܠ ܗܕܐ ܐܢܝ ܦܬܝ̈ܐ ܝܢܐ ܩܠܝܠ ܝܬܝܪ (ܓܘ ܡܬܠܐ: .7641-.8542 ܩܘܒܠ .7644-.8539 ܓܘ ܦܐܬܐ)؛ ܦܐܬܐ ܟܐܙܠ ܒܬܪ Maydeu-Olivares ܘܐܚܪ̈ܢܐ (2007) – ܕܪܓܐ ܡܢ ܡܐܐ ܕ-z، ܘܫܘܝܘܬܐ ܕ-van Zyl ܥܡ N – ܐܝܟ ase ܕ-psych ("ܐܦ ܐܗܐ ܘܐܦ ܐܗܐ": ܬܪܘܝܗܝ ܥܝ̈ܕܐ ܬܪ̈ܝܨܐ ܝܢܐ، ܦܘܪܫܢܐ ܝܠܗ ܓܘ ܡܢܝܢܐ ܬܠܝܬܝܐ). alpha() ܟܚܫܒ ܨܐ ܡܚܘ̈ܝܢܐ ܙܘܕܐ ܕܠܝܬ ܓܘ ܦܐܬܐ؛ psych ܟܝܕܥ ܕܗܦܟ ܦܣܘ̈ܩܐ ܒܓܢܗ (keys)، ܐܠܐ ܗܘܦܟܐ ܓܠܝܐ ܕܠܥܠ ܫܦܝܐ ܝܠܗ ܝܬܝܪ ܘܟܬܝܒܐ. ܡܨܥܝܬܐ ܕܡܢܝܢܐ ܓܘ R ܦܪܝܫܬܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܡܢ ܕܓܘ ܠܘܚܐ ܓܘ ܡܢܝܢܐ ܚܡܝܫܝܐ، ܡܛܠ ܕܦܐܬܐ ܟܡܥܓܠ ܟܠ ܡܢܝܢܐ ܠܐܪܒܥܐ ܡܢܝ̈ܢܐ ܩܕܡ ܕܟܬܒܠܗ ܓܘ ܦܐܝܠ.

ܬܘܢܝܐ ܕܡܫܟܚ̈ܢܘܬܐ (reporting the results)

Pallant (2020، ܨܚܚܐ 9): ܫܪܝܪܘܬܐ ܡܬܢܝܬܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܓܘ ܨܚܚܐ ܕܐܘܪܚܐ، ܬܚܘܬ "ܡܐܢ̈ܐ ܕܒܘܨܝܐ" – ܒܬܪ ܬܚܘܝܬܐ ܕܣܒܠܬܐ (ܡܢܝܢܐ ܕܦܣܘ̈ܩܐ، ܣܒܠܬܐ ܕܦܘܢ̈ܝܐ، ܬܫܥܝܬܐ ܕܡܦܠܚܢܘܬܐ) ܟܡܝܬܚ ܫܪܝܪܘܬܐ ܕܒܢܝ̈ܐ ܕܣܒܠܬܐ ܘܒܨܘܝ̈ܐ ܐܚܪ̈ܢܐ ܬܢܝܠܗܘܢ، ܘܗܝܕܝܟ ܡܐܡܪܐ ܥܠ ܕܘܡܝܐ ܕܗܫܐ؛ ܡܬܠܐ ܕܝܠܗ̇: "ܠܦܘܬ Pavot ܘܐܚܪ̈ܢܐ (1991) ܠܣܒܠܬܐ ܕܣܒܥܘܬܐ ܡܢ ܚܝ̈ܐ ܐܝܬ ܫܠܡܘܬܐ ܓܘܝܬܐ ܛܒܬܐ، α = .85؛ ܓܘ ܒܘܨܝܐ ܕܗܫܐ α = .89". Field (ܦܣܩܐ 18.12) ܟܬܢܐ ܓܘ ܓܘܫܡܐ ܕܟܬܒܐ ܥܡ ܐܬܐ α، ܘܟܡܥܗܕ ܕܠܦܘܬ APA ܟܫܒܩܚ ܨܦܪܐ ܩܕܡ ܢܘܩܙܐ ܡܛܠ ܕ-α ܠܐ ܡܨܝܐ ܕܣܠܩܐ ܠܥܠ ܡܢ 1 (APA, 2020, Section 6.36) – ܗܟܢܐ ܠܘ̈ܚܐ ܘܡܐܡܪ̈ܐ ܕܬܘܢܝܐ ܕܓܘ ܦܐܬܐ. ܡܘܕܝ ܙܘܕܐ ܛܒ ܝܠܗ ܕܗܘܐ ܓܘ ܡܐܡܪܐ: ܡܢܝܢܐ ܕܦܣܘ̈ܩܐ، ܣܒܠܬܐ ܕܦܘܢ̈ܝܐ، ܐܝܢܝ ܦܣܘ̈ܩܐ ܗܦܝ̈ܟܐ ܝܢܐ، N ܕܥܠܗ α ܚܫܝܒܬܐ ܝܠܗ̇، ܬܚܘܡܐ ܕܬܘܟܠܢܐ 95% ܓܢܒܗ̇ ܒܛܘܦܣܐ ܕ-APA (ܦܣܩܐ 6.43) – α = .81, 95% CI [.76, .85] – ܐܝܟ ܕ-Raykov (2024) ܟܡܘܥܕ (ܥܝܕܐ ܕܣܐܝܛ: ܬܚܘܡܐ ܕܡܬܢܐ ܝܠܗ ADF ܝܠܗ، ܠܘܚܐ 2)، ܘܩܐ ܣܒܠܬܐ ܟܪܝܬܐ ܐܦ ܐܣܘܪܐ ܡܨܥܝܐ (Pallant). ܡܢܝܢܐ ܕܣܒܠܬܐ ܟܡܬܚܘܐ ܒܗܘ ܕܘܟܐ – ܐܝܟܢܐ ܚܫܝܒܐ ܝܠܗ (ܡܨܥܝܬܐ/ܓܘܡܪܐ، ܬܚܘܡܐ ܕܚܣܝ̈ܪܐ) ܘܡܘܕܝ ܝܠܗ̇ ܦܬܝܘܬܐ ܡܨܝܢܝܬܐ – ܘܡܚܘ̈ܝܢܐ ܬܚܘܝܬܢ̈ܝܐ ܕܝܠܗ ܟܐܙܠܝ ܠܨܚܚܐ ܕܡܫܟܚ̈ܢܘܬܐ.

ܛܥܝ̈ܘܬܐ ܕܡܬܚܙܝܢ ܣܓܝ (Common mistakes)

ܚܘܫܒܢܐ ܕ-α ܕܠܐ ܗܘܦܟܐ ܕܦܣܘ̈ܩܐ ܗܦܝ̈ܟܐ. Field (ܦܣܩܐ 18.11): α ܟܢܚܬܐ ܣܓܝ، ܚܕ ܦܣܘܩܐ ܟܡܩܒܠ ܐܣܘܪܐ ܕܦܣܘܩܐ-ܣܒܠܬܐ ܕܒܨܘܪܐ ܡܢ ܨܦܪܐ، ܘ"α ܐܢ ܦܣܘܩܐ ܫܩܝܠܐ" ܟܫܘܪܐ ܠܥܠ. ܐܢ ܡܦܩܢܐ ܗܟܢܐ ܟܡܬܚܙܐ – ܠܐ ܕܫܩܠܚ ܦܣܘܩܐ ܐܠܐ ܕܗܦܟܚ ܠܗ.

ܗܘܦܟܐ ܥܡ ܦܬܝܘܬܐ ܛܥܝܬܐ. (ܛܝܡܐ ܬܚܬܝܐ + ܛܝܡܐ ܥܠܝܐ) − ܛܝܡܐ ܥܡ ܛܝܡܐ ܥܠܝܐ 5 ܓܘ ܣܒܠܬܐ ܕ-7 ܢܘܩ̈ܙܐ ܟܝܗܒ ܛܝ̈ܡܐ ܕܒܨܘܪܐ ܡܢ ܨܦܪܐ ܘܣܒܠܬܐ ܡܥܘܩܡܬܐ. ܦܬܝܘܬܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܦܬܝܘܬܐ ܡܨܝܢܝܬܐ ܠܦܘܬ ܦܢܩܝܬܐ ܕܫܘܐ̈ܠܐ، ܐܦܢ ܐܢ ܐܦ ܚܕ ܠܐ ܪܫܡܠܗ 7.

ܚܘܫܒܢܐ ܕܚܕܐ α ܩܐ ܦܢܩܝܬܐ ܕܫܘܐ̈ܠܐ ܓܡܝܪܬܐ ܥܡ ܣܒ̈ܠܬܐ ܡܢܬܢ̈ܝܬܐ. Field (ܦܣܩܐ 18.9.3): α ܩܐ ܟܠ ܣܒܠܬܐ ܡܢܬܢܝܬܐ ܒܦܪܝܫܘܬܐ؛ α ܕ"ܟܠ ܡܕܡ ܚܕ̈ܕܐ" ܒܕ ܗܘܝܐ ܪܡܬܐ ܡܛܠ ܡܢܝܢܐ ܕܦܣܘ̈ܩܐ ܘܠܐ ܒܕ ܐܡܪܐ ܡܕܡ ܥܠ ܐܦ ܚܕ ܣܒܠܬܐ ܡܢܬܢܝܬܐ.

ܨܝܕܐ ܕ-α ܪܡܬܐ ܒܫܩܠܬܐ ܕܦܣܘ̈ܩܐ. ܥܡܘܕܐ "α ܐܢ ܦܣܘܩܐ ܫܩܝܠܐ" ܟܩܪܐ ܠܫܩܠܬܐ ܕܟܠ ܦܣܘܩܐ ܕܟܡܣܠܩ α ܒܚܕ ܡܢ ܡܐܐ. Pallant: ܓܘ ܣܒܠܬܐ ܡܫܪܪܬܐ ܐܗܐ ܟܟܠܝܐ ܦܘܚܡܐ ܥܡ ܒܘܨ̈ܝܐ ܐܚܪ̈ܢܐ؛ Field: ܫܩܠܬܐ ܟܡܫܚܠܦܐ ܒܢܝܢܐ ܕܥܠ̈ܠܬܐ، ܘܟܡܐܠܨܐ ܕܒܚܪܚ ܠܗ ܬܘܒ؛ Raykov (2024): ܐܗܐ ܡܨܐ ܕܡܢܚܬ ܫܪܝܪܘܬܐ ܘܬܪܝܨܘܬܐ. ܟܫܩܠܚ ܒܣ ܥܡ ܥܠܬܐ ܕܡܐ ܕܐܝܬ ܒܓܘ ܦܣܘܩܐ، ܘܟܬܢܚ ܕܫܩܠܠܘܟܘܢ.

ܬܘܢܝܐ ܕ-α ܡܬܩܢܬܐ ܡܛܠ ܕܪܡܬܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܝܬܝܪ. ܗܝ ܝܠܗ̇ ܫܪܝܪܘܬܐ ܕܣܒܠܬܐ ܐܚܪܬܐ – ܕܦܣܘ̈ܩܐ ܡܬܩ̈ܢܐ ܕܐܦ ܚܕ ܠܐ ܟܓܡܪ (Raykov, 2024). ܟܬܢܚ α ܕܡܢܝܢܐ ܕܟܦܫܩܚ.

ܩܪܝܢܐ ܕ-α = .9 ܐܝܟ ܚܘܘܝܐ ܕܣܒܠܬܐ ܟܡܫܚܐ ܚܕ ܡܕܡ. Grayson (as cited in Field): ܗܝ α ܟܡܬܩܒܠܐ ܡܢ ܒܢܝܢ̈ܐ ܦܪ̈ܝܫܐ ܓܡܝܪܐܝܬ. ܚܕ ܡܫܘܚܬܐ (unidimensionality) ܒܚܝܪܐ ܝܠܗ ܒܦܘܫܩܐ ܕܥܠ̈ܠܬܐ.

ܡܬܝܬܐ ܕܫܪܝܪܘܬܐ ܡܢ ܡܐܡܪܐ ܫܪܫܝܐ ܒܕܘܟܬ ܚܘܫܒܢܐ ܕܝܠܗ̇. Field ܘ-Pallant: ܫܪܝܪܘܬܐ ܕܣܒܠܬܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܓܘ ܐܗܐ ܕܘܡܝܐ. ܟܬܢܚ ܬܪܘܝܗܝ – ܕܒܢܝ̈ܐ ܕܣܒܠܬܐ ܘܕܝܘܟܘܢ.

ܚܘܫܒܢܐ ܕܡܢܝܢܐ ܕܓܘܡܪܐ ܓܘ SPSS ܘܡܘܒܕܢܐ ܕܡܫܬܘܬܦ̈ܢܐ. item1 + item2 + … ܟܡܥܕܪ ܚܣܝܪܐ ܩܐ ܟܠ ܐܝܢܐ ܕܫܒܩܠܗ ܚܕ ܦܣܘܩܐ (Pallant, Chapter 8). MEAN.n ܥܡ ܬܚܘܡܐ ܓܠܝܐ ܟܢܛܪ ܠܗܘܢ – ܘܟܬܢܚ ܥܠ ܬܚܘܡܐ.

ܡܒܘ̈ܥܐ

American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1037/0000165-000

Field, A. (2024). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics (6th ed.). SAGE.

Maydeu-Olivares, A., Coffman, D. L., & Hartmann, W. M. (2007). Asymptotically distribution-free (ADF) interval estimation of coefficient alpha. Psychological Methods, 12(2), 157-176. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.12.2.157

Pallant, J. (2020). SPSS survival manual: A step by step guide to data analysis using IBM SPSS (7th ed.). Routledge.

Raykov, T. (2024). Reliability. In A. L. Nichols & J. E. Edlund (Eds.), The Cambridge handbook of research methods and statistics for the social and behavioral sciences: Vol. 2. Performing research (pp. 189-210). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009000796.010

Cronbach (1951)، Cortina (1993)، Grayson (2004)، Kline (1999)، Nunnally (1978)، Pedhazur ܘ-Schmelkin (1991) ܘ-Waller (2008) – ܐܝܟ ܕܡܬܝ̈ܬܐ ܝܢܐ ܓܘ Field (2024)؛ DeVellis (2012)، Briggs ܘ-Cheek (1986) ܘ-Pavot ܘܐܚܪ̈ܢܐ (1991) – ܐܝܟ ܕܡܬܝ̈ܬܐ ܝܢܐ ܓܘ Pallant (2020)؛ Feldt (1965)، van Zyl، Neudecker ܘ-Nel (2000)، Duhachek ܘ-Iacobucci (2004) ܘ-Satorra ܘ-Bentler (1994) – ܐܝܟ ܕܡܬܝ̈ܬܐ ܝܢܐ ܓܘ Maydeu-Olivares، Coffman ܘ-Hartmann (2007)؛ Raykov ܘ-Marcoulides (2015) – ܐܝܟ ܕܡܬܝܬܐ ܝܠܗ ܓܘ Raykov (2024). ܨܪ̈ܪܐ ܕ-R ܕܪܗܛܐ ܝܢܐ: psych (alpha) ܘ-alphaci 1.0.1 (Moss). ܠܦܘܬ ܢܡܘܣܐ ܕܣܐܝܛ (site rule)، ܓܘ ܪܫܝܡܬܐ ܕܡܒܘ̈ܥܐ (reference list) ܟܡܬܚܙܝ ܒܣ ܡܒܘ̈ܥܐ ܕܩܪܝ̈ܐ ܝܢܐ ܓܘ ܫܪܫܐ ܕܝܗܝ.