ܐܝܬܝܩܐ ܕܒܘܨܝܐ

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ܡܕܒܪܢܐ ܕ-APA ܟܡܩܕܫ ܦܠܓܐ ܐܚܪܝܐ ܕܨܚܚܐ 1 ܠܐܝܬܝܩܐ، ܘܟܡܛܟܣ ܠܗ̇ ܚܕܪ ܬܠܬܐ ܢܝ̈ܫܐ: ܠܡܫܪܪܬܐ ܚܬܝܬܘܬܐ ܕܡܫܟܚ̈ܢܘܬܐ ܝܕ̈ܥܢܝܬܐ، ܠܡܢܛܪܬܐ ܙܕܩ̈ܐ ܘܛܒܘܬܐ ܕܡܫܬܘܬܦ̈ܢܐ، ܘܠܡܢܛܪܬܐ ܙܕܩ̈ܐ ܕܩܢܝܢܐ ܕܗܘܢܐ (APA, 2020، ܨܚܚܐ 1، ܫܘܪܝܐ ܕܦܣ̈ܩܐ 1.11-1.25). ܦܘܩ̈ܕܢܐ ܬܡܢ ܟܡܦܩܝ ܡܢ ܢܡܘܣܐ ܐܝܬܝܩܝܐ ܕ-APA (Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct؛ APA, 2017a، ܐܝܟ ܕܡܝܬܝܐ ܝܠܗ ܓܘ APA, 2020 – ܢܡܘܣܐ ܓܢܣܗ ܐܝܬ ܡܓܢ ܓܘ ܣܐܝܛ ܕ-APA)، ܘܡܛܠ ܗܕܐ ܠܐ ܝܢܐ ܒܣ ܢܡܘ̈ܣܐ ܕܡܦܪܣܢܘܬܐ: ܟܡܫܪܝ ܓܘ ܬܘܩܢܐ ܕܒܘܨܝܐ، ܒܣܓܝ ܩܕܡ ܟܬܒܐ ܕܐܝܕܐ. ܐܗܐ ܦܐܬܐ ܟܐܙܠܐ ܒܬܪ ܗܢܘܢ ܦܣ̈ܩܐ، ܒܛܟܣܐ ܕܒܘܨܝܐ – ܩܕܡ، ܒܙܒܢܐ، ܒܬܪ – ܘܟܡܘܣܦܐ ܬܠܬܐ ܨܚ̈ܚܐ ܡܢ ܡܕܒܪܢܐ ܕ-Cambridge ܕܐܘܪ̈ܚܬܐ ܕܒܘܨܝܐ ܓܘ ܝܕ̈ܥܬܐ ܕܟܢܫܐ ܘܕܕܘܒܪܐ (Nichols & Edlund, 2023): ܥܩܪ̈ܐ ܕܒܚܪܬܐ ܕܢܡܘ̈ܣܐ (Ferrero & Pinto, 2023)، ܫܠܡܘܬܐ ܡܢ ܝܕܥܬܐ (informed consent) – ܡܘܕܝ ܣܢܝܩܐ ܝܠܗ ܕܗܘܝܐ ܒܓܘܗ̇ ܘܕܟܝ ܟܡܫܪܪܚ ܕܡܫܬܘܬܦܢܐ ܒܫܪܪܐ ܦܗܝܡܠܗ (Festinger et al., 2023)، ܘܡܦܫܩܢܘܬܐ ܕܒܬܪ ܒܘܨܝܐ (debriefing) ܓܘ ܚܪܬܐ ܕܒܘܨܝܐ (Clark & Blackhart, 2023) – ܘܡܕܡ ܕ-Field (2024، ܨܚܚܐ 3) ܟܟܬܒ ܥܠ ܓܢܒܐ ܐܚܪܢܐ ܕ"ܚܬܝܬܘܬܐ ܕܡܫܟܚ̈ܢܘܬܐ": ܡܣܒ ܒܐܦ̈ܐ ܕܡܦܪܣܢܘܬܐ (publication bias)، ܕܪ̈ܓܐ ܕܚܐܪܘܬܐ ܕܒܨܘܝܐ (researcher degrees of freedom)، p-hacking ܘܪܫܡܐ ܡܩܕܡܐ (preregistration). ܘܓܘ ܚܪܬܐ – ܬܚܘܡܐ ܐܝܣܪܝܠܝܐ: ܢܡܘܣܐ ܕܢܛܘܪܘܬܐ ܕܓܢܝܙܘܬܐ (Privacy Protection Law) ܐܝܟ ܕܟܬܝܒܐ ܝܠܗ ܓܘ ܬܘܪܨܐ 13، ܢܡܘ̈ܣܐ ܕܟܢܘ̈ܫܝܬܐ ܕܐܝܬܝܩܐ (ethics committees) ܕܡܕܪ̈ܫܝܬܐ، ܘܢܡܘܣܐ ܕܘܙܝܪܘܬܐ ܐܝܣܪܝܠܝܬܐ ܕܝܘܠܦܢܐ ܩܐ ܒܘܨܝܐ ܓܘ ܒ̈ܬܐ ܕܣܦܪܐ (ܦܣܩܐ 11).

1. ܥܩܪ̈ܐ ܘܢܡܘ̈ܣܐ – ܡܐܝܟܐ ܟܐܬܝ ܢܡܘ̈ܣܐ

ܢܡܘ̈ܣܐ ܠܐ ܐܬܝܠܗܘܢ ܝܠܝ̈ܕܐ ܓܘ ܟܢܘܫܬܐ. Ferrero ܘ-Pinto (2023) ܟܡܫܪܝ ܒܬܫܥܝܬܐ: ܐܝܬܝܩܐ ܚܕܬܐ ܕܒܘܨܝܐ ܘܟܢܘ̈ܫܝܬܐ ܕܐܝܬܝܩܐ ܕܡܕܪ̈ܫܝܬܐ ܪܒܝ ܡܢ ܡܕܡ ܕܐܬܝܠܗ ܓܠܝܐ ܓܘ ܕܝ̈ܢܐ ܕ-Nuremberg – ܡܘܕܥܢܘܬܐ ܕ-Geneva (1947) ܘܡܘܕܥܢܘܬܐ ܕ-Helsinki (1964) – ܘܡܢ ܣܕܪܐ ܕܢܣ̈ܝܘܢܐ ܥܠ ܒܢܝ̈ ܐܢܫܐ ܓܘ ܐܡܪܝܟܐ ܓܘ ܫܢ̈ܝܐ ܕܫܬܝܢ ܘܕܫܒܥܝܢ ܕܐܬܝܠܗܘܢ ܥܒܝ̈ܕܐ ܕܠܐ ܝܕܥܬܐ ܕܡܫܬܘܬܦ̈ܢܐ ܘܕܠܐ ܫܠܡܘܬܐ ܕܝܠܗܘܢ: ܢܣܝܘܢܐ ܕܟܘܪܗܢܐ ܕ-syphilis ܓܘ Tuskegee، ܢܣܝܘܢܐ ܕܒܝܬ ܐܣܝܪ̈ܐ ܕ-Stanford، ܢܣܝܘܢܐ ܕ-Milgram ܘܐܚܪ̈ܢܐ، ܕܚܘܝܠܗܘܢ "ܟܡܐ ܡܨܝܚ ܠܡܥܒܪܬܐ ܥܠ ܐܝܩܪܐ ܘܙܕܩ̈ܐ ܕܒܪܢܫܐ ܒܫܡܐ ܕܒܘܨܝܐ". ܡܢ ܐܟܐ ܡܘܕܥܢܘܬܐ ܕ-Belmont (1979) ܘܬܠܬܐ ܥܩܪ̈ܐ ܕܝܠܗ̇، ܐܝܟ ܕ-Festinger ܘܚܒܪ̈ܘܗܝ (2023) ܟܓܡܪܝ ܠܗܘܢ: ܐܝܩܪܐ ܠܒܪܢܫܐ – ܡܘܕܝܢܘܬܐ ܒܚܐܪܘܬܐ ܘܒܐܝܩܪܐ ܕܟܠ ܒܪܢܫܐ، ܘܢܛܘܪܘܬܐ ܕܐܢܫ̈ܐ ܕܚܐܪܘܬܐ ܕܝܠܗܘܢ ܡܨܪܝܬܐ ܝܠܗ̇ (ܝܠܘ̈ܕܐ، ܐܢܫ̈ܐ ܥܡ ܚܘܣܪܢܐ ܕܗܘܢܐ)؛ ܛܝܒܘܬܐ – ܠܡܢܛܪܐ ܡܢ ܚܘܣܪܢܐ، ܠܡܪܒܝܐ ܝܘܬܪܢܐ ܘܠܡܙܥܪܐ ܣܘܟܢܐ؛ ܟܐܢܘܬܐ – ܦܘܠܓܐ ܟܐܢܐ ܕܝܘܬܪ̈ܢܐ ܘܕܛܥܢܐ ܕܒܘܨܝܐ. ܘܡܢܝܗܝ – ܣܓܝܐܘܬܐ ܕܢܡܘ̈ܣܐ: ܡܘܕܥܢܘܬܐ ܕ-Singapore ܥܠ ܫܠܡܘܬܐ ܕܒܘܨܝܐ، ܢܡܘܣܐ ܐܘܪܘܦܝܐ، ܢܡܘܣܐ ܐܝܬܝܩܝܐ ܕ-APA، ܘܓܘ ܐܢܓܠܝܣ ܚܡܫܐ ܥܩܪ̈ܐ ܕܐܩܕܡܝܐ ܕܝܕ̈ܥܬܐ ܕܟܢܫܐ (2014) – ܝܕ̈ܥܬܐ ܕܟܢܫܐ ܐܠܨ̈ܝܬܐ ܝܢܐ ܩܐ ܟܢܫܐ ܕܡܘܩܪܛܝܐ؛ ܟܡܝܩܪܝ ܓܢܝܙܘܬܐ (privacy)، ܚܐܪܘܬܐ، ܫܘܚܠܦܐ ܘܐܝܩܪܐ ܕܐܢܫ̈ܐ، ܓܘ̈ܕܐ ܘܥܕ̈ܬܐ؛ ܟܡܬܥܒܕܝ ܒܫܠܡܘܬܐ ܘܒܐܘܪ̈ܚܬܐ ܕܦܐܝܐ ܠܗܘܢ؛ ܒܦܪܥܘܬܐ ܟܢܫܝܬܐ؛ ܘܟܒܥܝ ܠܡܪܒܝܐ ܝܘܬܪܢܐ ܘܠܡܙܥܪܐ ܚܘܣܪܢܐ (Ferrero & Pinto, 2023).

ܐܠܐ "ܐܝܬܝܩܐ ܕܒܘܨܝܐ ܠܐ ܡܨܝܐ ܕܡܬܙܥܪܐ ܠܪܫܝܡܬܐ ܕܢܡܘ̈ܣܐ" – ܣܢܝܩܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܐܦ ܠܥܩܪ̈ܐ. Ferrero ܘ-Pinto ܟܡܩܝܡܝ ܓܘ ܡܨܥܬܐ ܫܠܡܘܬܐ (integrity) – ܩܝܡܘܬܐ ܒܝܢܝ ܥܩܪ̈ܐ ܕܐܘܡܢܘܬܐ ܘܕܐܝܬܝܩܐ ܘܥܒܕܐ – ܘܥܡܗ̇ ܫܬܐ ܛܝ̈ܡܐ ܕܐܝܬܝܩܐ: ܟܐܢܘܬܐ ܕܠܒܐ (ܓܠܝܘܬܐ ܕܐܘܪ̈ܚܬܐ، ܕܐܘܪ̈ܚܬܐ ܕܥܒܕܐ ܘܕܡܫܟܚ̈ܢܘܬܐ، ܒܦܬܝܚܘܬܐ ܘܕܠܐ ܢܟܝܠܘܬܐ، ܥܡ ܢܛܘܪܘܬܐ ܕܐܪ̈ܙܐ ܕܡܫܬܘܬܦ̈ܢܐ)؛ ܐܘܒܝܩܛܝܒܝܘܬܐ (ܦܘ̈ܣܩܢܐ ܡܢ ܦܘܫܩܐ ܒܚܝܪܐ ܕܣܗܕ̈ܘܬܐ، ܘܠܐ ܐܘܪ̈ܚܬܐ ܕܓܘܒܝܐ ܕܒܥܝܐ ܕܥܒܕܝ ܦܐܪܐ ܕܡܛܥܐ – ܐܦ ܠܐ ܠܦܘܬ ܨܒܝܢܐ ܕܝܗܘܒܐ ܕܟܣܦܐ؛ ܣܘܩܒܠܐ ܕܡܢܦ̈ܥܢܘܬܐ ܟܡܓܠܚ ܠܗ ܒܓܗܐ)؛ ܦܪܥܘܬܐ (accountability – ܕܗܘܝܬ ܡܨܝܐ ܕܡܙܕܩܬ ܕܥܒܕܠܘܟ ܒܟܐܢܘܬܐ – ܘܡܛܠ ܗܕܐ ܠܡܢܛܪܐ ܟܬܝܒܘܬܐ ܓܡܝܪܬܐ ܕܒܘܨܝܐ ܕܐܚܪ̈ܢܐ ܡܨܝ ܕܫܪܪܝ ܘܥܒܕܝ ܡܢ ܪܝܫ؛ ܒܨܘܝܐ ܪܒܐ ܦܪܝܥܐ ܝܠܗ ܐܦ ܥܠ ܝܗܝ̈ܒܬܐ ܕܟܢܫܠܗܘܢ ܙܥܘܪ̈ܐ)؛ ܫܪܝܪܘܬܐ ܕܥܒܕܐ (authenticity – ܡܚܘܝܢܘܬܐ ܐܘܒܝܩܛܝܒܝܬܐ ܘܚܬܝܬܬܐ ܕܡܫܟܚ̈ܢܘܬܐ – ܬܠܬܐ ܨܘܪ̈ܝܬܐ ܕܥܒܪܬܐ: ܒܕܝܐ، ܙܝܦܐ، ܓܢܒܬܐ ܕܟܬܝܒܬܐ)؛ ܡܫܡܥܢܘܬܐ (ܠܢܡܘ̈ܣܐ، ܠܥܝ̈ܕܐ ܘܠܦܘܩ̈ܕܢܐ، ܓܘ ܡܬܐ ܕܓܘܗ̇ ܒܘܨܝܐ ܟܡܬܥܒܕ – ܘܬܘܢܝܐ ܥܠ ܚܘܫܕܐ ܕܥܒܪܬܐ ܕܐܚܪ̈ܢܐ)؛ ܘܒܛܝܠܘܬܐ (care) – ܕܓܘ ܝܕ̈ܥܬܐ ܕܟܢܫܐ ܠܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܦܫܝܩܬܐ ܡܢ ܓܢܣܗ̇: ܐܦ ܒܘܨܝܐ ܕܫܘܐ̈ܠܐ (survey) ܡܨܐ ܕܡܚܣܪ ܠܡܫܬܘܬܦܢܐ، ܐܦ ܡܦܪܣܢܘܬܐ ܕܡܫܟܚ̈ܢܘܬܐ ܡܨܝܐ ܕܡܕܒܩܐ ܡܘܡܐ ܒܥܕܬܐ، ܒܓܘܕܐ ܥܡܡܝܬܐ ܝܢ ܒܡܣܟܢ̈ܐ، ܘܐܢܫܐ ܕܟܟܢܫ ܝܕܥܬܐ ܥܠ ܛܠܘܡܝܐ، ܣܡ̈ܡܐ ܝܢ ܥܨܪܐ ܕܢܦܫܐ ܣܢܝܩܐ ܝܠܗ ܕܫܪܪ ܕܡܫܬܘܬܦܢܐ ܕܣܢܝܩܐ ܝܠܗ ܠܥܘܕܪܢܐ ܒܕ ܩܒܠ ܝܕܥܬܐ ܘܐܘܪܚܐ ܠܓܒܗ (Ferrero & Pinto, 2023). ܐܢܝ ܥܩܪ̈ܐ ܝܢܐ ܡܕܡ ܕܦܣ̈ܩܐ ܕܐܬܝܢ ܟܡܦܪܫܝ.

2. ܩܕܡ ܫܘܪܝܐ: ܬܘܩܢܐ ܩܐ ܢܛܪܬܐ ܕܢܡܘ̈ܣܐ

ܚܫܚܘܬܐ ܠܐܝܬܝܩܐ ܟܡܫܪܝܐ "ܒܣܓܝ ܩܕܡ" ܡܩܪܒܬܐ ܕܟܬܒܐ ܕܐܝܕܐ: ܓܘ ܕܪܓܐ ܕܬܘܩܢܐ ܟܚܫܒܚ ܥܠ ܩܘܒܠܐ ܕܡܕܪܫܝܬܐ، ܫܠܡܘܬܐ ܡܢ ܝܕܥܬܐ، ܢܟܝܠܘܬܐ ܓܘ ܒܘܨܝܐ، ܢܛܘܪ̈ܘܬܐ ܕܡܫܬܘܬܦ̈ܢܐ ܘܫܘܬܦܐ ܕܝܗܝ̈ܒܬܐ. ܩܕܡ ܫܘܪܝܐ ܕܒܘܨܝܐ ܟܦܢܚ ܠܟܢܘܫܬܐ ܕܐܝܬܝܩܐ (IRB) ܕܡܕܪܫܝܬܐ ܝܢ ܕܡܬܐ ܕܝܕܥܚ ܐܝܢܝ ܒܘܨ̈ܝܐ ܣܢܝܩܝ ܠܩܘܒܠܐ ܘܡܘܕܝ ܝܢܐ ܐܘܪ̈ܚܬܐ ܕܥܒܕܐ – ܘܐܢܫܐ ܕܠܐ ܝܠܗ ܕܝܠܐ ܕܡܕܪܫܬܐ ܥܠܝܬܐ، ܕܒܝܬ ܟܪܝܗ̈ܐ ܝܢ ܕܡܕܪܫܝܬܐ ܐܚܪܬܐ ܥܡ ܟܢܘܫܬܐ ܕܐܗܐ ܓܢܣܐ، ܗܠ ܐܕܝܘܡ ܡܣܟܝܐ ܝܠܗ ܡܢܗ ܕܢܛܪ ܗܢܘܢ ܢܡܘ̈ܣܐ، ܘܕܦܢܐ ܠܟܢܘܫܬܐ ܒܪܝܬܐ ܐܢ ܣܢܝܩܐ ܝܠܗ (APA, 2020, Section 1.11). ܩܘܒ̈ܠܐ ܕܐܬܝܠܗܘܢ ܩܒܝ̈ܠܐ ܟܡܘܕܥܚ ܓܘ ܓܘܫܡܐ ܕܡܐܡܪܐ، ܓܘ ܨܚܚܐ ܕܐܘܪܚܐ، ܘܟܡܛܝܒܚ ܩܐ ܫܘܐ̈ܠܐ ܕܡܬܩܢ̈ܢܐ ܘܕܒܚܘ̈ܝܐ ܥܠ ܫܠܡܘܬܐ، ܡܦܫܩܢܘܬܐ ܕܒܬܪ ܒܘܨܝܐ ܘܢܛܘܪܘܬܐ ܕܐܪ̈ܙܐ؛ ܩܕܡ ܡܩܪܒܬܐ ܟܥܒܪܚ ܥܠ ܪܫܝܡܬܐ ܕܒܘܚܪܢܐ (APA, 2020، ܦܣ̈ܩܐ 1.11 ܘ-1.25 – ܡܝܬܝܬܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܠܬܚܬ). ܡܓ̈ܠܝܬܐ ܣܓܝ̈ܐܬܐ ܟܒܥܝ ܡܢ ܡܟܬ̈ܒܢܐ ܛܘܦܣܐ ܕܟܡܫܪܪ ܢܛܪܬܐ ܕܢܡܘ̈ܣܐ ܕܐܝܬܝܩܐ ܘܓܠܝܘܬܐ ܕܣܘܩܒ̈ܠܐ ܕܡܢܦ̈ܥܢܘܬܐ. ܓܘ ܐܝܣܪܝܠ: ܟܢܘܫܬܐ ܕܐܝܬܝܩܐ ܕܡܕܪܫܝܬܐ، ܟܢܘܫܬܐ ܕ-Helsinki ܩܐ ܒܘܨܝܐ ܕܐܣܝܘܬܐ، ܘܦܣܩܐ ܕܕܝܘܐܢ ܕܝܕܘܥܐ ܪܫܝܐ ܩܐ ܒܘܨܝܐ ܓܘ ܛܟܣܐ ܕܝܘܠܦܢܐ – ܦܣܩܐ 11.

ܡܘܕܝ ܟܐܡܪ ܐܗܐ ܩܐ ܐܢܫܐ ܕܟܬܩܢ ܦܢܩܝܬܐ ܕܫܘܐ̈ܠܐ: ܦܘ̈ܣܩܢܐ ܐܝܬܝܩ̈ܝܐ ܡܢܬܐ ܝܢܐ ܡܢ ܒܢܝܢܐ ܕܦܢܩܝܬܐ ܕܫܘܐ̈ܠܐ – ܡܘܕܝ ܟܡܫܐܠܚ، ܕܟܝ ܟܡܦܫܩܚ ܠܡܫܬܘܬܦܢܐ ܡܘܕܝ ܒܕ ܡܬܥܒܕ ܥܡ ܦܘܢ̈ܝܐ ܕܝܠܗ، ܘܕܟܝ ܟܡܦܪܫܚ ܠܗ (ܚܙܝܡܘܢ ܦܣ̈ܩܐ 4 ܘ-6). ܘܓܘ ܢܣܝܘܢܐ ܩܕܡܝܐ (pilot)، Pallant (2020، ܨܚܚܐ 1) ܟܡܘܣܦܐ ܚܕ ܢܝܫܐ ܠܪܫܝܡܬܐ: ܠܡܒܨܝܐ ܫܘܐ̈ܠܐ ܕܡܨܝܢ ܕܡܚܣܪܝ ܠܡܦܢܝ̈ܢܐ.

3. ܙܕܩ̈ܐ ܘܛܒܘܬܐ ܕܡܫܬܘܬܦ̈ܢܐ

ܢܡܘܣܐ ܐܝܬܝܩܝܐ ܕ-APA (ܨܚ̈ܚܐ 3 ܘ-8 ܓܘ ܢܡܘܣܐ) ܟܩܝܡ ܢܡܘ̈ܣܐ ܩܐ ܒܘܨܝܐ ܥܠ ܒܢܝ̈ ܐܢܫܐ، ܘܡܕܒܪܢܐ ܟܓܡܪ ܡܘܕܝ ܣܢܝܩܐ ܝܠܗ ܡܢ ܒܨܘܝܐ (APA, 2020, Section 1.18):

ܫܠܡܘܬܐ ܡܢ ܝܕܥܬܐ – ܠܩܒܠܐ ܫܠܡܘܬܐ، ܫܠܡܘܬܐ ܕܙܥܘܪܐ ܒܫܢ̈ܐ (assent) ܝܢ ܦܣܩܐ، ܠܦܘܬ ܣܢܝܩܘܬܐ، ܒܠܫܢܐ ܕܡܫܬܘܬܦ̈ܢܐ ܦܗܡܝ ܒܐܘܪܚܐ ܡܣܬܒܪܬܐ. ܙܥܘܪܘܬܐ ܕܚܘܣܪܢܐ – ܠܡܛܫܝܐ، ܝܢ ܠܡܙܥܪܐ، ܓܠܝܘܬܐ ܕܡܫܬܘܬܦ̈ܢܐ ܠܚܘܣܪܢܐ ܕܦܓܪܐ، ܕܪܓܫܬܐ ܝܢ ܕܢܦܫܐ؛ ܠܐܣܘܪ̈ܐ ܕܡܦܠܚܢܘܬܐ ܒܝܫܬܐ؛ ܠܡܥܒܕܢܘܬܐ ܠܐ ܟܐܢܬܐ ܕܟܐܬܝܐ ܡܢ ܕܪܓܐ، ܚܝܠܐ ܝܢ ܫܘܠܛܢܐ ܕܒܨܘܝܐ؛ ܠܡܘܗ̈ܒܬܐ ܝܬܝܪ̈ܬܐ ܝܢ ܠܐ ܦܐܝ̈ܬܐ ܩܐ ܫܘܬܦܘܬܐ؛ ܘܠܢܟܝܠܘܬܐ ܝܢ ܠܡܦܫܩܢܘܬܐ ܕܒܬܪ ܒܘܨܝܐ (debriefing) ܕܠܐ ܙܕܝܩ̈ܐ ܝܢܐ ܝܢ ܕܟܡܬܐܚܪܝ ܕܠܐ ܥܠܬܐ. ܢܛܘܪܘܬܐ ܕܝܗܝ̈ܒܬܐ – ܠܥܒܕܐ ܥܒ̈ܕܐ ܦܐ̈ܝܐ ܩܐ ܟܠܝܬܐ ܕܡܛܝܬܐ ܠܐ ܫܒܝܩܬܐ ܠܝܗܝ̈ܒܬܐ ܕܡܫܬܘܬܦ̈ܢܐ ܝܢ ܫܪܝܐ ܕܝܠܗܝܢ ܩܐ ܥܡܐ ܝܢ ܩܐ ܒܨܘ̈ܝܐ ܐܚܪ̈ܢܐ ܕܠܐ ܐܬܝܠܗܘܢ ܐܡܝܪ̈ܐ ܓܘ ܫܠܡܘܬܐ ܡܢ ܝܕܥܬܐ – ܡܬܠܐ ܒܐܘܪܚܐ ܕܩܝܡܐ ܟܬܝܒܐ ܡܢ ܩܕܡ ܥܠ ܫܘܬܦܐ ܕܝܗܝ̈ܒܬܐ. ܐܢܫܐ ܕܗܕܡܐ ܝܠܗ ܓܘ APA ܣܢܝܩܐ ܝܠܗ ܕܫܪܪ ܕܢܛܪܠܗ ܢܡܘ̈ܣܐ ܐܝܟ ܫܪܛܐ ܩܐ ܡܦܪܣܢܘܬܐ؛ ܡܕܒܪܢܐ ܟܡܠܟ ܠܟܠ ܡܟܬ̈ܒܢܐ ܕܥܠܠܝ ܓܘ ܟܬܒܐ ܫܘܪܪܐ ܕܒܘܨܝܐ ܐܬܝܠܗ ܥܒܝܕܐ ܠܦܘܬ ܦܘܩ̈ܕܢܐ ܐܝܬܝܩ̈ܝܐ ܘܕܡܕܪܫܝܬܐ – ܘܐܢ ܡܫܬܘܬܦ̈ܢܐ ܫܠܡܠܗܘܢ ܕܦܘܪ̈ܫܢܐ ܕܡܦܪܫܝ ܠܗܘܢ ܡܬܦܪܣܡܝ، ܠܡܐܡܪܐ ܐܗܐ ܓܘ ܨܚܚܐ ܕܐܘܪܚܐ. ܠܐ ܢܛܪܬܐ ܕܢܡܘ̈ܣܐ ܥܠܬܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܩܐ ܡܣܠܝܬܐ ܕܟܬܒܐ ܕܐܝܕܐ ܝܢ ܩܐ ܡܦܢܝܢܘܬܐ (retraction) ܕܡܐܡܪܐ ܕܐܬܝܠܗ ܡܦܪܣܡܐ (APA, 2020, Section 1.18).

ܫܠܡܘܬܐ ܩܐ ܒܨܘ̈ܝܐ ܝܕܝܥ̈ܐ ܝܠܗ̇. ܢܘܩܙܐ ܕܡܕܒܪܢܐ ܟܡܪܝܡ ܓܘ ܡܘܬܒܐ ܕܒܘܨܝܐ ܕܐܝܟܢܝܘܬܐ (qualitative)، ܐܠܐ ܫܪܝܪܐ ܝܠܗ ܩܐ ܟܠ ܒܘܨܝܐ ܓܘ ܥܕܬܐ: ܡܫܬܘܬܦ̈ܢܐ ܡܨܝ ܕܝܗܒܝ ܫܠܡܘܬܐ ܕܝܠܗܘܢ ܠܓܘܕܐ ܝܕܝܥܬܐ ܕܒܨܘ̈ܝܐ ܘܠܐ ܕܡܦܬܝܝ ܠܗ̇ ܠܒܨܘ̈ܝܐ ܐܚܪ̈ܢܐ – ܘܐܗܐ ܪܓܝܫܐ ܝܠܗ ܒܝܘܬܪ ܓܘ ܟܢܫ̈ܐ ܟܠܢ̈ܝܐ ܕܡܨܝܢ ܕܡܬܚܣܪܝ. ܒܨܘ̈ܝܐ ܒܥܕܢܐ ܡܢ ܥܕ̈ܢܐ ܟܡܩܕܫܝ ܫܢ̈ܐ ܠܒܢܝܢܐ ܕܬܘܟܠܢܐ ܕܣܢܝܩܐ ܝܠܗ ܩܐ ܟܢܫܐ ܕܝܗܝ̈ܒܬܐ ܡܢ ܥܕܬܐ، ܘܗܕ̈ܡܐ ܕܥܕܬܐ ܠܐ ܐܠܨܐܝܬ ܒܕ ܝܗܒܝ ܗܘ ܬܘܟܠܢܐ ܠܓܘܕܐ ܐܚܪܬܐ؛ ܥܕ̈ܬܐ ܡܨܝܢ ܕܗܘܝܢ ܡܪ̈ܘܬܐ ܕܝܗܝ̈ܒܬܐ ܝܢ ܫܘ̈ܬܦܐ ܓܘ ܡܪܘܬܐ ܕܝܠܗܝܢ، ܘܫܒܝ̈ܩܐ ܝܢܐ ܠܡܣܠܝܬܐ ܫܘܬܦܐ ܕܝܠܗܝܢ (APA, 2020, Section 1.15). ܡܛܠ ܗܕܐ ܡܕܡ ܕܐܬܝܠܗ ܐܡܝܪܐ ܠܡܫܬܘܬܦܢܐ ܓܘ ܫܠܡܘܬܐ – ܡܢܘ ܒܕ ܚܙܐ ܝܗܝ̈ܒܬܐ، ܩܐ ܐܝܢܐ ܢܝܫܐ – ܝܠܗ ܬܚܘܡܐ ܕܡܕܡ ܕܫܒܝܩܐ ܝܠܗ ܠܡܥܒܕܐ ܥܡܝܗܝ ܒܬܪ ܗܕܐ (ܦܣܩܐ 8).

ܦܘܪܥܢܐ ܠܡܫܬܘܬܦ̈ܢܐ. ܦܘܪܥܢܐ ܟܡܛܝܒ ܟܢܫܐ ܕܡܫܬܘܬܦ̈ܢܐ ܘܟܫܩܠ ܥܘܟ̈ܢܐ – ܘܟܡܫܚܠܦ ܕܘܡܝܐ – ܐܠܐ ܟܡܪܝܡ ܬܪܬܝ ܨܦܪ̈ܐ: ܡܣܒ ܒܐܦ̈ܐ (ܡܫܬܘܬܦܢܐ ܕܟܡܬܦܪܥ ܟܡܦܢܐ ܒܐܘܪܚܐ ܐܚܪܬܐ؟ ܕܘܡܝܐ ܐܝܬ ܒܓܘܗ ܐܦ ܐܢܫ̈ܐ ܕܠܐ ܐܬܝܢ ܗܘܘ ܕܠܐ ܟܣܦܐ) ܘܩܛܝܪܐ. Ferrero ܘ-Pinto (2023) ܟܡܝܬܝ ܠܡܠܟܐ ܕܡܚܫܒܚ ܥܠ ܦܘܪܥܢܐ ܒܬܠܬܐ: ܙܕܝܩܘܬܐ (ܩܐ ܡܘܕܝ ܟܦܪܥܚ – ܙܒܢܐ، ܐܘܪܚܐ، ܠܐ ܢܝܚܘܬܐ، ܣܘܟܢܐ)، ܛܘܦܣܐ (ܟܣܦܐ، ܠܦܘܬ ܫܥܬܐ، ܡܘܗܒܬܐ، ܦܘܪܥܢܐ ܕܡܦܩ̈ܬܐ ܥܡ ܬܚܘܡܐ ܥܠܝܐ) ܘܬܚܘ̈ܡܐ (ܡܢܘ ܙܕܝܩܐ ܝܠܗ، ܒܐܝܢܐ ܫܪܛܐ)؛ ܘܙܘܗܪܐ ܕܡܘܗܒܬܐ ܩܐ ܐܢܫ̈ܐ ܓܘ ܥܨܪܐ ܕܟܣܦܐ، ܝܢ ܩܐ ܬܠܡܝ̈ܕܐ ܕܒܨܘܝܐ، ܡܨܝܐ ܕܡܣܦܩܐ ܠܫܠܡܘܬܐ ܡܢ ܣܘܟܠܐ ܕܝܠܗ̇. Festinger ܘܚܒܪ̈ܘܗܝ (2023) ܟܦܪܫܝ: ܩܛܝܪܐ ܝܠܗ ܡܘܙܚܐ – ܓܠܝܐ ܝܢ ܟܣܝܐ – ܕܡܪܐ ܕܫܘܠܛܢܐ؛ ܡܥܒܕܢܘܬܐ ܠܐ ܟܐܢܬܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܡܩܪܒܬܐ ܕܛܝܡܐ ܕܝܠܗ̇ ܪܡܐ ܝܠܗ ܗܕܟܐ ܕܟܡܚܪܒܐ ܚܝܠܐ ܕܡܣܠܝܬܐ – ܘܗܘ ܟܣܦܐ ܡܨܐ ܕܗܘܐ ܟܐܢܐ ܓܘ ܕܘܡܝܐ ܥܬܝܪܐ ܘܠܐ ܟܐܢܐ ܓܘ ܕܘܡܝܐ ܡܣܟܢܐ. ܘܬܪܘܝܗܝ ܣܘܟ̈ܢܐ ܡܨܝܢ ܕܗܘܝܢ ܐܦ ܒܣ ܒܚܘܫܒܐ: ܡܫܬܘܬܦ̈ܢܐ ܟܡܘܕܥܝ ܥܠ ܥܨܪܐ ܐܦܠܐ ܐܡܢ ܕܠܐ ܐܬܝܠܗ ܥܒܝܕܐ ܥܠܝܗܘܢ.

4. ܫܠܡܘܬܐ ܡܢ ܝܕܥܬܐ – ܡܘܕܝ ܣܢܝܩܐ ܝܠܗ ܕܗܘܝܐ ܒܓܘܗ̇، ܘܕܟܝ ܟܡܫܪܪܚ ܕܦܗܝܡܠܗܘܢ

"ܟܐܦܐ ܕܪܫ ܙܘܝܬܐ ܕܒܘܨܝܐ ܐܝܬܝܩܝܐ ܥܠ ܒܢܝ̈ ܐܢܫܐ" – ܘܐܘܪܚܐ، ܠܐ ܓܕܫܐ ܕܚܕ ܥܕܢܐ: ܒܨܘܝܐ ܟܡܫܪܪ ܕܡܫܬܘܬܦܢܐ ܦܗܝܡܠܗ، ܟܩܪܐ ܠܫܘܐ̈ܠܐ، ܟܓܠܐ ܝܕܥܬܐ ܚܕܬܐ ܕܟܣܠܩܐ ܓܘ ܡܘܬܒܐ ܕܒܘܨܝܐ، ܘܟܒܥܐ ܫܠܡܘܬܐ ܡܢ ܪܝܫ ܐܡܢ ܕܣܢܝܩܐ ܝܠܗ (Festinger et al., 2023). ܬܠܬܐ ܫܪ̈ܛܐ: ܡܨܝܢܘܬܐ (intelligence) – ܡܨܝܢܘܬܐ ܕܗܘܢܐ ܕܫܩܠܬܐ ܦܘܣܩܢܐ ܡܚܫܒܐ؛ ܝܕܥܬܐ (knowingness) – ܗܘܢܐ ܓܡܝܪܐ ܕܝܕܥܬܐ ܘܕܦܐܪ̈ܐ ܕܝܠܗ̇؛ ܨܒܝܢܐ ܚܐܪܐ (voluntariness) – ܦܘܣܩܢܐ ܕܠܐ ܩܛܝܪܐ ܘܕܠܐ ܡܥܒܕܢܘܬܐ ܠܐ ܟܐܢܬܐ. ܐܢܫܐ ܕܠܐ ܡܨܐ ܕܫܠܡ ܒܓܢܣܗ – ܝܠܘ̈ܕܐ، ܐܢܫ̈ܐ ܥܡ ܚܘܣܪܢܐ ܕܗܘܢܐ – ܠܐ ܟܡܬܦܩ ܡܢ ܒܘܨܝܐ: ܡܦܩܬܐ ܕܝܠܗܘܢ ܓܢܣܗ̇ ܦܘܪܫܐ ܒܝܫܐ ܝܠܗ̇، ܡܛܠ ܕܡܕܒܪܢܘܬܐ ܠܘܬܗܘܢ ܬܠܝܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܒܒܘܨܝܐ ܥܠܝܗܘܢ؛ ܫܠܡܘܬܐ ܟܡܬܝܗܒܐ ܒܝܕ ܒܪܐ ܝܢ ܒܪܬܐ ܝܢ ܡܕܒܪܢܐ ܕܢܡܘܣܐ، ܘܥܠܘܗܝ ܟܒܥܝܚ ܡܢ ܝܠܘܕܐ ܫܠܡܘܬܐ ܡܢ ܓܢܒܗ (assent) – ܫܠܡܘܬܐ ܓܠܝܬܐ ܘܕܐܝܢ، ܠܦܘܬ ܥܘܡܪܗ، ܓܡܝܪܘܬܐ ܕܝܠܗ ܘܡܨܝܢܘܬܐ ܕܝܠܗ (Ferrero & Pinto, 2023؛ Festinger et al., 2023). ܢܡܘ̈ܣܐ ܩܐ ܙܥܘܪ̈ܐ ܒܫܢ̈ܐ ܦܪ̈ܝܫܐ ܝܢܐ ܡܢ ܡܬܐ ܠܡܬܐ، ܘܡܛܠ ܗܕܐ ܟܒܚܪܚ ܢܡܘܣܐ ܓܘ ܕܘܟܬܐ ܕܓܘܗ̇ ܒܘܨܝܐ ܟܡܬܥܒܕ.

ܡܘܕܝ ܣܢܝܩܐ ܝܠܗ ܕܗܘܝܐ ܓܘ ܛܘܦܣܐ. Festinger ܘܚܒܪ̈ܘܗܝ (2023) ܟܡܝܬܝ ܬܫܥܐ ܥܩܪ̈ܐ ܕ"ܢܡܘܣܐ ܡܫܘܬܦܐ" (Common Rule) ܐܡܪܝܟܝܐ ܟܒܥܐ ܓܘ ܟܠ ܫܠܡܘܬܐ – ܘܝܢܐ ܪܫܝܡܬܐ ܕܒܘܚܪܢܐ ܛܒܬܐ ܩܐ ܟܠ ܛܘܦܣܐ، ܐܦ ܠܒܪ ܡܢ ܐܡܪܝܟܐ: (1) ܡܘܕܥܢܘܬܐ ܕܐܗܐ ܒܘܨܝܐ ܝܠܗ، ܘܬܚܘܝܬܐ ܕܐܘܪ̈ܚܬܐ ܕܥܒܕܐ، ܢܝܫܐ، ܐܘܪܟܐ ܕܫܘܬܦܘܬܐ ܘܟܠ ܐܘܪܚܐ ܕܢܣܝܘܢܐ؛ (2) ܣܘܟ̈ܢܐ ܘܠܐ ܢܝ̈ܚܘܝܬܐ ܕܡܣܟ̈ܝܐ ܝܢܐ – ܕܦܓܪܐ، ܕܢܦܫܐ ܘܟܢܫ̈ܝܐ؛ (3) ܝܘܬܪ̈ܢܐ ܕܡܣܟ̈ܝܐ ܝܢܐ ܩܐ ܡܫܬܘܬܦܢܐ ܝܢ ܩܐ ܐܚܪ̈ܢܐ؛ (4) ܚܠܦ̈ܐ (ܕܐܣܝܘܬܐ) ܕܡܨܝܢ ܕܥܕܪܝ؛ (5) ܒܐܝܢܐ ܟܡܝܘܬܐ ܢܛܘܪܘܬܐ ܕܐܪ̈ܙܐ ܕܟܬ̈ܒܐ ܒܕ ܡܬܢܛܪܐ، ܘܡܢܘ ܒܕ ܡܛܐ ܠܝܕܥܬܐ؛ (6) ܦܘܪܥܢܐ ܘܐܣܝܘܬܐ ܕܚܘܣܪܢܐ، ܐܡܢ ܕܣܘܟܢܐ ܪܒܐ ܝܠܗ ܡܢ ܙܥܘܪܐ ܕܟܠܗܘܢ؛ (7) ܠܡܢܘ ܟܦܢܚ ܒܫܘܐ̈ܠܐ ܥܠ ܒܘܨܝܐ، ܥܠ ܙܕܩ̈ܐ ܘܥܠ ܩܒܠܢܘܝ̈ܬܐ؛ (8) ܕܫܘܬܦܘܬܐ ܒܨܒܝܢܐ ܝܠܗ̇، ܘܕܡܣܠܝܬܐ ܝܢ ܦܪܫܬܐ ܠܐ ܒܕ ܡܝܬܝܐ ܦܘܪܥܢܐ ܝܢ ܛܠܡܐ ܕܙܕܩܐ؛ (9) ܐܢ ܐܬܝܠܗ̇ ܟܢܝܫܬܐ ܝܕܥܬܐ ܕܡܦܪܫܐ – ܐܝܢܐ ܒܕ ܦܠܚܐ ܩܐ ܒܘܨ̈ܝܐ ܕܐܬܝܢ. ܘܫܬܐ ܣܢܝܩܘܝ̈ܬܐ ܥܠ ܐܘܪܚܐ: ܫܠܡܘܬܐ ܩܕܡ ܫܘܬܦܘܬܐ؛ ܥܕܢܐ ܣܦܩܐ ܕܡܚܫܒܬܐ، ܓܘ ܫܪ̈ܛܐ ܕܟܡܙܥܪܝ ܩܛܝܪܐ؛ ܠܫܢܐ ܦܗܝܡܐ؛ ܝܕܥܬܐ ܕܒܪܢܫܐ ܡܣܬܒܪܐ ܣܢܝܩܐ ܗܘܐ ܠܗ̇ ܕܦܣܩ؛ ܫܘܪܝܐ ܩܨܝܪܐ ܕܝܕܥܬܐ ܪܒܬܐ ܡܢ ܟܠܗ̇؛ ܘܕܠܐ ܢܘܣܚܐ ܕܟܫܒܩ ܙܕܩ̈ܐ ܕܢܡܘܣܐ. ܓܘ ܒܘܨܝܐ ܒܣܘܟܢܐ ܙܥܘܪܐ – ܣܘܟܢܐ ܐܝܟ ܓܘ ܚܝ̈ܐ ܕܟܠ ܝܘܡܐ – ܟܢܘܫܬܐ ܕܐܝܬܝܩܐ ܫܒܝܩܬܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܕܡܚܪܪܐ ܡܢ ܪܘܫܡܐ ܕܐܝܕܐ ܝܢ ܡܢ ܡܢܬܐ ܡܢ ܥܩܪ̈ܐ.

ܐܝܢܐ ܒܫܪܪܐ ܦܗܝܡܠܗܘܢ؟ ܒܘܨܝܐ ܕܢܣܝܘܢܐ ܥܠ ܫܠܡܘܬܐ ܡܢ ܝܕܥܬܐ، ܟܓܡܪܝ Festinger ܘܚܒܪ̈ܘܗܝ (2023)، ܟܡܚܘܐ ܕܐܘܪ̈ܚܬܐ ܡܩܒ̈ܠܬܐ ܠܐ ܟܡܫܪܪܝ ܗܘܢܐ – ܡܫܬܘܬܦ̈ܢܐ ܠܐ ܦܗܡܝ ܝܢ ܠܐ ܥܗܕܝ ܐܘܪ̈ܚܬܐ ܕܥܒܕܐ، ܣܘܟ̈ܢܐ ܘܢܛܘܪ̈ܘܬܐ، ܒܝܘܬܪ ܓܘ ܟܢܫ̈ܐ ܟܠܢ̈ܝܐ ܕܡܨܝܢ ܕܡܬܚܣܪܝ. ܡܘܕܝ ܒܫܪܪܐ ܟܦܠܚ: ܛܘܦܣܐ ܩܨܝܪܐ ܝܬܝܪ ܒܠܫܢܐ ܦܫܝܩܐ (ܩܪܝܒ ܠ-21% ܡܢ ܪ̈ܘܪܒܐ ܓܘ ܐܡܪܝܟܐ ܐܝܬ ܠܗܘܢ ܩܪܝܢܐ ܙܥܘܪܐ)؛ ܐܬ̈ܘܬܐ ܪ̈ܘܪܒܐ، ܦܬܝ̈ܘܬܐ، ܡܐܡܪ̈ܐ ܩܨܝ̈ܪܐ، ܨܘܪ̈ܬܐ ܘܢܘܩ̈ܙܐ؛ ܘܒܝܘܬܪ ܦܘܢܝܐ ܡܬܪܨܢܐ (corrective feedback) – ܟܒܚܪܚ ܡܘܕܝ ܦܗܝܡܠܗ ܡܫܬܘܬܦܢܐ ܒܬܪ ܩܪܝܢܐ ܕܛܘܦܣܐ، ܘܟܬܪܨܚ ܟܠ ܦܘܢܝܐ ܛܥܝܐ ܥܡܗ – ܐܘܪܚܐ ܕܐܝܬ ܠܗ̇ ܣܡܟܐ ܕܢܣܝܘܢܐ ܪܒܐ ܡܢ ܟܠܗܝܢ، ܕܟܡܛܝܒܐ ܐܦ ܗܘܢܐ ܩܕܡܝܐ ܘܐܦ ܥܘܗܕܢܐ ܒܐܘܪܟܐ ܕܙܒܢܐ؛ ܦܢܩܝܬܐ ܕܫܘܐ̈ܠܐ ܕܫܠܡܘܬܐ (consent quiz) ܟܡܒܨܝܐ ܡܘܕܝ ܣܢܝܩܐ ܝܠܗ ܠܡܒܪܪܬܐ، ܐܦܢ ܕܟܒܚܪܐ ܡܫܬܘܕܥܢܘܬܐ ܘܠܐ ܥܘܗܕܢܐ. ܩܐ ܒܘܚܪܢܐ ܕܨܒܝܢܐ ܚܐܪܐ ܐܝܬ ܡܐܢ̈ܐ (ܡܬܠܐ ܣܒܠܬܐ ܕܫܘܥܪܐ ܕܩܛܝܪܐ – "ܪܓܫܠܝ ܕܡܘܠܦܠܗܘܢ ܠܝ ܕܥܐܠܢ ܓܘ ܒܘܨܝܐ"، "ܥܠܠܝ ܒܝܘܬܪ ܡܛܠ ܥܠ̈ܠܬܐ ܕܟܣܦܐ") – ܘܟܠ ܦܘܢܝܐ ܕܟܡܚܘܐ ܥܨܪܐ ܟܡܬܡܠܠ ܥܡ ܡܫܬܘܬܦܢܐ. ܓܘ ܦܢܩܝܬܐ ܕܫܘܐ̈ܠܐ ܥܠ ܐܝܢܛܪܢܝܛ، ܕܠܝܬ ܒܓܘܗ̇ ܒܨܘܝܐ ܩܘܒܠ ܡܫܬܘܬܦܢܐ، ܡܐܡܪܐ ܩܕܡܝܐ ܕܛܘܦܣܐ – ܩܨܝܪܐ، ܓܠܝܐ – ܝܠܗ ܟܠ ܡܕܡ ܕܐܝܬ؛ ܦܐܬܐ ܕܒܢܝܢܐ ܕܦܢܩܝܬܐ ܕܫܘܐ̈ܠܐ ܟܡܫܪܝܐ ܒܝܗ.

5. ܡܦܫܩܢܘܬܐ ܕܒܬܪ ܒܘܨܝܐ – ܡܘܕܝ ܟܥܒܕܚ ܩܕܡ ܕܡܫܬܘܬܦܢܐ ܐܙܠ

"ܦܣ̈ܥܬܐ ܕܒܬܪ ܚܪܬܐ ܕܒܘܨܝܐ ܐܦ ܐܢܝ ܪ̈ܘܪܒܐ ܝܢܐ ܐܝܟ ܐܢܝ ܕܩܕܡ ܘܕܒܓܘ" (Clark & Blackhart, 2023). ܡܦܫܩܢܘܬܐ ܕܒܬܪ ܒܘܨܝܐ (debriefing) ܣܢܝܩܘܬܐ ܐܝܬܝܩܝܬܐ ܝܠܗ̇: ܢܣܝܘܢܐ ܕܝܘܠܦܢܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܩܐ ܡܫܬܘܬܦܢܐ ܘܟܡܚܝܠܐ ܬܘܟܠܢܐ ܕܝܠܗ ܥܠ ܝܕܥܬܐ – ܘܓܘ ܒܘܨܝܐ ܕܦܠܚܠܗ ܒܢܟܝܠܘܬܐ، ܝܢ ܕܫܩܠܠܗ ܝܕܥܬܐ، ܐܠܨܝܬܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܒܬܪܝܢ ܣܘ̈ܟܠܐ: ܫܩܠܬܐ ܕܢܟܝܠܘܬܐ (dehoaxing) – ܓܠܝܘܬܐ ܕܢܝܫܐ ܫܪܝܪܐ ܘܕܟܠ ܢܟܝܠܘܬܐ ܕܐܬܝܠܗ̇ ܥܒܝܕܬܐ – ܘܢܝܚܘܬܐ (desensitization) – ܙܥܘܪܘܬܐ ܕܪ̈ܓܫܐ ܕܒܨܪܐ ܕܒܘܨܝܐ ܐܬܥܝܪܠܗܘܢ، ܐܢ ܒܨܒܝܢܐ (ܦܘܢܝܐ ܕܠܐ ܡܨܚܢܘܬܐ، ܡܦܩܬܐ) ܘܐܢ ܡܛܠ ܢܟܝܠܘܬܐ (ܒܗܬܬܐ، ܚܦܝܪܘܬܐ)، ܥܡ ܐܢܫ̈ܐ ܕܓܘ ܒܘܨܝܐ ܥܒܕܠܗܘܢ ܡܕܡ ܥܣܩܐ ܡܢ ܓܢܒܐ ܕܐܝܬܝܩܐ. ܠܦܘܬ ܢܡܘܣܐ ܐܝܬܝܩܝܐ ܕ-APA (ܢܡܘ̈ܣܐ 8.07-8.08، ܐܝܟ ܕܡܝܬܝܐ ܝܠܗ ܓܘ Clark ܘ-Blackhart) ܡܫܬܘܬܦ̈ܢܐ ܣܢܝܩܝ ܕܝܠܦܝ ܫܪܪܐ ܥܠ ܟܠ ܢܟܝܠܘܬܐ ܒܓܗܐ ܕܡܨܝܐ – ܘܛܒ ܝܠܗ ܓܘ ܡܦܫܩܢܘܬܐ ܕܒܬܪ ܒܘܨܝܐ. ܡܦܫܩܢܘܬܐ ܕܒܬܪ ܒܘܨܝܐ ܟܦܠܚܐ ܐܦ ܠܒܘܨܝܐ: ܟܓܠܝܐ ܐܢ ܡܫܬܘܬܦ̈ܢܐ ܚܙܝܠܗܘܢ ܗܘܦܘܬܣܝܣ (ܟܝ̈ܢܐ ܕܒܥܬܐ – demand characteristics)، ܟܡܨܝܐ ܕܡܫܪܪ ܠܗܘܢ ܕܕܘܒܪܐ ܕܝܠܗܘܢ ܐܬܐ ܡܢ ܗܘܝܐ ܕܢܣܝܘܢܐ ܘܠܐ ܟܡܚܘܐ ܠܗܘܢ، ܘܟܓܠܝܐ ܡܘ̈ܡܐ – ܩܠܐ ܡܢ ܐܘܬܐܩܐ ܕܓܢܒܐ، ܦܐܬܐ ܕܥܣܩܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܠܩܪܝܢܐ – ܕܗܘܝܠܗܘܢ ܡܫܬܚܠܦ̈ܢܐ ܕܥܐܠܝ ܒܓܘ. ܘܐܗܐ ܝܠܗ ܙܒܢܐ ܕܒܥܝܐ ܡܢ ܡܫܬܘܬܦܢܐ ܕܠܐ ܡܬܢܐ ܩܐ ܡܫܬܘܬܦ̈ܢܐ ܕܐܬܝܢ: ܓܘ ܩܡܦܘܣ ܦܘܪ̈ܫܢܐ ܕܒܘܨܝܐ "ܟܡܬܦܪܣܝ ܐܝܟ ܢܘܪܐ ܓܘ ܚܩܠܐ ܕܟܘ̈ܒܐ". ܡܠܟܐ ܩܕܡܝܐ ܕ-Clark ܘ-Blackhart ܩܐ ܒܨܘ̈ܝܐ ܝܠܗ ܕܡܘܕܥܝ ܐܘܪܚܐ ܕܡܦܫܩܢܘܬܐ ܕܒܬܪ ܒܘܨܝܐ ܓܘ ܡܐܡܪܐ – ܣܓܝܐܐ ܡܢ ܒܘܨ̈ܝܐ ܠܐ ܟܥܒܕܝ ܐܗܐ – ܘܕܒܚܪܝ ܒܢܣܝܘܢܐ ܐܢ ܡܛܝܠܗ̇ ܠܢܝܫܐ ܕܝܠܗ̇، ܒܝܘܬܪ ܒܬܪ ܢܣܝܘܢܐ ܕܡܚܣܪܐ؛ ܘܓܘ ܦܢܩܝܬܐ ܕܫܘܐ̈ܠܐ ܥܡܝܬܐ، ܕܠܐ ܢܟܝܠܘܬܐ، ܟܦܝܫ ܠܒܐ: ܦܘܫܩܐ ܥܠ ܢܝܫܐ ܕܒܘܨܝܐ، ܬܘܕܝ، ܘܠܡܢܘ ܟܦܢܚ – ܘܐܢ ܐܬܝܠܗܘܢ ܡܫܘܐ̈ܠܐ ܥܠ ܥܨܪܐ، ܛܠܘܡܝܐ ܝܢ ܣܡ̈ܡܐ، ܐܦ ܝܕܥܬܐ ܥܠ ܥܘܕܪܢܐ (Ferrero & Pinto, 2023).

6. ܢܛܘܪܘܬܐ ܕܐܪ̈ܙܐ ܘܛܫܝܐ ܕܦܪܨܘܦܐ

ܐܡܢ ܕܟܡܬܚܘܝܚ ܒܘܨܝܐ، ܠܐ ܫܒܝܩܐ ܝܠܗ ܠܡܓܠܝܐ "ܝܕܥܬܐ ܕܐܪܙܐ ܕܡܦܪܫܐ ܠܦܪܨܘܦܐ" ܥܠ ܟܪ̈ܝܗܐ، ܬܠܡܝ̈ܕܐ، ܡܫܬܘܬܦ̈ܢܐ ܝܢ ܟܢ̈ܘܫܝܬܐ – ܐܠܐ ܐܢ ܝܗܒܠܗܘܢ ܫܠܡܘܬܐ ܟܬܝܒܬܐ ܩܐ ܓܠܝܘܬܐ ܕܦܪܨܘܦܐ ܕܝܠܗܘܢ (APA, 2020، ܦܣܩܐ 1.19، ܡܝܬܐ ܢܡܘܣܐ 4.07 ܕܢܡܘܣܐ ܪܒܐ). ܓܘ ܒܘܨܝܐ ܕܗܘܝܐ (case study)، ܕܓܘܗ ܢܛܘܪܘܬܐ ܕܐܪ̈ܙܐ ܥܣܩܬܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܒܝܘܬܪ، ܡܕܒܪܢܐ ܟܡܢܐ ܐܪܒܥܐ ܐܘܪ̈ܚܬܐ ܕܛܫܝܐ – ܫܘܚܠܦܐ ܕܟܡܐ ܟܝ̈ܢܐ، ܡܨܪܘܬܐ ܕܬܚܘܝܬܐ ܕܝܠܗܘܢ، ܓܘܢܬܐ ܒܐܘܪܚܐ ܕܦܘܪ̈ܫܢܐ ܒܪ̈ܝܐ، ܘܬܚܘܝ̈ܬܐ ܡܪܟ̈ܒܬܐ (composite) – ܘܟܡܘܣܦ ܬܪܝܢ ܬܚܘ̈ܡܐ: ܛܫܝܐ ܠܐ ܫܒܝܩܐ ܝܠܗ ܕܡܫܚܠܦ ܡܫܬܚܠܦ̈ܢܐ ܒܐܘܪܚܐ ܕܡܛܐ ܠܩܪܘ̈ܝܐ ܠܦܘ̈ܣܩܢܐ ܛܥ̈ܝܐ، ܘܬܘܢܝܐ ܕܠܐ ܡܨܐ ܠܡܛܫܝܬܐ ܫܦܝܪܐܝܬ ܝܕܥܬܐ ܕܡܦܪܫܐ – ܠܐ ܟܡܩܪܒܚ ܠܗ ܩܐ ܡܦܪܣܢܘܬܐ؛ "ܢܛܘܪܘܬܐ ܕܐܪ̈ܙܐ ܒܚܕ ܥܕܢܐ ܠܐ ܟܡܬܩܪܒܐ ܩܐ ܚܬܝܬܘܬܐ ܕܐܣܝܘܬܐ ܝܢ ܝܕܥܢܝܬܐ" ܘܒܗܦܟܐ (APA, 2020, Section 1.19). ܒܨܘܝܐ ܐܦ ܟܢܛܪ ܓܢܣܗ ܡܢ ܡܦܠܚܢܘܬܐ ܒܝܫܬܐ: ܫܠܡܘܬܐ ܕܟܪܝܗܐ، ܦܠܚܐ ܝܢ ܬܠܡܝܕܐ ܕܒܨܘܝܐ ܪܝܫܐ ܝܠܗ ܥܠܘܗܝ ܠܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܫܠܡܘܬܐ ܚܐܪܬܐ (ܢܡܘ̈ܣܐ 3.05 ܘ-3.08 ܕܢܡܘܣܐ ܪܒܐ، ܐܝܟ ܕܡܝܬܝ ܝܢܐ ܬܡܢ).

ܛܫܝܐ ܕܦܪܨܘܦܐ ܡܢ ܝܗܝ̈ܒܬܐ. ܩܕܡ ܫܘܬܦܐ ܝܢ ܡܦܪܣܢܘܬܐ ܕܝܗܝ̈ܒܬܐ، ܟܫܩܠܚ ܟܠ ܝܕܥܬܐ ܕܡܦܪܫܐ ܠܦܪܨܘܦܐ – ܘܟܠ ܪܡܙܐ ܕܡܨܐ ܕܡܥܒܕ ܡܢ ܪܝܫ ܐܣܘܪܐ ܥܡ ܦܪܨܘܦܐ ܕܡܫܬܘܬܦܢܐ. ܘܠܐ ܒܣ ܫܡܐ ܘܡܢܝܢܐ ܕܗܘܝܬܐ: ܚܠܛܐ ܝܚܝܕܝܐ ܕܦܘܪ̈ܫܢܐ ܕܡܘܓܪܦܝ̈ܐ ܝܢ ܕܝܕܥܬܐ ܓܠܝܬܐ ܐܚܪܬܐ ܡܨܐ ܕܡܦܪܫ ܒܪܢܫܐ، ܘܐܦ ܡܢ ܐܗܐ ܣܢܝܩܐ ܝܠܗ ܠܡܙܗܪܐ (APA, 2020، ܦܣܩܐ 1.14، "ܫܪ̈ܛܐ ܘܚܪ̈ܝܓܐ ܩܐ ܫܘܬܦܐ ܕܝܗܝ̈ܒܬܐ"؛ ܩܐ ܝܗܝ̈ܒܬܐ ܕܚܘܠܡܢܐ ܡܕܒܪܢܐ ܟܡܫܕܪ ܠܦܘܩ̈ܕܢܐ ܕ-HIPAA ܘܠ-GDPR). ܓܘ ܦܐܝܠ ܕܣܐܝܛ ܐܗܐ ܟܡܬܬܪܓܡ ܠܢܡܘܣܐ ܦܫܝܩܐ: ܥܡܘܕܐ ܕ-id (ܡܢܝܢܐ ܡܦܪܫܢܐ – ID) ܓܘ ܛܘܦܣܐ ܬܩܝܢܐ ܝܠܗ ܡܢܝܢܐ ܕܛܟܣܐ، ܠܐ ܫܡܐ ܘܠܐ ܡܢܝܢܐ ܕܗܘܝܬܐ؛ ܩܠܝܕܐ ܕܟܐܣܪ ܡܢܝܢܐ ܠܒܪܢܫܐ – ܐܢ ܐܝܬ – ܟܢܛܪܚ ܠܗ ܦܪܝܫܐܝܬ ܡܢ ܦܐܝܠ ܕܝܗܝ̈ܒܬܐ، ܘܠܐ ܟܡܣܠܩܚ ܠܗ ܠܚܕ ܕܘܟܬܐ. (ܡ̈ܚܫܒܢܐ ܓܢܣܗܘܢ ܟܦܠܚܝ ܓܘ ܒܪܐܘܙܪ ܒܣ، ܘܝܗܝ̈ܒܬܐ ܠܐ ܟܡܫܬܕܪܝ ܠܚܕ ܣܝܪܒܪ.) ܓܘ ܐܝܣܪܝܠ ܐܗܐ ܐܦ ܫܘܐܠܐ ܕܢܡܘܣܐ ܝܠܗ: ܦܐܝܠ ܥܡ ܡܫܬܘܬܦ̈ܢܐ ܕܡܦܪ̈ܫܐ ܝܢܐ ܝܠܗ "ܐܘܨܪܐ ܕܝܕܥܬܐ" ܠܦܘܬ ܢܡܘܣܐ ܕܢܛܘܪܘܬܐ ܕܓܢܝܙܘܬܐ – ܦܣܩܐ 11.

7. ܚܬܝܬܘܬܐ ܕܡܫܟܚ̈ܢܘܬܐ – ܡܘܕܝ ܠܐ ܫܒܝܩܐ ܝܠܗ، ܘܡܘܕܝ ܟܥܒܕ ܬܘܢܝܐ ܓܡܝܪܐ

"ܥܩܪܐ ܕܐܝܬܝܩܐ ܓܘ ܟܠ ܬܘܢܝܐ ܝܕܥܢܝܐ ܝܠܗ ܕܡܟܬ̈ܒܢܐ ܟܡܘܕܥܝ ܐܘܪ̈ܚܬܐ ܘܦܐܪ̈ܐ ܕܒܘܨ̈ܝܐ ܕܝܠܗܘܢ ܓܡܝܪܐܝܬ ܘܒܚܬܝܬܘܬܐ" (APA, 2020, Section 1.12). ܡܟܠܝ̈ܢܘܬܐ: ܠܐ ܠܡܒܕܝܐ ܘܠܐ ܠܡܙܝܦܐ ܝܗܝ̈ܒܬܐ (ܢܡܘܣܐ 8.10a)؛ ܠܐ ܠܡܫܚܠܦܐ ܦܐܪ̈ܐ – ܐܦ ܠܐ ܨܘܪ̈ܬܐ – ܩܐ ܣܡܟܐ ܕܬܐܘܪܝܐ؛ ܘܠܐ ܠܡܫܩܠܐ "ܚܙ̈ܝܬܐ ܥܣܝ̈ܩܐ" ܩܐ ܡܬܢܝܬܐ ܕܬܫܥܝܬܐ ܡܦܝܣܢܝܬܐ ܝܬܝܪ (ܢܡܘܣܐ 5.01b). ܐܗܐ ܫܩܠܬܐ، ܟܡܦܪܫ ܡܕܒܪܢܐ، ܐܝܬ ܒܓܘܗ̇ ܬܠܬܐ ܨܘܪ̈ܝܬܐ: ܠܐ ܬܘܢܝܐ ܓܒܝܐ ܕܒܘܨ̈ܝܐ – ܬܩܝ̈ܢܐ ܡܢ ܓܢܒܐ ܕܐܘܪܚܐ ܘܐܣܝܪ̈ܐ – ܕܦܐܪ̈ܐ ܕܝܠܗܘܢ ܠܐ ܟܣܡܟܝ ܠܬܫܥܝܬܐ ܕܡܚܒܒܬܐ؛ ܫܩܠܬܐ ܓܒܝܬܐ ܕܫܘܚܠܦ̈ܐ ܢܣܝܘܢܝ̈ܐ، ܐܘܪ̈ܚܬܐ ܕܥܒܕܐ، ܡܫܘ̈ܚܬܐ ܝܢ ܡܫܟܚ̈ܢܘܬܐ ܓܘ ܒܘܨܝܐ؛ ܘܡܦܩܬܐ ܓܒܝܬܐ ܕܡܫܬܘܬܦ̈ܢܐ ܝܢ ܕܚܙ̈ܝܬܐ، ܕܠܐ ܥܠܬܐ ܬܪܝܨܬܐ ܕܐܘܪܚܐ، ܩܐ ܡܛܝܬܐ ܠܦܐܪܐ ܕܒܥܝܐ. ܘܐܝܬ ܥܒܪܬܐ ܐܚܪܬܐ "ܥܠ ܥܩܪ̈ܐ ܐܝܬܝܩ̈ܝܐ ܫܬܐܣ̈ܝܐ": ܡܚܘܝܢܘܬܐ ܕܗܘܦܘܬܣܝܣ ܕܐܬܝܠܗ̇ ܝܠܝܕܬܐ ܡܢ ܝܗܝ̈ܒܬܐ (post hoc) ܐܝܟ ܕܐܬܝܠܗ̇ ܬܩܝܢܬܐ ܡܢ ܩܕܡ. ܢܡܘ̈ܣܐ ܕܬܘܢܝܐ ܕ-APA ܡܛܠ ܗܕܐ ܟܒܥܝ ܬܚܘܝܬܐ ܕܟܠ ܡܫܬܚܠܦ̈ܢܐ ܕܐܬܝܠܗܘܢ ܡܫܘ̈ܚܐ، ܐܙܠܬܐ ܒܬܪ ܪܕܝܐ ܕܡܫܬܘܬܦ̈ܢܐ ܓܘ ܒܘܨܝܐ ܕܚܕ ܠܐ ܦܐܠܛ ܕܠܐ ܥܗܕܢܐ، ܘܡܚܘܝܢܘܬܐ ܕܗܘܦܘܬܣ̈ܝܣ ܓܘ ܬܠܬܐ ܓܘ̈ܕܐ – ܬܩܝ̈ܢܐ ܪ̈ܫܝܐ، ܬܩܝ̈ܢܐ ܬܪ̈ܝܢܝܐ، ܘܕܒܘܨܝܐ (exploratory): ܗܘܦܘܬܣ̈ܝܣ ܕܒܘܨܝܐ ܫܒܝ̈ܩܐ ܝܢܐ، "ܘܠܐ ܫܒܝܩܐ ܝܠܗ ܕܗܘܝܐ ܥܨܪܐ ܕܡܛܫܝܚ ܠܗܝܢ ܐܝܟ ܬܩܝ̈ܢܐ" (APA, 2020, Section 1.12).

Ferrero ܘ-Pinto (2023) ܟܡܦܪܫܝ ܬܠܬܐ ܨܘܪ̈ܝܬܐ ܕܥܒܪܬܐ ܕܫܪܝܪܘܬܐ ܕܥܒܕܐ: ܒܕܝܐ (fabrication) – ܒܕܝܐ ܕܝܗܝ̈ܒܬܐ ܝܢ ܦܐܪ̈ܐ ܕܟܡܬܚܘܝܢ ܐܝܟ ܫܪ̈ܝܪܐ، "ܩܪܝܒ ܒܟܠ ܥܕܢܐ ܒܨܒܝܢܐ ܘܒܢܟܝܠܘܬܐ" – ܘܐܦ ܡܐܡܪܐ ܥܠ ܫܬܐܣܐ ܕܦܐܪ̈ܐ ܡܢܬܢ̈ܝܐ ܝܢ ܡܣܬܒܪ̈ܐ ܒܕܝܐ ܝܠܗ؛ ܙܝܦܐ (falsification) – ܫܘܚܠܦܐ، ܡܒܣܪܢܐ ܝܢ ܢܟܝܠܐ، ܕܝܗܝ̈ܒܬܐ ܕܐܝܬ ܩܐ ܡܛܝܬܐ ܠܦܐܪܐ ܕܡܣܟܝܐ، ܥܡ ܫܘܚܠܦܐ ܝܢ ܫܩܠܬܐ ܕܦܐܪ̈ܐ؛ ܘܓܢܒܬܐ ܕܟܬܝܒܬܐ (plagiarism) (ܦܣܩܐ 10). ܘܡܢ ܓܢܒܐ ܕܙܘܕܐ – ܦܪܥܘܬܐ: ܠܡܢܛܪܐ ܟܬܝܒܘܬܐ ܓܡܝܪܬܐ ܕܒܘܨܝܐ، ܕܐܚܪ̈ܢܐ ܡܨܝ ܕܫܪܪܝ ܘܥܒܕܝ ܡܢ ܪܝܫ. Field (2024، ܨܚܚܐ 3) ܟܡܦܫܩ ܩܐ ܡܘܕܝ ܐܢܝ ܢܡܘ̈ܣܐ ܐܠܨ̈ܝܐ ܝܢܐ، ܘܡܘܕܝ ܩܐܡ ܩܘܒܠܝܗܝ. ܡܫܟܚܢܘܬܐ ܪܫܝܡܬܐ ܣܟܘܝܐ ܕܝܠܗ̇ ܕܡܬܦܪܣܡܐ ܪܒܐ ܝܠܗ ܩܪܝܒ ܫܒܥܐ ܚܐܪ̈ܐ ܡܢ ܡܫܟܚܢܘܬܐ ܠܐ ܪܫܝܡܬܐ (Coursol & Wagner, 1986, as cited in Field)، ܘܓܘ ܝܕܥܬܐ ܕܢܦܫܐ ܝܬܝܪ ܡܢ 90% ܡܢ ܡܐܡܪ̈ܐ ܟܡܘܕܥܝ ܦܐܪ̈ܐ ܪܫܝ̈ܡܐ (Fanelli, 2010, 2012, as cited in Field) – ܐܗܐ ܝܠܗ ܡܣܒ ܒܐܦ̈ܐ ܕܡܦܪܣܢܘܬܐ، ܘܟܐܬܐ ܐܦ ܡܢ ܡܬܩܢ̈ܢܐ ܘܒܚܘ̈ܝܐ ܕܟܡܣܠܝ ܦܐܪ̈ܐ ܠܐ ܪܫܝ̈ܡܐ ܘܐܦ ܡܢ ܒܨܘ̈ܝܐ ܕܠܐ ܟܡܫܕܪܝ ܠܗܘܢ (Field, 2024, Section 3.3.1). ܒܢܝ̈ܢܐ ܕܡܘܗ̈ܒܬܐ – ܥܒܕܐ، ܟܣܦܐ ܕܒܘܨܝܐ، ܩܝܡܘܬܐ ܓܘ ܥܒܕܐ – ܟܦܪܥܝ "ܒܘܨܝܐ ܡܨܚܢܐ"، ܘܡܨܚܢܐ ܟܐܡܪ ܪܫܝܡܐ، ܘܡܢ ܐܟܐ ܥܨܪܐ. ܬܪܬܝ ܐܘܪ̈ܚܬܐ ܕܒܓܘܝܗܝ ܒܨܘ̈ܝܐ ܟܡܘܣܦܝ ܥܠ ܡܣܒ ܒܐܦ̈ܐ: ܬܘܢܝܐ ܓܒܝܐ ܕܡܫܟܚ̈ܢܘܬܐ ܪܫܝ̈ܡܬܐ، ܘܡܦܠܚܢܘܬܐ ܒܝܫܬܐ ܕ"ܕܪ̈ܓܐ ܕܚܐܪܘܬܐ ܕܒܨܘܝܐ" (Field, 2024, Section 3.3.2). p-hacking ܝܠܗ ܫܡܐ ܓܘܢܝܐ: ܠܡܪܗܛܐ ܟܡܐ ܦܘܫܩ̈ܐ ܘܠܡܘܕܥܐ ܒܣ ܪܫܝܡܐ؛ ܠܡܟܠܝܐ ܟܢܫܐ ܕܝܗܝ̈ܒܬܐ ܓܘ ܢܘܩܙܐ ܕܠܐ ܝܠܗ ܪܒܘܬܐ ܕܕܘܡܝܐ ܕܐܬܝܠܗ̇ ܩܝܡܬܐ ܡܢ ܩܕܡ؛ ܠܡܥܠܠܐ ܝܢ ܠܡܦܩܐ ܝܗܝ̈ܒܬܐ ܘܡܫܬܚܠܦ̈ܢܐ ܠܦܘܬ ܡܥܒܕܢܘܬܐ ܕܝܠܗܘܢ ܥܠ p؛ ܠܡܫܚܐ ܟܡܐ ܦܐܪ̈ܐ ܘܠܡܘܕܥܐ ܒܣ ܐܢܝ ܕܡܥܒܕܢܘܬܐ ܓܘܝܗܝ ܪܫܝܡܬܐ ܝܠܗ̇؛ ܠܡܚܠܛܐ ܓܘ̈ܕܐ ܝܢ ܠܡܫܚܠܦܐ ܡܢܝ̈ܢܐ ܗܠ ܕܩܒܠܚ p ܙܥܘܪܐ ܡܢ .05. HARKing – ܡܚܘܝܢܘܬܐ ܕܗܘܦܘܬܣܝܣ ܕܐܬܝܠܗ̇ ܟܬܝܒܬܐ ܒܬܪ ܟܢܫܐ ܕܝܗܝ̈ܒܬܐ ܐܝܟ ܕܩܕܡܬܠܗ̇ (Field, 2024, Section 3.3.3) – ܝܠܗ ܒܚܬܝܬܘܬܐ ܡܕܡ ܕ-APA ܟܟܠܐ ܓܘ ܦܣܩܐ 1.12. ܥܩܪܐ ܪܒܝܥܝܐ ܡܢ ܫܬܐ ܥܩܪ̈ܐ ܕ-ASA ܥܠ ܛܝ̈ܡܐ ܕ-p، ܐܝܟ ܕ-Field ܟܡܝܬܐ ܠܗܘܢ: ܠܐ ܫܒܝܩܐ ܝܠܗ ܠܡܘܕܥܬܐ ܛܝ̈ܡܐ ܕ-p ܒܓܘܒܝܐ – ܣܓܝܐܘܬܐ ܕܦܘܫܩ̈ܐ ܕܡܢܝܗܝ ܟܡܘܕܥܚ ܒܣ ܐܢܝ ܕܥܒܪܠܗܘܢ ܬܚܘܡܐ ܟܥܒܕܐ ܠ-p ܡܘܕܥ̈ܐ "ܕܠܐ ܡܨܝܚ ܠܦܘܫܩܐ ܕܝܠܗܘܢ ܒܫܪܪܐ"؛ ܕܗܘܝܚ ܦܬܝܚ̈ܐ ܥܠ ܡܢܝܢܐ ܕܗܘܦܘܬܣ̈ܝܣ ܕܐܬܝܠܗܘܢ ܒܚܝܪ̈ܐ ܘܟܠ ܦܘ̈ܣܩܢܐ ܕܟܢܫܐ ܕܝܗܝ̈ܒܬܐ ܘܕܦܘܫܩܐ (Field, 2024, Section 3.5). ܘܢܛܘܪܘܬܐ ܕܥܒܕܐ: ܪܫܡܐ ܡܩܕܡܐ – ܡܦܪܣܢܘܬܐ ܕܥܠܬܐ، ܗܘܦܘܬܣ̈ܝܣ، ܬܘܩܢܐ، ܐܘܪܚܐ ܕܦܘܠܚܢܐ ܕܝܗܝ̈ܒܬܐ ܘܐܘܪܚܐ ܕܦܘܫܩܐ ܩܕܡ ܕܟܢܫܐ ܕܝܗܝ̈ܒܬܐ ܫܪܐ، ܓܘ ܬܘܢܝܐ ܪܫܝܡܐ (registered report) ܓܘ ܡܓܠܬܐ ܝܢ ܒܐܘܪܚܐ ܠܐ ܪܫܡܝܬܐ ܓܘ ܣܐܝܛ ܓܠܝܐ ܐܝܟ Open Science Framework (Field, 2024, Section 3.6). ܦܘܫܩܐ ܝܬܝܪܐ – ܓܘ ܦܐܬܐ ܕܫܘܐܠܐ ܕܒܘܨܝܐ ܘܗܘܦܘܬܣ̈ܝܣ، ܦܣܩܐ 4.

ܘܡܘܕܝ ܟܥܒܕ ܣܐܝܛ ܥܡ ܐܗܐ. ܡ̈ܚܫܒܢܐ ܟܡܘܕܥܝ ܟܠ ܡܕܡ ܕܐܬܝܠܗ ܓܒܝܐ – ܟܠ ܙܘܓܐ ܕܡܫܬܚܠܦ̈ܢܐ ܓܘ ܡܐܛܪܝܟܣ ܕܐܣܘܪ̈ܐ ܕܚܕ̈ܕܐ، ܟܠ ܡܫܬܚܠܦܢܐ ܬܠܝܐ ܓܘ ܒܘܚܪܢܐ، ܥܡ ܬܚܘܡܐ ܕܬܘܟܠܢܐ ܘܪܒܘܬܐ ܕܡܥܒܕܢܘܬܐ ܐܦܠܐ ܐܡܢ ܕܦܐܪܐ ܠܐ ܝܠܗ ܪܫܝܡܐ – ܘܦܐܝܠ ܕ-Word ܕܟܡܚܬܚ ܝܠܗ ܟܬܝܒܘܬܐ ܕܡܕܡ ܕܐܬܝܠܗ ܡܪܗܛܐ، ܥܡ ܣܕܪܐ ܕܡܒܘܥܐ (ܫܡܐ ܕܦܐܝܠ، ܡܢܝܢܐ ܕܡܫܬܘܬܦ̈ܢܐ، ܡܫܬܚܠܦ̈ܢܐ). ܠܐ ܝܠܗ ܚܠܦܐ ܕܪܫܡܐ ܡܩܕܡܐ؛ ܟܥܒܕ ܠܡܕܡ ܕܐܬܝܠܗ ܡܪܗܛܐ ܒܫܪܪܐ ܡܕܡ ܕܡܨܝܚ ܠܡܚܘܝܬܗ.

8. ܢܛܪܬܐ ܕܝܗܝ̈ܒܬܐ ܘܫܘܬܦܐ ܕܝܠܗܝܢ

ܢܛܪܬܐ. ܡܟܬ̈ܒܢܐ ܡܣܟ̈ܝܐ ܝܢܐ ܕܢܛܪܝ ܝܗܝ̈ܒܬܐ ܕܡܐܡܪܐ ܕܐܬܝܠܗ ܡܦܪܣܡܐ ܠܦܘܬ ܣܢܝܩܘܝ̈ܬܐ ܕܡܕܪܫܝܬܐ، ܕܟܢܘܫܬܐ ܕܝܗܒܐ ܟܣܦܐ، ܕܫܠܡܘ̈ܝܬܐ ܥܡ ܡܫܬܘܬܦ̈ܢܐ ܘܕܢܡܘܣܐ ܐܝܬܝܩܝܐ (ܢܡܘܣܐ 8.14). ܡܕܒܪܢܐ ܟܡܠܒܒ ܕܩܝܡܚ ܡܢ ܕܪܓܐ ܕܬܘܩܢܐ، ܩܕܡ ܟܢܫܐ ܕܝܗܝ̈ܒܬܐ، ܕܟܝ ܒܕ ܡܬܢܛܪܢ ܘܕܟܝ ܒܕ ܡܫܬܘܬܦܢ، ܕܟܬܒܚ ܐܗܐ ܓܘ ܛܘܦܣܐ ܕܒܘܨܝܐ (protocol) ܕܟܡܬܩܪܒ ܠܟܢܘܫܬܐ ܕܐܝܬܝܩܐ، ܘܕܡܚܘܝܚ ܠܡܫܬܘܬܦ̈ܢܐ ܓܘ ܫܠܡܘܬܐ ܡܢ ܝܕܥܬܐ ܐܝܢܝ ܝܗܝ̈ܒܬܐ ܒܕ ܡܬܟܢܫܢ، ܡܬܢܛܪܢ ܘܡܫܬܘܬܦܢ – ܘܕܩܒܠܚ ܩܘܒܠܐ ܕܝܠܗܘܢ (APA, 2020, Section 1.14).

ܫܘܬܦܐ. ܢܡܘܣܐ ܟܟܠܐ، ܓܘ ܣܓܝܐܐ ܡܢ ܗܘ̈ܝܐ، ܡܟܠܝܬܐ ܕܝܗܝ̈ܒܬܐ ܡܢ ܒܥܘ̈ܝܐ ܡܫܪ̈ܪܐ ܕܒܥܝ ܕܫܪܪܝ ܡܫܟܚ̈ܢܘܬܐ ܒܦܘܫܩܐ ܡܢ ܪܝܫ – ܟܡܐ ܕܢܛܘܪܘܬܐ ܕܐܪ̈ܙܐ ܕܡܫܬܘܬܦ̈ܢܐ ܢܛܝܪܬܐ ܝܠܗ̇؛ ܡܨܝܚ ܠܡܒܥܝܐ ܡܢ ܒܥܘܝܐ ܕܫܩܠ ܡܦܩ̈ܬܐ. ܓܘ ܙܒܢܐ ܕܒܘܚܪܢܐ ܕܡܐܡܪܐ ܡܟܬ̈ܒܢܐ ܡܣܟ̈ܝܐ ܝܢܐ ܕܡܫܘܬܦܝ ܝܗܝ̈ܒܬܐ، ܦܘܫܩ̈ܐ ܘܡܐܬܘ̈ܬܐ ܐܢ ܟܣܠܩܝ ܫܘܐ̈ܠܐ ܥܠ ܚܬܝܬܘܬܐ ܕܬܘܢܝܐ – ܘܡܬܩܢܢܐ ܫܒܝܩܐ ܝܠܗ ܕܡܣܠܐ ܡܦܪܣܢܘܬܐ ܐܢ ܟܡܣܠܝ؛ ܬܠܡܝ̈ܕܐ ܣܢܝܩܝ ܕܣܟܝ ܕܒܕ ܡܬܒܥܝ ܡܢܝܗܝ ܕܝܗܒܝ ܝܗܝ̈ܒܬܐ ܓܘܠܡ̈ܝܬܐ ܠܡܠܦܢ̈ܐ ܕܟܒܚܪܝ ܥܒܕܐ ܐܚܪܝܐ، ܘܡܣܠܝܬܐ ܡܨܝܐ ܕܡܫܠܡܐ ܒܢܝܫܢܐ ܕܠܐ ܡܨܚܢܘܬܐ. ܒܬܪ ܡܦܪܣܢܘܬܐ – ܕܡܩܪܒܚ ܝܗܝ̈ܒܬܐ ܠ"ܐܢܫ̈ܐ ܕܐܘܡܢܘܬܐ ܡܫܪ̈ܪܐ" (ܐܢܫ̈ܐ ܕܦܪ̈ܝܥܐ ܝܢܐ ܩܘܒܠ ܡܕܪܫܝܬܐ ܕܒܘܨܝܐ ܝܢ ܡܪܐ ܕܥܒܕܐ ܕܝܘܠܦܢܐ ܘܐܝܬ ܠܗܘܢ ܡܠܦܢܘܬܐ ܠܡܦܗܡ ܒܘܨܝܐ) ܓܘ ܙܒܢܐ ܕܢܛܪܬܐ، ܩܐ ܫܘܪܪܐ ܕܦܘܫܩ̈ܐ ܝܢ ܩܐ ܒܘܚܪܢܐ ܕܦܘܫܩ̈ܐ ܚܠܦ̈ܝܐ؛ ܩܐ ܡܦܠܚ̈ܢܘܝܬܐ ܐܚܪ̈ܢܐ – ܩܝܡܐ ܟܬܝܒܐ ܥܠ ܫܪ̈ܛܐ ܕܫܘܬܦܐ: ܩܐ ܡܘܕܝ ܫܒܝܩܐ ܝܠܗ ܠܡܦܠܚܐ ܒܝܗܝ̈ܒܬܐ، ܡܢܘ ܒܕ ܡܛܐ ܠܓܒܝܗܝ، ܕܟܝ ܒܕ ܡܬܢܛܪܢ ܘܒܕ ܡܬܘܒܕܢ، ܘܡܘܕܝ ܥܡ ܡܟܬܒܢܘܬܐ ܕܡܦܪܣܢ̈ܘܝܬܐ ܥܠ ܫܬܐܣܐ ܕܝܠܗܝܢ. ܫܘܬܦܐ ܦܬܝܚܐ – ܡܦܪܣܢܘܬܐ ܕܝܗܝ̈ܒܬܐ ܓܘ ܐܝܢܛܪܢܝܛ ܥܡ ܐܣܘܪܐ ܩܝܡܐ ܓܘ ܡܐܡܪܐ ܘܚܕ ܡܢܬܐ ܓܘ ܪܫܝܡܬܐ ܕܡܒܘ̈ܥܐ – ܟܡܬܒܥܐ ܝܬܝܪ ܘܝܬܝܪ ܒܝܕ ܟܢ̈ܘܫܝܬܐ ܕܝܗܒܝ ܟܣܦܐ (APA, 2020, Section 1.14). ܚܪ̈ܝܓܐ: ܝܕܥܬܐ ܕܡܦܪܫܐ (ܦܣܩܐ 3)، ܛܘܟ̈ܣܐ ܕܩܢܝܢܐ (ܝܗܝ̈ܒܬܐ ܕܐܬܝܠܗܘܢ ܝܗܝ̈ܒܐ ܒܐܪܙܐ ܒܝܕ ܟܢܘܫܬܐ ܕܬܓܪܘܬܐ، ܣܒܠܬܐ ܕܬܓܪܘܬܐ)، ܘܓܘ ܒܘܨܝܐ ܕܐܝܟܢܝܘܬܐ – ܡܨܪ̈ܘܝܬܐ ܕܢܛܘܪܘܬܐ ܕܐܪ̈ܙܐ، ܕܫܠܡܘܬܐ ܕܐܬܝܠܗ̇ ܝܗܝܒܬܐ ܠܒܨܘ̈ܝܐ ܝܕܝܥ̈ܐ، ܘܕܚܙܘܐ ܕܒܨܘܝܐ ܐܝܟ ܡܢܬܐ ܡܢ ܡܐܢܐ ܕܦܘܫܩܐ (APA, 2020, Section 1.15).

ܘܡܘܕܝ ܒܟܠ ܟܡܨܥܐ ܠܫܘܬܦܐ: ܦܐܝܠ ܕܐܢܫܐ ܐܚܪܢܐ ܡܨܐ ܕܩܪܐ. ܓܠܝܘܢܐ ܕ"ܡܦܫܩܢܐ" (legend / מקרא) ܕܛܘܦܣܐ ܬܩܝܢܐ – ܫܡܐ، ܬܚܘܝܬܐ، ܙܢܐ، ܪܡܙܢܘܬܐ ܘܡܥܝܪ̈ܢܘܬܐ ܩܐ ܟܠ ܡܫܬܚܠܦܢܐ – ܝܠܗ ܒܚܬܝܬܘܬܐ ܟܬܒܐ ܕܪ̈ܡܙܐ (codebook) ܕܒܥܘܝܐ ܕܝܗܝ̈ܒܬܐ ܣܢܝܩܐ ܝܠܗ ܠܗ، ܘܦܐܬܐ ܕܡܢ SPSS ܠܐܩܣܠ ܟܦܠܛ ܠܗ ܡܢ ܦܐܝܠ ܕ-SPSS ܥܡ ܡܚܘܝܢܘܬܐ ܕܝܗܝ̈ܒܬܐ.

9. ܛܥܝ̈ܘܬܐ ܒܬܪ ܡܦܪܣܢܘܬܐ

ܛܥܝܘܬܐ ܕܪܒܬܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܣܦܩܐ ܕܥܒܕܐ ܥܠ ܗܘܢܐ ܕܒܘܨܝܐ ܝܢ ܥܠ ܦܘܫܩܐ ܕܦܐܪ̈ܐ – ܡܟܬ̈ܒܢܐ ܦܪ̈ܝܥܐ ܝܢܐ ܕܦܪܣܡܝ ܠܗ̇: ܟܡܘܕܥܝ ܠܡܬܩܢܢܐ ܘܠܡܦܪܣܡܢܐ، ܘܟܡܬܦܪܣܡܐ ܡܘܕܥܢܘܬܐ ܕܬܘܪܨܐ (erratum) ܕܟܡܬܐܣܪܐ ܥܡ ܪܫܡܐ ܕܡܐܡܪܐ ܓܘ ܐܘܨܪ̈ܐ ܕܝܕܥܬܐ. ܐܡܢ ܕܥܣܩܘܬܐ ܪܒܬܐ ܝܠܗ̇ – ܓܢܒܬܐ ܕܟܬܝܒܬܐ، ܒܕܝܐ ܝܢ ܙܝܦܐ، ܝܢ ܛܥܝܘܬܐ ܕܚܘܫܒܢܐ ܝܢ ܕܡܫܘܚܬܐ ܕܐܬܝܠܗ̇ ܓܠܝܬܐ ܒܬܪ ܙܒܢܐ ܘܟܡܫܚܠܦܐ ܦܘܫܩܐ ܕܡܫܟܚ̈ܢܘܬܐ – ܡܐܡܪܐ ܟܡܬܦܢܐ (retraction) ܒܝܕ ܡܟܬ̈ܒܢܐ، ܡܕܪܫܝܬܐ ܕܝܠܗܘܢ ܝܢ ܡܦܪܣܡܢܐ، ܕܡܦܩܝ ܝܕܥܬܐ ܡܢ ܟܬܒܘܬܐ ܘܠܐ ܡܚܣܪܝ ܙܒܢܐ ܕܝܕ̈ܘܥܐ ܕܒܕ ܣܡܟܝ ܥܠܘܗܝ؛ ܡܐܡܪܐ ܕܐܬܝܠܗ ܡܦܢܝܐ ܠܐ ܟܡܝܬܝܚ ܠܗ ܐܠܐ ܐܢ ܡܝܬܝܬܐ ܐܠܨܝܬܐ ܝܠܗ̇، ܘܗܝܕܝܟ ܟܐܡܪܚ ܓܘ ܪܫܡܐ ܕܐܬܝܠܗ ܡܦܢܝܐ (APA, 2020, Section 1.13).

10. ܡܦܪܣܢܘܬܐ: ܬܢܝܬܐ، ܓܢܒܬܐ ܕܟܬܝܒܬܐ، ܣܘܩܒܠܐ ܕܡܢܦ̈ܥܢܘܬܐ، ܡܟܬܒܢܘܬܐ

ܡܦܪܣܢܘܬܐ ܬܢܝܢܬܐ ܘܦܠܝܓܬܐ. ܡܦܪܣܢܘܬܐ ܬܢܝܢܬܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܡܦܪܣܢܘܬܐ ܕܗܢܘܢ ܝܗܝ̈ܒܬܐ ܝܢ ܚܘ̈ܫܒܐ ܓܘ ܬܪܝܢ ܥܒ̈ܕܐ ܦܪ̈ܝܫܐ؛ ܡܦܪܣܢܘܬܐ ܦܠܝܓܬܐ – ܦܘܠܓܐ ܠܐ ܐܠܨܝܐ ܕܡܫܟܚ̈ܢܘܬܐ ܕܚܕ ܥܒܕܐ ܕܒܘܨܝܐ ܠܟܡܐ ܥܒ̈ܕܐ. ܬܪܘܝܗܝ ܟܡܚܘܝܢ ܚܙܘܐ ܕܓܠܐ ܕܟܡܝܘܬܐ ܕܒܘܨܝܐ ܫܪܫܝܐ، ܘܡܦܪܣܢܘܬܐ ܬܢܝܢܬܐ ܐܦ ܟܥܒܕܐ ܚܘܫܒܐ ܛܥܝܐ ܕܡܫܟܚ̈ܢܘܬܐ ܐܬܝܠܗܘܢ ܥܒܝ̈ܕܐ ܡܢ ܪܝܫ ܝܬܝܪ ܡܢ ܕܒܫܪܪܐ (ܢܡܘܣܐ 8.13). ܢܡܘܣܐ ܟܚܐܠ ܐܦ ܥܠ ܬܘܪܓܡܐ: ܠܐ ܫܒܝܩܐ ܝܠܗ ܠܡܦܪܣܡܐ ܒܘܨܝܐ ܒܚܕ ܠܫܢܐ ܘܗܝܕܝܟ ܠܡܬܪܓܡܐ ܘܠܡܦܪܣܡܐ ܡܢ ܪܝܫ. ܚܪ̈ܝܓܐ: ܟܢܘܫܝ̈ܐ (ܟܢܘ̈ܫܝܬܐ ܕܝܕ̈ܘܥܐ)، ܡܦܪܣܢܘܬܐ ܒܦܪܣܐ ܡܨܪܝܐ – ܬܘܢܝܐ ܕܦܠܓܐ ܕܡܕܪܫܬܐ، ܬܘܢܝܐ ܕܡܠܟܘܬܐ، ܥܒܕܐ ܕܕܘܩܛܘܪܘܬܐ – ܕܡܨܝܚ ܠܡܦܪܣܡܬܗ ܡܢ ܪܝܫ ܓܘ ܡܓܠܬܐ؛ ܦܘܫܩܐ ܡܢ ܪܝܫ ܕܝܗܝ̈ܒܬܐ ܕܐܬܝܠܗܘܢ ܡܦܪ̈ܣܡܐ ܒܢܘܗܪܐ ܕܬܐܘܪ̈ܝܐ ܝܢ ܐܘܪ̈ܚܬܐ ܚܕ̈ܬܐ، ܐܢ ܪܫܝܡܐ ܝܠܗ ܐܝܟ ܗܕܟܐ ܘܟܡܘܣܦ ܗܘܢܐ؛ ܘܒܘܨ̈ܝܐ ܕܒܬܪܗ. ܓܘ ܟܠ ܗܘܝܐ ܕܦܘܠܓܐ ܕܠܒܐ – ܟܡܫܐܠܚ ܠܡܬܩܢܢܐ، ܘܟܡܘܕܥܚ ܐܢ ܟܬܒܐ ܕܐܝܕܐ ܐܬܝܠܗ ܡܦܪܣܡܐ ܓܘ ܐܝܢܛܪܢܝܛ (APA, 2020, Section 1.16).

ܓܢܒܬܐ ܕܟܬܝܒܬܐ ܘܓܢܒܬܐ ܕܟܬܝܒܬܐ ܕܓܢܣܐ. ܓܢܒܬܐ ܕܟܬܝܒܬܐ (plagiarism) ܝܠܗ̇ ܡܚܘܝܢܘܬܐ ܕܡ̈ܠܐ، ܚܘ̈ܫܒܐ ܝܢ ܨܘܪ̈ܬܐ ܕܐܢܫܐ ܐܚܪܢܐ ܐܝܟ ܕܝܠܘܟ – ܒܨܒܝܢܐ ܝܢ ܕܠܐ ܨܒܝܢܐ، ܐܗܐ ܥܒܪܬܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܥܠ ܢܡܘ̈ܣܐ ܕܐܝܬܝܩܐ (ܢܡܘܣܐ 8.11)، ܕܟܡܫܠܡܐ ܒܡܣܠܝܬܐ ܡܢ ܡܦܪܣܢܘܬܐ، ܒܡܚܘܬ̈ܐ ܕܐܘܡܢܘܬܐ ܘܓܘ ܡܕܪܫܝܬܐ، ܘܩܐ ܬܠܡܝ̈ܕܐ – ܒܢܝܫܢܐ ܕܠܐ ܡܨܚܢܘܬܐ، ܒܟܢܘܫܬܐ ܕܡܪܕܘܬܐ، ܒܡܟܠܝܬܐ ܠܙܒܢܐ ܝܢ ܒܡܦܩܬܐ. ܓܢܒܬܐ ܕܟܬܝܒܬܐ ܕܓܢܣܐ – ܡܚܘܝܢܘܬܐ ܕܥܒܕܐ ܕܝܠܘܟ ܕܩܕܡ ܐܝܟ ܚܕܬܐ – ܟܡܛܥܝܐ ܠܩܪܘ̈ܝܐ ܘܟܡܪܒܐ ܠܡܢܝܢܐ ܕܡܦܪܣܢ̈ܘܝܬܐ، ܘܠܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܐܝܬܝܩܝܬܐ ܒܗܝ ܟܡܝܘܬܐ (APA, 2020، ܦܣܩܐ 1.17؛ ܢܡܘ̈ܣܐ ܕܡܝܬܝܬܐ – ܬܡܢ، ܨܚܚܐ 8). ܢܡܘܣܐ ܕܣܐܝܛ: ܟܠ ܡܐܡܪܐ ܓܘ ܦܐ̈ܬܐ ܕܡܕܒܪܢܐ ܡܣܡܟܐ ܝܠܗ ܠܡܒܘܥܐ ܕܝܠܗ ܠܦܘܬ ܦܣܩܐ ܘܦܐܬܐ، ܘܡܕܡ ܕܕܣܐܝܛ ܝܠܗ ܪܫܝܡܐ ܝܠܗ ܐܝܟ ܗܕܟܐ.

ܣܘܩܒܠܐ ܕܡܢܦ̈ܥܢܘܬܐ. ܢܡܘܣܐ ܪܒܐ (ܢܡܘܣܐ 3.06) ܟܡܦܪܫ ܠܗ ܒܦܬܝܘܬܐ – ܡܢܦ̈ܥܢܘܬܐ ܝܢ ܐܣܘܪ̈ܐ "ܕܓܢܣܐ، ܝܕ̈ܥܢܝܐ، ܕܐܘܡܢܘܬܐ، ܕܢܡܘܣܐ، ܕܟܣܦܐ ܝܢ ܐܚܪ̈ܢܐ" ܕܡܨܝܢ ܕܡܚܣܪܝ ܠܐܘܒܝܩܛܝܒܝܘܬܐ ܝܢ ܠܐܢܫܐ ܕܒܨܘܝܐ ܟܦܠܚ ܥܡܗ. ܐܘܪܚܐ ܫܠܡܬܐ ܘܦܬܝܚܬܐ ܡܢ ܟܠܗܝܢ: ܠܡܓܠܝܐ ܓܘ ܡܥܝܪܢܘܬܐ ܕܡܟܬ̈ܒܢܐ ܟܠ ܥܒܕܐ ܝܢ ܐܣܘܪܐ ܕܐܢ ܝܕܝܥܐ ܗܘܐ ܠܐܚܪ̈ܢܐ ܡܨܐ ܗܘܐ ܕܡܬܚܙܐ ܐܝܟ ܣܘܩܒܠܐ ܕܡܢܦ̈ܥܢܘܬܐ – ܐܦܠܐ ܐܡܢ ܕܡܟܬܒܢܐ ܓܢܣܗ ܠܐ ܟܡܗܝܡܢ ܕܐܝܬ ܡܣܒ ܒܐܦ̈ܐ. ܐܓܪ̈ܐ، ܡܘܗ̈ܒܬܐ ܕܒܘܨܝܐ، ܐܓܪ̈ܐ ܕܡܠܟܐ ܘܡܢܘ̈ܬܐ ܕܓܢܣܐ ܓܘ ܟܢܘ̈ܫܝܬܐ ܟܡܓܠܚ ܠܗܘܢ؛ ܡܢܬܐ ܓܘ ܟܢܘܫܬܐ ܒܐܘܪܚܐ ܕܓܙܐ ܕܬܘܟܠܢܐ ܒܥܕܢܐ ܣܓܝ ܠܐ. ܓܠܝܘܬܐ ܣܢܝܩܬܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܐܦ ܩܐ ܡܢܦܥܢܘܬܐ ܕܡܨܝܐ ܕܡܨܠܝܐ ܠܩܘܒܠ ܡܕܡ ܝܢ ܡܐܢܐ ܕܣܩܘܒܠܐ ܝܠܗ – ܡܬܠܐ ܙܕܩ̈ܐ ܥܠ ܒܘܚܪܢܐ ܕܝܕܥܬܐ ܕܢܦܫܐ ܕܣܩܘܒܠܐ ܝܠܗ (APA, 2020, Section 1.20). ܘܩܐ ܐܢܫܐ ܕܟܦܠܚ ܥܡ ܥܡܝ̈ܠܐ، ܐܝܟ ܒܝܬ ܒܘܨܝܐ: ܟܣܦܐ ܕܒܘܨܝܐ ܒܝܕ ܟܢܘܫܬܐ ܕܟܡܬܒܨܝܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܒܚܬܝܬܘܬܐ ܡܢܦܥܢܘܬܐ ܕܟܡܓܠܚ.

ܡܟܬܒܢܘܬܐ. ܡܟܬܒܢܘܬܐ ܢܛܝܪܬܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܩܐ ܐܢܫܐ ܕܝܗܒܠܗ ܡܘܗܒܬܐ ܪܒܬܐ ܠܥܒܕܐ ܘܟܩܒܠ ܥܠܘܗܝ ܦܪܥܘܬܐ (ܢܡܘܣܐ 8.12a): ܟܬܝܒܘܬܐ ܕܥܣܩܘܬܐ ܝܢ ܕܗܘܦܘܬܣܝܣ، ܒܢܝܢܐ ܕܬܘܩܢܐ، ܛܘܟܣܐ ܘܥܒܕܐ ܕܦܘܫܩܐ، ܦܘܫܩܐ ܕܡܫܟܚ̈ܢܘܬܐ. ܡܘܗ̈ܒܬܐ ܙܥܘܪ̈ܐ ܝܬܝܪ – ܒܢܝܢܐ ܕܡܐܢ̈ܐ، ܡܠܟܐ ܥܠ ܦܘܫܩܐ، ܟܢܫܐ ܘܟܬܝܒܘܬܐ ܕܝܗܝ̈ܒܬܐ، ܟܢܫܐ ܕܡܫܬܘܬܦ̈ܢܐ – ܥܗܝ̈ܕܐ ܝܢܐ ܓܘ ܡܥܝܪܢܘܬܐ ܕܡܟܬ̈ܒܢܐ، ܐܦܢ ܕܚܠܛܐ ܕܟܡܐ ܡܢܝܗܝ ܡܨܐ ܕܡܙܕܩ ܡܟܬܒܢܘܬܐ. ܦܘܠܓܐ ܟܡܩܝܡܚ "ܒܓܗܐ ܕܡܨܝܐ" – ܐܝܢܝ ܦܘ̈ܠܚܢܐ ܣܢܝܩ̈ܐ ܝܢܐ، ܕܟܝ ܒܕ ܡܬܦܠܓܝ، ܡܘܕܝ ܟܡܙܕܩ ܡܟܬܒܢܘܬܐ ܘܒܐܝܢܐ ܛܟܣܐ – ܘܟܫܥܪܚ ܡܢ ܪܝܫ ܐܢ ܡܘܗ̈ܒܬܐ ܫܚܠܦܝ، ܒܝܘܬܪ ܓܘ ܫܘܬܦܘܬܐ ܕܡܠܦܢܐ-ܬܠܡܝܕܐ (APA, 2020, Section 1.21). ܛܟܣܐ ܟܡܚܘܐ ܡܘܗܒܬܐ ܕܦܘܚܡܐ، ܘ"ܕܪܓܐ ܕܦܘܚܡܐ" – ܪܫܐ ܕܦܠܓܐ، ܡܠܦܢܐ ܥܠܝܡܐ، ܬܠܡܝܕܐ – ܠܐ ܟܩܝܡ ܠܗ (ܢܡܘܣܐ 8.12b)؛ ܬܠܡܝܕܐ ܕܕܘܩܛܘܪܘܬܐ ܝܠܗ ܡܟܬܒܢܐ ܪܫܝܐ ܕܡܐܡܪ̈ܐ ܕܣܡܝܟ̈ܐ ܝܢܐ ܒܝܘܬܪ ܥܠ ܥܒܕܐ ܕܕܘܩܛܘܪܘܬܐ، ܠܒܪ ܡܢ ܗܘ̈ܝܐ ܚܡܝܡ̈ܐ (8.12c)؛ ܓܘ ܥܒܕܐ ܕܡܐܣܛܪ – ܠܦܘܬ ܡܘܗܒܬܐ ܒܫܪܪܐ، ܘܐܡܢ ܕܬܠܡܝܕܐ ܝܗܒܠܗ ܡܘܗܒܬܐ ܪܫܝܬܐ، ܗܘ ܩܕܡܝܐ ܝܠܗ؛ ܘܓܘ ܦܘܠܚܢܐ ܕܓܘܕܐ ܕܟܡܬܩܪܒ ܠܡܠܦܢܐ ܘܠܐ ܩܐ ܡܦܪܣܢܘܬܐ – ܟܠ ܛܟܣܐ (APA, 2020, Section 1.22).

11. ܬܚܘܡܐ ܐܝܣܪܝܠܝܐ – ܢܡܘܣܐ، ܟܢܘ̈ܫܝܬܐ ܕܐܝܬܝܩܐ ܘܒܘܨܝܐ ܓܘ ܒ̈ܬܐ ܕܣܦܪܐ

ܢܡܘ̈ܣܐ ܓܘ ܦܣ̈ܩܐ 1-10 ܢܡܘ̈ܣܐ ܕܐܘܡܢܘܬܐ ܝܢܐ. ܓܘ ܐܝܣܪܝܠ ܟܚܐܠܝ ܥܠܝܗܘܢ ܬܠܬܐ ܕܪ̈ܓܐ ܐܣܝܪ̈ܐ: ܢܡܘܣܐ ܕܢܛܘܪܘܬܐ ܕܓܢܝܙܘܬܐ، ܕܟܚܐܠ ܥܠ ܟܠ ܐܢܫܐ ܕܟܟܢܫ ܝܕܥܬܐ ܕܓܢܣܐ – ܐܦ ܥܠ ܒܨܘܝܐ ܚܐܪܐ؛ ܢܡܘ̈ܣܐ ܕܟܢܘ̈ܫܝܬܐ ܕܐܝܬܝܩܐ ܕܡܕܪ̈ܫܝܬܐ؛ ܘܢܡܘܣܐ ܕܘܙܝܪܘܬܐ ܕܝܘܠܦܢܐ ܩܐ ܒܘܨܝܐ ܓܘ ܒ̈ܬܐ ܕܣܦܪܐ. ܐܗܐ ܝܠܗ̇ "ܡܫܡܥܢܘܬܐ" ܕ-Ferrero ܘ-Pinto (2023) – "ܠܢܡܘ̈ܣܐ، ܠܥܝ̈ܕܐ ܘܠܦܘܩ̈ܕܢܐ، ܓܘ ܡܬܐ ܕܓܘܗ̇ ܒܘܨܝܐ ܟܡܬܥܒܕ" (ܦܣܩܐ 1).

ܢܡܘܣܐ ܕܢܛܘܪܘܬܐ ܕܓܢܝܙܘܬܐ ܒܬܪ ܬܘܪܨܐ 13. ܬܘܪܨܐ ܐܬܝܠܗ ܡܦܪܣܡܐ ܒ-14 ܕܐܒ 2024 ܘܥܠܠܗ ܠܚܝܠܐ "ܫܢܬܐ ܡܢ ܝܘܡܐ ܕܡܦܪܣܢܘܬܐ ܕܝܠܗ" – 14 ܕܐܒ 2025 (ܢܡܘܣܐ ܕܢܛܘܪܘܬܐ ܕܓܢܝܙܘܬܐ (ܬܘܪܨܐ ܡܢܝܢܐ 13)، 2024، ܦܣܩܐ 74(ܐ)). ܐܪܒܥܐ ܡܕܡܝ̈ܐ ܓܘܗ ܟܡܚܝܝ ܒܠܐ ܡܨܥܝܐ ܠܒܨܘܝܐ ܕܟܡܥܒܪ ܦܢܩܝܬܐ ܕܫܘܐ̈ܠܐ:

(1) ܡܘܕܝ ܟܡܬܚܫܒ ܝܕܥܬܐ ܕܓܢܣܐ. "ܡܕܡ ܕܐܣܝܪ ܝܠܗ ܥܡ ܒܪܢܫܐ ܡܦܪܫܐ ܝܢ ܥܡ ܒܪܢܫܐ ܕܡܨܝܚ ܠܡܦܪܫܬܗ"، ܘܒܪܢܫܐ ܕܡܨܝܚ ܠܡܦܪܫܬܗ ܝܠܗ "ܐܢܫܐ ܕܡܨܝܚ ܠܡܦܪܫܬܗ ܒܥܡܠܐ ܡܣܬܒܪܐ، ܒܠܐ ܡܨܥܝܐ ܝܢ ܒܡܨܥܝܐ" – ܐܦ ܒܐܘܪܚܐ ܕ"ܚܕ ܡܕܡ ܝܢ ܝܬܝܪ ܕܐܣܝܪ ܝܠܗ ܥܡ ܗܘܝܐ ܕܦܓܪܐ، ܕܚܘܠܡܢܐ، ܕܟܣܦܐ، ܟܢܫܝܐ ܝܢ ܕܬܘܪܒܝܬܐ ܕܝܠܗ" (ܦܣܩܐ 3 ܕܢܡܘܣܐ، ܐܝܟ ܕܟܬܝܒܐ ܝܠܗ ܓܘ ܬܘܪܨܐ 13). ܐܗܐ ܝܠܗ ܡܕܡ ܕ-APA (2020، ܦܣܩܐ 1.14) ܟܐܡܪ ܥܠ ܚܠܛܐ ܕܦܘܪ̈ܫܢܐ ܕܡܘܓܪܦ̈ܝܐ (ܦܣܩܐ 6)، ܘܓܘ ܐܝܣܪܝܠ ܐܗܐ ܝܠܗ ܢܡܘܣܐ. "ܐܘܨܪܐ ܕܝܕܥܬܐ" ܝܠܗ "ܟܢܫܐ ܕܦܘܪ̈ܫܢܐ ܕܝܕܥܬܐ ܕܓܢܣܐ ܕܡܬܦܠܚ ܝܠܗ ܒܐܘܪܚܐ ܕܝܓܝܛܠܝܬܐ" (ܬܡܢ؛ ܠܒܪ ܡܢ ܟܢܫܐ ܩܐ ܡܦܠܚܢܘܬܐ ܕܓܢܣܐ ܕܠܐ ܝܠܗ ܩܐ ܢܝܫ̈ܐ ܕܬܓܪܘܬܐ، ܘܪܫܝܡܬܐ ܕܫܡ̈ܗܐ ܘܐܘܪ̈ܚܬܐ ܕܐܣܘܪܐ ܒܣ ܕܗܠ 100,000 ܐܢܫ̈ܐ). ܟܐܡܪ ܦܐܝܠ ܕܐܩܣܠ ܝܢ ܕ-SPSS ܕܡܨܝܚ ܠܡܦܪܫܐ ܓܘܗ ܡܫܬܘܬܦ̈ܢܐ ܐܘܨܪܐ ܕܝܕܥܬܐ ܝܠܗ. ܘܡܘܕܝ ܐܢ ܡܢܝܢܐ ܡܦܪܫܢܐ ܡܢܝܢܐ ܕܛܟܣܐ ܝܠܗ؟ ܩܪܝܢܐ ܕܣܐܝܛ (ܠܐ ܦܣܩܐ ܕܕܝܢܐ): ܡܢܝܢܐ ܕܛܟܣܐ ܟܢܛܪ ܠܡܫܬܘܬܦ̈ܢܐ ܡܢ ܐܢܫܐ ܕܟܩܒܠ ܦܐܝܠ. ܐܠܐ ܟܡܐ ܕܩܠܝܕܐ ܢܛܝܪܐ ܝܠܗ ܓܒ ܒܨܘܝܐ، ܒܨܘܝܐ ܓܢܣܗ ܡܨܐ ܕܦܪܫ ܒܥܡܠܐ ܡܣܬܒܪܐ. ܡܛܠ ܗܕܐ ܦܐܝܠ ܕܐܗܐ ܓܢܣܐ ܠܐ ܝܠܗ ܕܠܐ ܫܡܐ (anonymous) ܡܢ ܓܢܒܐ ܕܒܨܘܝܐ، ܘܣܢܝܩܘܝ̈ܬܐ ܕܠܬܚܬ ܟܚܐܠܝ ܥܠܘܗܝ.

(2) ܝܕܥܬܐ ܕܐܝܬ ܠܗ̇ ܪܓܝܫܘܬܐ ܝܚܝܕܝܬܐ. ܪܫܝܡܬܐ ܣܟܝܪܬܐ ܕܬܪܥܣܪ ܙܢ̈ܐ (ܦܣܩܐ 3، ܐܝܟ ܕܟܬܝܒܐ ܝܠܗ ܓܘ ܬܘܪܨܐ 13)، ܘܦܢܩ̈ܝܬܐ ܕܫܘܐ̈ܠܐ ܕܝܕ̈ܥܬܐ ܕܟܢܫܐ ܟܟܢܫܝ ܣܓܝܐܐ ܡܢܝܗܝ ܐܝܟ ܡܕܡ ܥܡܝܐ: ܓܢܝܙܘܬܐ ܕܚܝ̈ܐ ܕܒܝܬܐ ܘ"ܨܒܝܢܐ ܕܓܢܣܐ ܕܝܠܗ" (ܡܢܬܐ 1)؛ ܗܘܝܐ ܕܚܘܠܡܢܐ (2)؛ "ܫܪܫܐ ܕܒܪܢܫܐ" (5)؛ ܬܫܥܝܬܐ ܕܕܝܢܐ (6)؛ "ܚܘ̈ܫܒܐ ܕܡܕܝܢܝܘܬܐ ܝܢ ܗܝܡܢܘ̈ܬܐ ܕܬܘܕܝܬܐ ܕܒܪܢܫܐ ܝܢ ܚܙܘܐ ܕܥܠܡܐ ܕܝܠܗ" (7)؛ ܝܗܝ̈ܒܬܐ ܕܐܓܪܐ ܘܥܒܕܐ ܕܟܣܦܐ (10). ܘܡܢܬܐ 8 ܟܡܚܝܐ ܒܠܐ ܡܨܥܝܐ ܠܝܕܥܬܐ ܕܢܦܫܐ: ܫܘܥܪܐ ܕܦܪܨܘܦܐ ܕܐܬܝܠܗ ܥܒܝܕܐ "ܒܡܐܢܐ ܕܡܛܘܟܣܐ ܝܠܗ ܩܐ ܫܘܥܪܐ ܕܟܝ̈ܢܐ ܪ̈ܫܝܐ ܕܦܪܨܘܦܐ، ܥܡ ܛܘܦ̈ܣܐ ܕܟܝܢܐ، ܡܨܝܢܘܬܐ ܕܗܘܢܐ ܘܡܨܝܢܘܬܐ ܕܥܒܕܐ ܓܘ ܦܘܠܚܢܐ ܝܢ ܓܘ ܝܘܠܦܢܐ". ܒܘܨܝܐ ܕܫܘܐ̈ܠܐ ܕܚܘ̈ܫܒܐ ܕܡܕܝܢܝܘܬܐ ܥܡ ܫܘܐ̈ܠܐ ܕܬܘܕܝܬܐ ܘܕܫܪܫܐ، ܝܢ ܦܢܩܝܬܐ ܕܫܘܐ̈ܠܐ ܕܦܪܨܘܦܐ ܡܦܪܫܬܐ – ܐܢܝ ܐܘܨܪ̈ܐ ܝܢܐ ܕܝܕܥܬܐ ܕܐܝܬ ܠܗ̇ ܪܓܝܫܘܬܐ ܝܚܝܕܝܬܐ.

(3) ܪܫܡܐ ܘܡܘܕܥܢܘܬܐ – ܒܥܕܢܐ ܣܓܝ ܠܐ. ܣܢܝܩܘܬܐ ܕܪܫܡܐ ܐܬܝܠܗ̇ ܙܥܘܪܬܐ ܠܬܪܝܢ ܙܢ̈ܐ ܕܐܘܨܪ̈ܐ: ܐܘܨܪܐ ܕܢܝܫܐ ܪܫܝܐ ܕܝܠܗ ܝܠܗ ܟܢܫܐ ܕܝܕܥܬܐ ܕܓܢܣܐ "ܩܐ ܡܩܪܒܬܐ ܠܐܚܪܢܐ ܐܝܟ ܐܘܡܢܘܬܐ ܝܢ ܒܐܓܪܐ"، ܥܡ ܝܕܥܬܐ ܥܠ ܝܬܝܪ ܡܢ 10,000 ܒܢܝ̈ ܐܢܫܐ؛ ܘܐܘܨܪܐ ܕܟܢܘܫܬܐ ܕܥܡܐ ܐܝܟ ܦܘܪܫܐ ܕܝܠܗ̇ ܓܘ ܡܢܬܐ (1) ܕܦܘܪܫܐ ܕܓܘ ܦܣܩܐ 23. ܐܘܨܪܐ ܐܚܪܢܐ، ܕܐܝܬ ܒܓܘܗ ܝܕܥܬܐ ܕܐܝܬ ܠܗ̇ ܪܓܝܫܘܬܐ ܝܚܝܕܝܬܐ ܥܠ ܝܬܝܪ ܡܢ 100,000 ܒܢܝ̈ ܐܢܫܐ، ܣܢܝܩܐ ܝܠܗ ܠܡܘܕܥܢܘܬܐ ܠܫܘܠܛܢܐ ܕܢܛܘܪܘܬܐ ܕܓܢܝܙܘܬܐ ܓܘ 30 ܝܘܡ̈ܬܐ (ܦܣܩܐ 8ܐ، ܐܝܟ ܕܟܬܝܒܐ ܝܠܗ ܓܘ ܬܘܪܨܐ 13). ܒܘܨܝܐ ܕܫܘܐ̈ܠܐ ܕܟܡܐ ܡܐܐ ܝܢ ܐܠܦ̈ܐ ܕܡܫܬܘܬܦ̈ܢܐ ܠܐ ܡܛܐ ܠܚܕ ܡܢ ܬܚܘ̈ܡܐ. ܡܕܡ ܕܟܚܐܠ ܥܠܘܗܝ ܒܟܠ ܗܘܝܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܣܢܝܩܘܬܐ ܕܡܘܕܥܢܘܬܐ ܠܡܫܬܘܬܦܢܐ.

(4) ܣܢܝܩܘܬܐ ܕܡܘܕܥܢܘܬܐ – ܦܐܬܐ ܕܫܘܪܝܐ ܕܦܢܩܝܬܐ ܕܫܘܐ̈ܠܐ. ܐܡܢ ܕܟܦܢܚ ܠܒܪܢܫܐ ܕܩܒܠܚ ܡܢܗ ܝܕܥܬܐ ܕܓܢܣܐ ܩܐ ܦܘܠܚܢܐ ܕܝܠܗ̇ ܓܘ ܐܘܨܪܐ، ܦܢܝܬܐ "ܒܕ ܐܙܠܐ ܥܡ ܡܘܕܥܢܘܬܐ" ܕܒܓܘܗ̇ ܒܕ ܡܬܐܡܪ: (1) ܐܢ ܐܝܬ ܥܠܘܗܝ ܣܢܝܩܘܬܐ ܕܢܡܘܣܐ ܕܡܩܪܒ ܝܕܥܬܐ، ܝܢ ܕܡܩܪܒܬܐ ܕܝܕܥܬܐ "ܬܠܝܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܒܨܒܝܢܐ ܘܒܫܠܡܘܬܐ ܕܝܠܗ"، ܘܡܘܕܝ ܝܠܗ "ܦܐܪܐ ܕܠܐ ܫܠܡܘܬܐ"؛ (2) ܢܝܫܐ ܕܩܐ ܐܗܘ ܝܕܥܬܐ ܡܬܒܥܝܐ ܝܠܗ̇؛ (2ܐ) ܫܡܐ ܕܡܪܐ ܕܫܘܠܛܢܐ ܥܠ ܐܘܨܪܐ ܘܐܘܪ̈ܚܬܐ ܕܐܣܘܪܐ ܥܡܗ؛ (3) ܠܡܢܘ ܒܕ ܡܬܩܪܒܐ ܝܕܥܬܐ ܘܡܘܕܝ ܝܢܐ ܢܝ̈ܫܐ ܕܡܩܪܒܬܐ؛ (4) ܐܝܬܘܬܐ ܕܙܕܩܐ ܕܚܙܝܐ ܕܝܕܥܬܐ (ܦܣܩܐ 13) ܘܕܙܕܩܐ ܕܒܥܝܐ ܬܘܪܨܐ ܕܝܠܗ̇ (ܦܣܩܐ 14) (ܦܣܩܐ 11 ܕܢܡܘܣܐ؛ ܡܢܘ̈ܬܐ 2ܐ ܘ-4 ܘܬܘܣܦܬܐ ܠܡܢܬܐ 1 – ܡܢ ܬܘܪܨܐ 13). "ܫܠܡܘܬܐ" ܓܘ ܢܡܘܣܐ ܝܠܗ̇ "ܫܠܡܘܬܐ ܡܢ ܝܕܥܬܐ، ܓܠܝܐܝܬ ܝܢ ܒܐܘܪܚܐ ܕܠܐ ܓܠܝܬܐ" (ܦܣܩܐ 3). ܣܓܝܐܐ ܡܢ ܦܣ̈ܩܐ ܡܢ ܟܕܘ ܐܝܬ ܓܘ ܬܫܥܐ ܥܩܪ̈ܐ ܕܫܠܡܘܬܐ ܡܢ ܝܕܥܬܐ (ܦܣܩܐ 4). ܡܕܡ ܕܟܒܚܪܚ ܦܪܝܫܐܝܬ: ܫܡܐ ܕܒܨܘܝܐ ܘܐܘܪ̈ܚܬܐ ܕܐܣܘܪܐ، ܠܡܢܘ ܒܕ ܡܬܥܒܪܐ ܝܕܥܬܐ، ܘܙܕܩ̈ܐ ܕܚܙܝܐ ܘܕܬܘܪܨܐ. ܐܢܫܐ ܕܠܐ ܝܗܒܠܗ ܡܘܕܥܢܘܬܐ ܕܐܗܐ ܓܢܣܐ، ܘܠܐ ܬܪܨܠܗ ܐܗܐ ܓܘ 30 ܝܘܡ̈ܬܐ ܡܢ ܦܢܝܬܐ ܕܡܫܬܘܬܦܢܐ، ܓܠܝܐ ܝܠܗ ܠܦܘܪ̈ܥܢܐ "ܕܠܐ ܬܠܝ̈ܐ ܝܢܐ ܒܚܘܣܪܢܐ" ܕܗܠ 10,000 ܫܩ̈ܠܐ (ܦܣܩܐ 15ܐ(ܐ)(2)، ܕܐܬܝܠܗ ܡܘܣܦܐ ܓܘ ܬܘܪܨܐ 13).

ܘܡܘܕܝ ܢܡܘܣܐ ܠܐ ܟܐܡܪ. ܡܠܬܐ "ܒܘܨܝܐ" ܠܐ ܟܡܬܚܙܝܐ ܓܘ ܬܘܪܨܐ 13، ܘܐܦ ܠܐ ܓܘ ܢܘܣܚܐ ܡܚܠܛܐ ܕܢܡܘܣܐ ܕܐܬܝܠܗ ܩܪܝܐ ܐܟܐ. ܠܝܬ ܓܘ ܢܡܘܣܐ ܐܘܪܚܐ ܦܪܝܫܬܐ ܩܐ ܒܨܘ̈ܝܐ ܘܠܝܬ ܚܘܪܪܐ ܩܐ ܒܘܨܝܐ، ܘܦܐܝܠ ܕܒܘܨܝܐ ܬܚܘܬ ܗܢܘܢ ܢܡܘ̈ܣܐ ܝܠܗ ܐܝܟ ܟܠ ܐܘܨܪܐ ܐܚܪܢܐ. ܐܦ ܢܛܘܪܘܬܐ ܕܝܕܥܬܐ ܡܛܘܟܣܬܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܓܘ ܦܘܩ̈ܕܢܐ ܕܢܡܘܣܐ ܟܡܫܕܪ ܠܓܒܝܗܝ (ܦܣ̈ܩܐ 17(ܒ) ܘ-36)، ܘܠܐ ܐܬܝܠܗܘܢ ܩܪܝ̈ܐ ܐܟܐ ܓܘ ܢܘܣܚܐ ܩܕܡܝܐ. ܦܘܩ̈ܕܢܐ ܕܥܒܕܐ ܟܡܦܪܫܐ ܡܬܠܐ ܡܕܪܫܬܐ ܥܠܝܬܐ ܦܬܝܚܬܐ (ܕܠܐ ܝܘܡܐ): ܠܡܟܢܫܐ ܒܣ ܝܕܥܬܐ ܕܣܢܝܩܐ ܝܠܗ̇؛ ܠܡܫܩܠܐ ܝܢ ܠܡܫܚܠܦܐ ܟܠ ܝܕܥܬܐ ܕܡܦܪܫܐ؛ ܘܐܢ ܝܗܝ̈ܒܬܐ ܡܦܪ̈ܫܢܐ ܝܢܐ – "ܣܢܝܩܐ ܝܠܗ ܠܡܦܠܚܐ ܒܟܣܝܘܬܐ ܕܪ̈ܡܙܐ، ܡ̈ܠܐ ܕܥܒܪܐ ܚܝܠܬ̈ܢܐ ܘܛܘܟ̈ܣܐ ܕܢܛܪܬܐ ܢܛܝ̈ܪܐ"؛ ܘܐܦ "ܣܢܝܩܐ ܝܠܗ ܠܡܩܝܡܐ ܡܕܒܪܢܘܬܐ ܥܠ ܙܒܢܐ ܕܫܩܠܬܐ ܕܝܕܥܬܐ".

ܟܢܘ̈ܫܝܬܐ ܕܐܝܬܝܩܐ. ܒܘܨܝܐ ܕܐܣܝܘܬܐ ܥܠ ܒܢܝ̈ ܐܢܫܐ ܣܢܝܩܐ ܝܠܗ ܠܩܘܒܠܐ ܕܟܢܘܫܬܐ ܕ-Helsinki ܕܡܕܪܫܝܬܐ ܕܐܣܝܘܬܐ، ܠܦܘܬ ܦܘܩ̈ܕܢܐ ܕܚܘܠܡܢܐ ܕܥܡܐ (ܢܣ̈ܝܘܢܐ ܕܐܣܝܘܬܐ ܥܠ ܒܢܝ̈ ܐܢܫܐ)، ܬܫܡ-1980. ܦܘܩ̈ܕܢܐ ܠܐ ܐܬܝܠܗܘܢ ܩܪܝ̈ܐ ܐܟܐ ܓܘ ܢܘܣܚܐ ܩܕܡܝܐ – ܡܝܬܝ̈ܐ ܝܢܐ ܐܝܟ ܕܢܡܘܣܐ ܕܡܕܪܫܬܐ ܥܠܝܬܐ ܥܒܪܝܬܐ ܟܡܝܬܐ ܠܗܘܢ (2022، ܦܣܩܐ 3.3.1). ܒܘܨܝܐ ܓܘ ܝܕ̈ܥܬܐ ܕܟܢܫܐ ܟܥܒܪ ܓܘ ܟܢܘܫܬܐ ܕܐܝܬܝܩܐ ܕܡܕܪܫܝܬܐ، ܠܦܘܬ ܢܡܘܣܐ ܕܝܠܗ̇. ܢܡܘܣܐ ܕܡܕܪܫܬܐ ܥܠܝܬܐ ܥܒܪܝܬܐ (ܐܬܝܠܗ ܡܚܘܕܬܐ ܒܬܫܪܝܢ ܐܚܪܝܐ 2022) ܝܠܗ ܡܬܠܐ ܛܒܐ:

ܣܢܝܩܘܬܐ ܕܡܩܪܒܬܐ. ܟܠ ܒܘܨܝܐ ܥܡ ܒܢܝ̈ ܐܢܫܐ، ܥܡ ܡܐܬܘܬܐ ܕܡܒܘܥܗ̇ ܒܢܝ̈ ܐܢܫܐ ܝܠܗ ܝܢ ܥܡ ܝܕܥܬܐ ܕܡܒܘܥܗ̇ ܐܢܝ ܝܠܗ "ܒܕ ܡܬܩܪܒ ܠܒܘܚܪܢܐ ܕܟܢܘܫܬܐ ܕܐܝܬܝܩܐ ܕܦܠܓܐ ܩܕܡ ܫܘܪܝܐ ܕܥܒܕܐ ܕܝܠܗ" (ܦܣܩܐ 3.1).

ܬܠܬܐ ܐܘܪ̈ܚܬܐ. ܒܘܚܪܢܐ ܓܡܝܪܐ، ܩܨܝܪܐ ܘܡܣܪܗܒܐ (ܦܣܩܐ 3.6). ܒܘܨ̈ܝܐ ܕܫܘܐ̈ܠܐ ܘܡܫܐܠܢ̈ܘܝܬܐ ܕܣܘܟܢܐ ܕܝܠܗܘܢ ܠܐ ܟܣܠܩ ܠܥܠ ܡܢ ܙܥܘܪܐ ܦܐܝ̈ܐ ܝܢܐ ܠܐܘܪܚܐ ܩܨܝܪܬܐ، ܠܦܘܬ ܪܫܝܡܬܐ ܕܣܡܝܟܬܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܥܠ ܢܡܘܣܐ ܡܫܘܬܦܐ ܐܡܪܝܟܝܐ (ܬܘܣܦܬܐ 2).

ܡܘܕܝ ܠܒܪ ܡܢ ܫܘܠܛܢܐ ܕܟܢܘܫܬܐ. ܦܘ̈ܠܚܢܐ ܓܘ ܡܠܦܢܘܬܐ ܘܓܘ ܝܘܠܦܢܐ ܕܐܘܪ̈ܚܬܐ ܕܒܘܨܝܐ (ܦܣܩܐ 3.12.1). ܐܦ "ܒܘܨܝܐ ܕܫܘܥܪܐ ܠܐ ܣܢܝܩܐ ܝܠܗ ܠܩܘܒܠܐ ܡܩܕܡܐ ܕܟܢܘܫܬܐ ܕܐܝܬܝܩܐ ܓܘ ܒܘܨܝܐ" – ܐܠܐ ܒܣ ܐܡܢ ܕܠܐ ܝܠܗ ܩܐ ܡܦܪܣܢܘܬܐ ܝܘܠܦܢܝܬܐ (ܦܣܩܐ 1.9).

ܫܒܩܬܐ ܕܫܠܡܘܬܐ ܟܬܝܒܬܐ. ܡܨܝܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܓܘ ܒܘܨܝܐ ܕܠܐ ܫܡܐ، ܝܢ ܐܡܢ ܕܛܘܦܣܐ ܕܫܠܡܘܬܐ ܝܠܗ ܡܦܪܫܢܐ ܝܚܝܕܝܐ ܘܣܘܟܢܐ ܪܫܝܐ ܝܠܗ ܚܘܣܪܢܐ ܕܢܛܘܪܘܬܐ ܕܐܪ̈ܙܐ (ܬܘܣܦܬܐ 4، ܦܣܩܐ 7.1).

ܙܥܘܪ̈ܐ ܒܫܢ̈ܐ. "ܓܘ ܒܘܨܝܐ ܕܓܘܗ ܐܝܬ ܣܘܟܢܐ ܙܥܘܪܐ ܒܕ ܣܦܩܐ ܫܠܡܘܬܐ ܕܚܕ ܡܕܒܪܢܐ ܕܢܡܘܣܐ"؛ ܠܥܠ ܡܢ ܣܘܟܢܐ ܙܥܘܪܐ – ܫܠܡܘܬܐ ܕܟܠ ܡܕܒܪ̈ܢܐ ܕܢܡܘܣܐ. ܡܨܝܚ ܠܡܒܥܝܐ ܐܦ ܫܠܡܘܬܐ ܕܙܥܘܪܐ ܓܢܣܗ، ܘܐܡܢ ܕܡܛܐ ܠܥܘܡܪܐ ܕ-18 ܟܒܥܝܚ ܡܢܗ ܫܠܡܘܬܐ ܡܢ ܪܝܫ (ܬܘܣܦܬܐ 4، ܦܣ̈ܩܐ 1.6.1-1.6.4).

ܘܒܨܘܝܐ ܚܐܪܐ؟ APA (2020، ܦܣܩܐ 1.11) ܟܡܣܟܐ ܕܢܛܪ ܗܢܘܢ ܢܡܘ̈ܣܐ ܘܦܢܐ ܠܟܢܘܫܬܐ ܒܪܝܬܐ ܐܢ ܣܢܝܩܐ ܝܠܗ (ܦܣܩܐ 2). ܢܡܘܣܐ ܕܡܕܪܫܬܐ ܥܠܝܬܐ ܦܬܝܚܬܐ ܟܐܡܪ: "ܠܐ ܫܒܝܩܐ ܝܠܗ ܠܡܟܢܫܐ ܝܕܥܬܐ ܓܘܢܝܬܐ ܝܢ ܕܓܢܣܐ ܩܐ ܒܘܨܝܐ ܕܠܐ ܩܒܠܬܐ ܩܘܒܠܐ ܓܠܝܐ ܡܢ ܟܢܘܫܬܐ ܕܐܝܬܝܩܐ" (ܡܕܪܫܬܐ ܥܠܝܬܐ ܦܬܝܚܬܐ، ܕܠܐ ܝܘܡܐ، ܥܩܪܐ 9).

ܒܘܨܝܐ ܓܘ ܒ̈ܬܐ ܕܣܦܪܐ ܘܓܘ ܓܢ̈ܐ ܕܝܠܘ̈ܕܐ. ܐܓܪܬܐ ܕܡܕܒܪܢܐ ܟܠܢܝܐ 3/ܬܫܦܒ (13 ܕܟܢܘܢ ܐܚܪܝܐ 2022؛ ܦܘܩܕܢܐ ܩܝܡܐ 0281) ܟܩܝܡܐ ܕ"ܟܠ ܥܒܕܐ ܕܒܘܨܝܐ ܐܝܟ ܦܘܪܫܐ ܕܝܠܗ ܓܘ ܦܣܩܐ 2 ܕܐܗܐ ܢܡܘܣܐ ܣܢܝܩܐ ܝܠܗ ܠܦܣܩܐ ܕܕܝܘܐܢ ܕܝܕܘܥܐ ܪܫܝܐ" (ܦܣܩܐ 3.4.1). ܒܥܘܬܐ ܟܡܬܩܪܒܐ ܓܘ ܛܘܟܣܐ ܥܠ ܐܝܢܛܪܢܝܛ، ܘܟܡܫܬܕܪܐ ܠܐܘܪܚܐ "ܣܡܘܩܬܐ" (ܒܘܚܪܢܐ ܡܦܪܫܐ) ܝܢ "ܝܘܪܩܬܐ" (ܡܣܪܗܒܬܐ) ܠܦܘܬ ܟܡܝܘܬܐ ܕܪܓܝܫܘܬܐ (ܦܣܩܐ 4.2.1). ܥܒܕܐ ܕܒܘܨܝܐ ܓܘܝܐ ܕܓܘܕܐ ܕܡܕܪܫܬܐ ܠܐ ܥܠܝܠܐ ܝܠܗ ܓܘ ܐܗܐ (ܦܣܩܐ 3.2.1). ܢܡܘ̈ܣܐ ܕܫܠܡܘܬܐ:

ܫܠܡܘܬܐ ܟܬܝܒܬܐ. ܫܠܡܘܬܐ ܡܢ ܝܕܥܬܐ ܕܒܢܝ̈ ܒܝܬܐ ܟܬܝܒܬܐ ܣܢܝܩܬܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܓܘ ܗܘ̈ܝܐ ܕܢܡܘܣܐ ܟܡܢܐ – ܒܓܘܝܗܝ ܟܢܫܐ ܕܝܕܥܬܐ ܕܡܦܪܫܐ ܘܥܒܕܐ ܦܪܨܘܦܝܐ ܥܡ ܬܠܡܝܕܐ (ܦܣܩܐ 3.5.2).

ܫܠܡܘܬܐ ܕܫܬܩܐ. ܓܘ ܗܘ̈ܝܐ ܐܚܪ̈ܢܐ، "ܒܢܝ̈ ܒܝܬܐ ܕܠܐ ܫܠܡܝ ܥܡ ܥܠܠܬܐ ܕܝܠܘܕܐ ܕܝܠܗܘܢ ܓܘ ܒܘܨܝܐ" ܟܡܠܝ ܛܘܦܣܐ ܕܡܣܠܝܬܐ ܘܟܡܥܒܪܝ ܠܗ ܠܡܕܒܪܢܘܬܐ ܕܒܝܬ ܣܦܪܐ (ܦܣܩܐ 3.5.5).

ܫܠܡܘܬܐ ܕܬܠܡܝܕܐ. "ܩܒܠܬܐ ܕܫܠܡܘܬܐ ܕܬܠܡܝܕܐ ܡܫܬܘܬܦܢܐ ܣܢܝܩܬܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܐܦ ܓܘ ܗܘ̈ܝܐ ܕܒܓܘܝܗܝ ܐܬܝܠܗ̇ ܩܒܝܠܬܐ ܫܠܡܘܬܐ ܕܒܢܝ̈ ܒܝܬܗ" (ܦܣܩܐ 3.4.10).

ܡܦܪܣܢܘܬܐ. "ܠܐ ܒܕ ܗܘܝܐ ܫܒܝܩܬܐ ܡܦܪܣܢܘܬܐ ܕܝܕܥܬܐ ܕܐܬܝܠܗ̇ ܟܢܝܫܬܐ ܒܐܘܪܚܐ ܕܟܡܦܪܫܐ ܠܡܫܬܘܬܦܢܐ ܝܢ ܕܟܡܨܝܐ ܠܦܪܫܬܐ ܕܝܠܗ" (ܦܣܩܐ 3.4.18).

ܢܡܘܣܐ ܕܡܕܪܫܬܐ ܥܠܝܬܐ ܘܐܓܪܬܐ ܕܘܙܝܪܘܬܐ ܕܝܘܠܦܢܐ – ܐܦ ܐܗܐ ܘܐܦ ܐܗܐ. ܬܪܝܢ ܡܒܘ̈ܥܐ ܠܐ ܝܢܐ ܚܕ ܓܢܣܐ: ܓܘ ܡܕܪܫܬܐ ܥܠܝܬܐ ܥܒܪܝܬܐ، ܓܘ ܒܘܨܝܐ ܒܣܘܟܢܐ ܙܥܘܪܐ، ܣܦܩܐ ܫܠܡܘܬܐ ܕܚܕ ܒܪܐ ܝܢ ܒܪܬܐ ܕܒܝܬܐ؛ ܓܘ ܒܝܬ ܣܦܪܐ، ܡܢܬܐ ܡܢ ܒܘܨ̈ܝܐ ܟܦܠܚܝ ܒܐܘܪܚܐ ܕܡܣܠܝܬܐ، ܘܡܢܬܐ ܣܢܝܩܝ ܠܫܠܡܘܬܐ ܟܬܝܒܬܐ. ܬܠܡܝܕܬܐ ܕܟܡܥܒܪܐ ܦܢܩܝܬܐ ܕܫܘܐ̈ܠܐ ܓܘ ܒܝܬ ܣܦܪܐ ܬܚܘܬ ܬܪܘܝܗܝ ܝܠܗ̇. ܥܝܕܐ ܕܣܐܝܛ: ܓܘ ܟܠ ܦܣܩܐ ܟܐܙܠܚ ܠܦܘܬ ܚܝܠܬܢܐ ܡܢ ܬܪܘܝܗܝ، ܘܟܡܘܕܥܚ ܓܘ ܨܚܚܐ ܕܐܘܪܚܐ ܥܠ ܬܪܝܢ ܩܘܒ̈ܠܐ.

ܛܥܝ̈ܘܬܐ ܕܡܬܚܙܝܢ ܣܓܝ (Common mistakes)

"ܠܐ ܝܘܢ ܓܘ ܡܕܪܫܬܐ ܥܠܝܬܐ، ܡܛܠ ܗܕܐ ܠܝܬ ܠܝ ܟܢܘܫܬܐ ܕܐܝܬܝܩܐ." ܢܡܘ̈ܣܐ ܟܚܐܠܝ؛ ܟܦܢܚ ܠܟܢܘܫܬܐ ܒܪܝܬܐ (APA, 2020, Section 1.11).

ܡܫܐܠܬܐ ܓܘ ܫܠܡܘܬܐ "ܐܝܢܐ ܫܠܡܐ/ܫܠܡܬܐ ܝܘܬ ܠܡܫܬܬܦܐ" ܘܠܐ ܠܡܐܡܪܐ ܡܘܕܝ ܒܕ ܡܬܥܒܕ ܥܡ ܝܗܝ̈ܒܬܐ. ܫܠܡܘܬܐ ܣܢܝܩܬܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܕܥܠܠ ܒܓܘܗ̇ ܡܘܕܝ ܟܡܬܟܢܫ، ܡܘܕܝ ܟܡܬܢܛܪ ܘܥܡ ܡܢܘ ܒܕ ܡܫܬܘܬܦ – ܘܗܝ ܬܚܘܡܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܕܡܦܠܚܢܘܬܐ ܒܬܪ ܗܕܐ (APA, 2020, Sections 1.14 and 1.18).

ܫܩܠܬܐ ܕܫܡ̈ܗܐ ܘܚܫܒܬܐ ܕܦܐܝܠ ܕܠܐ ܫܡܐ ܝܠܗ. ܚܠܛܐ ܕܡܬܐ، ܥܘܡܪܐ، ܐܘܡܢܘܬܐ ܘܗܘܝܐ ܕܒܝܬܐ ܟܡܦܪܫ ܒܪܢܫܐ (APA, 2020, Section 1.14).

ܡܦܩܬܐ ܕ"ܛܝ̈ܡܐ ܢܘܟܪ̈ܝܐ" ܡܛܠ ܕܟܡܚܪܒܝ ܠܦܐܪܐ. ܡܦܩܬܐ ܕܚܙ̈ܝܬܐ ܕܠܐ ܥܠܬܐ ܬܪܝܨܬܐ ܕܐܘܪܚܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܫܩܠܬܐ ܓܒܝܬܐ (APA, 2020, Section 1.12)؛ ܡܘܕܝ ܒܫܪܪܐ ܟܡܬܚܫܒ ܥܠܬܐ – ܓܘ ܦܐܬܐ ܕܛܝ̈ܡܐ ܚܣܝ̈ܪܐ ܘܓܘ ܦܐܬܐ ܕܛܝ̈ܡܐ ܢܘܟܪ̈ܝܐ ܘܫܪ̈ܛܐ.

ܬܘܢܝܐ ܕܡܫܬܚܠܦ̈ܢܐ ܕܦܠܛܠܗܘܢ ܪܫܝ̈ܡܐ ܒܣ. p-hacking (Field, 2024, Section 3.3.3)؛ ܟܡܘܕܥܚ ܟܠ ܡܕܡ ܕܐܬܝܠܗ ܡܫܘܚܐ (APA, 2020, Section 1.12).

ܟܬܝܒܘܬܐ ܕܗܘܦܘܬܣܝܣ ܒܬܪ ܕܚܙܝܠܗܘܢ ܦܐܪ̈ܐ. HARKing (Field, 2024, Section 3.3.3) – ܗܘܦܘܬܣܝܣ ܕܒܘܨܝܐ ܟܡܘܕܥܚ ܠܗ̇ ܐܝܟ ܕܒܘܨܝܐ (APA, 2020, Section 1.12).

ܬܘܪܓܡܐ ܕܡܐܡܪܐ ܕܐܬܝܠܗ ܡܦܪܣܡܐ ܘܡܦܪܣܢܘܬܐ ܡܢ ܪܝܫ. ܡܦܪܣܢܘܬܐ ܬܢܝܢܬܐ (APA, 2020, Section 1.16).

ܣܦܩܘܬܐ ܒܪܘܫܡܐ ܕܐܝܕܐ ܥܠ ܛܘܦܣܐ. ܫܠܡܘܬܐ ܗܘܢܐ ܝܠܗ̇ – ܛܘܦܣܐ ܩܨܝܪܐ، ܫܘܐ̈ܠܐ، ܘܦܘܢܝܐ ܡܬܪܨܢܐ (Festinger et al., 2023).

ܫܕܪܬܐ ܕܡܫܬܘܬܦܢܐ ܠܒܝܬܐ ܕܠܐ ܡܦܫܩܢܘܬܐ ܕܒܬܪ ܒܘܨܝܐ. ܐܦ ܕܠܐ ܢܟܝܠܘܬܐ – ܢܝܫܐ، ܬܘܕܝ، ܠܡܢܘ ܟܦܢܚ؛ ܘܒܬܪ ܢܟܝܠܘܬܐ – ܫܩܠܬܐ ܕܝܠܗ̇ ܘܢܝܚܘܬܐ (Clark & Blackhart, 2023).

ܩܝܡܬܐ ܕܛܟܣܐ ܕܡܟܬ̈ܒܢܐ ܠܦܘܬ ܕܪܓܐ. ܠܦܘܬ ܡܘܗܒܬܐ؛ ܬܠܡܝܕܐ ܩܕܡܝܐ ܝܠܗ ܥܠ ܥܒܕܐ ܕܕܘܩܛܘܪܘܬܐ ܕܝܠܗ (APA, 2020, Section 1.22).

"ܦܢܩܝܬܐ ܕܫܘܐ̈ܠܐ ܕܠܐ ܫܡܐ ܝܠܗ̇، ܡܛܠ ܗܕܐ ܢܡܘܣܐ ܠܐ ܟܚܐܠ". ܐܢ ܐܝܬ ܡܢܝܢܐ ܕܛܟܣܐ ܘܩܠܝܕܐ، ܝܢ ܚܠܛܐ ܕܦܘܪ̈ܫܢܐ ܕܡܘܓܪܦ̈ܝܐ ܕܟܡܦܪܫ ܒܪܢܫܐ "ܒܥܡܠܐ ܡܣܬܒܪܐ" – ܐܗܐ ܝܕܥܬܐ ܕܓܢܣܐ ܝܠܗ̇، ܘܦܐܬܐ ܕܫܘܪܝܐ ܣܢܝܩܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܠܡܘܕܥܢܘܬܐ ܠܦܘܬ ܦܣܩܐ 11 ܕܢܡܘܣܐ ܕܢܛܘܪܘܬܐ ܕܓܢܝܙܘܬܐ (ܦܣܩܐ 11 ܐܟܐ).

ܪܫܝܡܬܐ ܕܒܘܚܪܢܐ – ܩܕܡ ܡܩܪܒܬܐ (ܬܡܢܝܐ ܡܢ ܬܫܥܐ ܫܘܐ̈ܠܐ ܕ-APA, 2020، ܦܣܩܐ 1.25 – ܕܠܐ ܫܘܐܠܐ ܥܠ ܚܝܘ̈ܬܐ – ܘܫܒܥܐ ܕܣܐܝܛ)

ܡܒܘ̈ܥܐ

ܡܕܪܫܬܐ ܥܠܝܬܐ ܥܒܪܝܬܐ ܕܐܘܪܫܠܡ. (2022). ܢܡܘܣܐ ܕܐܝܬܝܩܐ ܓܘ ܒܘܨܝܐ ܥܡ/ܥܠ ܒܢܝ̈ ܐܢܫܐ [ܐܬܝܠܗ ܡܚܘܕܬܐ ܒܬܫܪܝܢ ܐܚܪܝܐ 2022]. https://research.huji.ac.il/sites/default/files/mop/files/research_procedure_human_research_at_the_hebrew_university1.pdf

ܡܕܪܫܬܐ ܥܠܝܬܐ ܦܬܝܚܬܐ. (ܕܠܐ ܝܘܡܐ). ܦܘܩ̈ܕܢܐ ܥܠ ܢܛܘܪܘܬܐ ܕܝܕܥܬܐ ܕܓܢܣܐ ܓܘ ܒܘܨܝܐ. https://www.openu.ac.il/Lists/MediaServer_Documents/research/HANHAYOT_MIDA_ISHI_MEHKAR.pdf

ܢܡܘܣܐ ܕܢܛܘܪܘܬܐ ܕܓܢܝܙܘܬܐ، ܬܫܡܐ-1981، ܟܬܒܐ ܕܢܡܘ̈ܣܐ ܬܫܡܐ 128.

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ܬܠܬܐ ܨܚ̈ܚܐ ܡܢ ܡܕܒܪܢܐ ܕ-Cambridge ܐܬܝܠܗܘܢ ܩܪܝ̈ܐ ܓܡܝܪܐܝܬ ܡܢ ܟܪܟܐ ܩܕܡܝܐ (Nichols & Edlund, 2023، ܢܘܣܚܐ ܛܒܝܥܐ-ܕܝܓܝܛܠܝܐ ܥܡ ܦܐ̈ܬܐ) – ܡܝܬܝܬܐ ܠܦܘܬ ܨܚܚܐ؛ ܡܘܕܥܢܘܬܐ ܕ-Belmont (1979)، "ܢܡܘܣܐ ܡܫܘܬܦܐ" ܐܡܪܝܟܝܐ، ܡܘܕܥܢ̈ܘܝܬܐ ܕ-Helsinki ܘܕ-Singapore، ܚܡܫܐ ܥܩܪ̈ܐ ܕܐܩܕܡܝܐ ܕܝܕ̈ܥܬܐ ܕܟܢܫܐ (Dingwall et al., 2017)، Grady (2005) ܘ-Dickert ܘܚܒܪ̈ܘܗܝ (2002) – ܐܝܟ ܕܡܝܬܝ ܝܢܐ ܓܘ ܐܢܝ ܨܚ̈ܚܐ. ܢܡܘܣܐ ܐܝܬܝܩܝܐ ܕ-APA (Ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct؛ APA, 2017a) ܘܢܡܘ̈ܣܐ ܕܝܠܗ (3.05، 3.06، 3.08، 4.07، 5.01، 8.10-8.14) – ܐܝܟ ܕܡܝܬܝ ܝܢܐ ܓܘ APA (2020، ܨܚܚܐ 1)؛ Coursol ܘ-Wagner (1986)، Fanelli (2010، 2012)، Simonsohn ܘܚܒܪ̈ܘܗܝ (2014)، Kerr (1998) ܘ-ASA (Wasserstein, 2016) – ܐܝܟ ܕܡܝܬܝ ܝܢܐ ܓܘ Field (2024). ܠܦܘܬ ܢܡܘܣܐ ܕܣܐܝܛ، ܓܘ ܪܫܝܡܬܐ ܕܡܒܘ̈ܥܐ ܟܡܬܚܙܝܢ ܒܣ ܡܒܘ̈ܥܐ ܕܐܬܝܠܗܘܢ ܩܪܝ̈ܐ ܓܘ ܢܘܣܚܐ ܩܕܡܝܐ: ܡܕܒܪܢܐ ܕ-APA (2020) ܘ-Field (2024) ܒܢܘܣܚܐ ܕܝܓܝܛܠܝܐ ܕܪܕܝܐ – ܡܝܬܝܬܐ ܠܦܘܬ ܦܣܩܐ؛ Pallant (2020) – ܠܦܘܬ ܨܚܚܐ. ܬܚܘܡܐ ܐܝܣܪܝܠܝܐ (ܦܣܩܐ 11): ܬܘܪܨܐ 13 ܐܬܝܠܗ ܩܪܝܐ ܓܡܝܪܐܝܬ ܓܘ ܟܬܒܐ ܕܢܡܘ̈ܣܐ 3287 (ܡܢ ܣܐܝܛ ܕܘܙܝܪܘܬܐ ܕܟܐܢܘܬܐ). ܢܘܣܚܐ ܕܦܣ̈ܩܐ ܕܬܘܪܨܐ ܠܐ ܫܚܠܦܠܗܘܢ – ܦܣܩܐ 11 ܘܦܘܪܫܐ ܕ"ܫܠܡܘܬܐ" – ܐܬܝܠܗ ܩܪܝܐ ܓܘ ܢܘܣܚܐ ܡܚܠܛܐ، ܠܐ ܐܚܪܝܐ، ܕܐܦܪܣܡܠܗ ܟܢܘܫܬܐ (Knesset) ܩܕܡ ܦܣ̈ܐ ܥܠ ܬܘܪܨܐ، ܘܫܘܚܠܦ̈ܐ ܕܓܘܗ ܐܬܝܠܗܘܢ ܡܦܘܚ̈ܡܐ ܥܡ ܟܬܒܐ ܕܢܡܘ̈ܣܐ. ܢܡܘܣܐ ܕܡܕܪܫܬܐ ܥܠܝܬܐ ܥܒܪܝܬܐ، ܦܘܩ̈ܕܢܐ ܕܡܕܪܫܬܐ ܥܠܝܬܐ ܦܬܝܚܬܐ ܘܐܓܪܬܐ ܕܡܕܒܪܢܐ ܟܠܢܝܐ ܐܬܝܠܗܘܢ ܩܪܝ̈ܐ ܓܘ ܢܘܣܚܐ ܩܕܡܝܐ. ܦܘܩ̈ܕܢܐ ܕܚܘܠܡܢܐ ܕܥܡܐ (ܢܣ̈ܝܘܢܐ ܕܐܣܝܘܬܐ ܥܠ ܒܢܝ̈ ܐܢܫܐ)، ܬܫܡ-1980 – ܐܝܟ ܕܡܝܬܝ̈ܐ ܝܢܐ ܓܘ ܢܡܘܣܐ ܕܡܕܪܫܬܐ ܥܠܝܬܐ ܥܒܪܝܬܐ؛ ܦܘܩ̈ܕܢܐ ܕܢܛܘܪܘܬܐ ܕܝܕܥܬܐ ܠܐ ܐܬܝܠܗܘܢ ܩܪܝ̈ܐ. ܐܗܐ ܦܣܩܐ ܠܐ ܝܠܗ ܡܠܟܐ ܕܢܡܘܣܐ.