ܫܪܝܪܘܬܐ ܘܬܪܝܨܘܬܐ: ܚܘܫܒ̈ܐ

ܡܕܒܪܢܐ (guide)

ܡܐ ܐܝܬ ܓܘ ܐܗܐ ܦܐܬܐ (On this page)

ܟܠ ܡܫܘܚܬܐ ܓܘ ܒܘܨܝܐ ܟܢܫܝܐ – ܦܢܩܝܬܐ ܕܫܘܐ̈ܠܐ (questionnaire)، ܣܒܠܬܐ (scale) ܕܚܘ̈ܫܒܐ، ܪܡܙܢܘܬܐ (coding) ܕܦܘܢ̈ܝܐ ܦܬܝ̈ܚܐ، ܕܪܓܐ ܕܝܗܒܝ ܕܝ̈ܢܐ – ܝܠܗ̇ ܚܕ ܡܢܝܢܐ ܕܟܡܚܘܐ ܡܕܡ ܕܠܐ ܡܨܝܚ ܠܡܫܚܬܗ ܒܠܐ ܡܨܥܝܐ. ܬܪܝܢ ܫܘܐ̈ܠܐ ܟܡܫܬܐܠܝ ܥܠ ܟܠ ܡܢܝܢܐ ܗܢܐ، ܘܦܪ̈ܝܫܐ ܝܢܐ ܚܕ ܡܢ ܐܚܪܢܐ: ܐܝܢܐ ܡܫܘܚܬܐ ܩܝܡܬܐ ܝܠܗ̇ – ܒܕ ܝܗܒܐ ܐܗܐ ܦܐܪܐ ܒܫܪ̈ܛܐ ܕܡܝ̈ܐ؟ ܐܗܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܫܪܝܪܘܬܐ (reliability). ܘܐܝܢܐ ܟܡܫܚܐ ܠܡܕܡ ܕܒܥܝܠܗܘܢ ܠܡܫܚܬܗ، ܘܠܐ ܠܡܕܡ ܐܚܪܢܐ؟ ܐܗܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܬܪܝܨܘܬܐ (validity). ܦܐܬܐ ܟܡܦܪܫܐ ܠܬܪܘܝܗܝ ܚܘ̈ܫܒܐ، ܟܦܠܓܐ ܟܠ ܚܕ ܠܙܢ̈ܘܗܝ، ܟܡܦܫܩܐ ܩܐ ܡܘܕܝ ܫܪܝܪܘܬܐ ܫܪܛܐ ܐܠܨܝܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܩܐ ܬܪܝܨܘܬܐ ܐܠܐ ܠܐ ܣܦܩܐ، ܘܟܡܫܕܪܐ ܠܡ̈ܚܫܒܢܐ (calculators) ܕܣܐܝܛ ܕܟܒܚܪܝ ܠܦܠܓܐ ܕܡܨܝܚ ܠܡܚܫܒܬܗ. ܒܢܘܣܚܐ 3 ܐܬܘܣܦܠܗܘܢ ܬܪܝܢ ܨܚ̈ܚܐ ܡܢ ܡܕܒܪܢܐ ܕ-Cambridge ܕܐܘܪ̈ܚܬܐ ܕܒܘܨܝܐ ܓܘ ܝܕ̈ܥܬܐ ܕܟܢܫܐ ܘܕܕܘܒܪܐ (Nichols & Edlund, 2024): Raykov (2024) ܥܠ ܫܪܝܪܘܬܐ – ܣܘܟܡܐ ܦܘܪܡܠܝܐ، ܡܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܐܠܦܐ ܘܡܐ ܠܐ ܝܠܗ̇، ܘܬܪܝܢ ܙܘܗܪ̈ܐ ܥܠ "α ܒܫܩܠܬܐ" ܘܥܠ α ܡܬܩܢܬܐ؛ ܘ-Skowronski (2024) ܥܠ ܬܪܝܨܘܬܐ – ܩܐ ܡܘܕܝ ܝܠܗ̇ ܚܕ ܣܪܛܐ ܡܬܡܫܚܢܐ ܘܠܐ ܐܝܢ/ܠܐ، ܡܐܝܟܐ ܟܐܬܝܐ ܠܐ ܬܪܝܨܘܬܐ، ܘܩܐ ܡܘܕܝ ܟܫܚܠܦܐ ܥܡ ܡܘܬܒܐ (context).

1. ܛܥܝܘܬܐ ܕܡܫܘܚܬܐ – ܩܐ ܡܘܕܝ ܣܢܝܩܝܚ ܠܬܪܘܝܗܝ ܚܘ̈ܫܒܐ

ܐܝܬ ܡܕܡܝ̈ܐ ܕܟܡܫܚܚ ܒܠܐ ܡܨܥܝܐ – ܡܬܩܠܐ، ܪܘܡܐ، ܝܘܬܪܢܐ – ܘܐܝܬ ܡܕܡܝ̈ܐ ܕܟܡܫܚܚ ܒܐܘܪܚܐ ܠܐ ܬܪܝܨܬܐ: ܬܘܢܝܐ ܕܓܢܣܐ، ܦܢܩܝ̈ܬܐ ܕܫܘܐ̈ܠܐ، ܦܘܠ̈ܚܢܐ ܒܚܘܫܒܢܐ. ܓܘ ܬܪܘܝܗܝ ܗܘܝ̈ܐ ܩܪܝܒ ܒܟܠ ܥܕܢܐ ܐܝܬ ܦܘܪܫܢܐ ܒܝܢܝ ܡܢܝܢܐ ܕܟܡܚܘܐ ܠܡܕܡ ܘܛܝܡܐ ܫܪܝܪܐ ܕܝܠܗ – ܛܝܡܐ ܕܗܘܝܢ ܗܘܐ ܩܒܠܬܐ ܐܢ ܡܨܝܚ ܗܘܝܢ ܗܘܐ ܠܡܫܚܬܗ ܒܠܐ ܡܨܥܝܐ – ܘܐܗܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܛܥܝܘܬܐ ܕܡܫܘܚܬܐ (Field, 2024, Section 1.5.3). ܡܬܠܐ ܕ-Field: ܐܢܫܐ ܕܡܬܩܠܗ 83 ܟܝܠܘ ܝܠܗ ܘܟܣܠܩ ܥܠ ܡܬܩܠܐ ܕܟܡܚܘܐ 80 – ܛܥܝܘܬܐ ܕܡܫܘܚܬܐ ܕ-3 ܟܝܠܘ. ܡܬܩܠܐ ܬܩܝܢܐ ܟܛܥܐ ܩܠܝܠ؛ ܦܢܩܝܬܐ ܕܫܘܐ̈ܠܐ ܟܛܥܝܐ ܒܣܓܝ ܝܬܝܪ، ܡܛܠ ܕܥܠ ܦܘܢܝܐ ܟܡܥܒܕܝ ܐܦ ܥܠ̈ܠܬܐ ܕܠܐ ܝܢܐ ܗܘ ܡܕܡ ܕܟܡܫܬܡܫܚ – ܡܬܠܐ، ܐܝܢܐ ܒܕ ܡܘܕܝܬܘܢ ܓܘ ܦܢܩܝܬܐ ܕܫܘܐ̈ܠܐ ܕܓܢܒܠܘܟܘܢ ܡܢ ܚܢܘܬܐ؟

ܛܥܝܘܬܐ ܕܡܫܘܚܬܐ ܟܦܠܓܐ ܠܬܪܝܢ ܦܠ̈ܓܐ ܕܟܡܬܕܒܪܝ ܒܐܘܪܚܐ ܦܪܝܫܬܐ. ܦܠܓܐ ܓܕܫܢܝܐ – ܩܠܐ ܕܟܫܚܠܦ ܡܢ ܡܫܘܚܬܐ ܠܡܫܘܚܬܐ ܘܟܡܫܬܩܠ ܓܘ ܡܨܥܝܬܐ: ܪܓܫܬܐ ܕܝܘܡܐ، ܠܐܘܬܐ، ܢܘܣܚܐ ܕܐܬܝܠܗ ܦܗܝܡܐ ܒܬܪܬܝ ܐܘܪ̈ܚܬܐ. ܘܦܠܓܐ ܕܥܡ ܐܘܪܚܐ – ܡܣܒ ܒܐܦ̈ܐ (bias) ܕܟܗܕܪ ܒܗܝ ܐܘܪܚܐ ܓܘ ܟܠ ܡܫܘܚܬܐ: ܡܬܩܠܐ ܕܒܟܠ ܥܕܢܐ ܟܡܚܘܐ 3 ܟܝܠܘ ܒܨܝܪ، ܦܢܩܝܬܐ ܕܫܘܐ̈ܠܐ ܕ"ܒܣܝܡܘܬܐ ܡܢ ܡܠܦܢܐ" ܕܒܫܪܪܐ ܟܡܫܚܐ ܟܡܐ ܦܫܝܩܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܠܩܒܠܬܐ ܢܝܫܢܐ ܪܡܐ. ܫܪܝܪܘܬܐ ܟܥܒܕܐ ܥܡ ܦܠܓܐ ܩܕܡܝܐ؛ ܬܪܝܨܘܬܐ – ܥܡ ܦܠܓܐ ܬܪܝܢܐ. ܘܡܛܠ ܗܕܐ ܡܨܝܚ ܕܗܘܝܐ ܡܫܘܚܬܐ ܫܪܝܪܬܐ ܒܣܓܝ ܘܠܐ ܬܪܝܨܬܐ: ܡܬܩܠܐ ܬܒܝܪܐ ܟܝܗܒ ܗܘ ܡܢܝܢܐ ܟܠ ܨܦܪܐ.

2. ܫܪܝܪܘܬܐ – "ܗܘ ܦܐܪܐ ܒܫܪ̈ܛܐ ܕܡܝ̈ܐ"

ܫܪܝܪܘܬܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܚܝܠܐ ܕܡܐܢܐ ܕܡܫܘܚܬܐ ܕܝܗܒ ܗܢܘܢ ܦܐܪ̈ܐ ܓܘ ܗܢܘܢ ܫܪ̈ܛܐ (Field, 2024, Section 1.5.4) – ܝܢ، ܒܢܘܣܚܐ ܕ-Pallant (2020، ܨܚܚܐ 1)، ܟܡܐ ܣܒܠܬܐ ܚܐܪܬܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܡܢ ܛܥܝܘܬܐ ܓܕܫܢܝܬܐ. ܠܐ ܡܨܝܚ ܠܚܙܝܐ ܫܪܝܪܘܬܐ ܓܘ ܚܕܐ ܡܫܘܚܬܐ؛ ܟܚܙܚ ܠܗ̇ ܒܣ ܐܡܢ ܕܟܗܕܪܚ ܥܠ ܡܫܘܚܬܐ ܘܟܦܚܡܚ. ܫܘܐܠܐ ܝܠܗ ܥܠ ܡܘܕܝ ܟܗܕܪܚ – ܘܠܟܠ ܦܘܢܝܐ ܐܝܬ ܙܢܐ ܕܫܪܝܪܘܬܐ ܕܝܠܗ، ܡܚܘܝܢܐ (measure) ܕܝܠܗ، ܘܕܘܟܬܐ ܕܝܠܗ ܓܘ ܣܐܝܛ (ܠܘܚܐ 1).

ܣܘܟܡܐ ܦܘܪܡܠܝܐ. Raykov (2024) ܟܡܫܪܐ ܡܢ ܐܝܟܢܝܘܬܐ ܕܬܐܘܪܝܐ ܩܠܐܣܝܩܝܬܐ ܕܒܘܚܪ̈ܢܐ (classical test theory): ܟܠ ܡܢܝܢܐ ܚܙܝܐ ܝܠܗ ܡܢܝܢܐ ܫܪܝܪܐ ܘܛܥܝܘܬܐ ܥܠܘܗܝ، X = T + E – ܠܐ ܝܠܗ ܡܘܕܝܠ (model) ܕܡܨܝܚ ܠܡܒܛܠܬܗ ܐܠܐ ܦܘܠܓܐ ܕܒܟܠ ܥܕܢܐ ܫܪܝܪܐ ܝܠܗ، ܐܡܢ ܕܡܢܝܢܐ ܫܪܝܪܐ ܝܠܗ ܛܝܡܐ ܡܣܟܝܐ (expected value) ܕܡܫܘܚܬܐ. ܫܪܝܪܘܬܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܦܘܚܡܐ ρ = Var(T) / Var(X): ܡܢܬܐ ܕܦܘܪ̈ܫܢܐ ܫܪܝܪ̈ܐ ܒܝܢܝ ܐܢܫ̈ܐ ܡܢ ܓܘ ܦܘܪ̈ܫܢܐ ܚܙ̈ܝܐ. ܡܢ ܐܟܐ ܬܠܬܐ ܩܪ̈ܝܢܐ ܕܗܘ ܡܢܝܢܐ: ρ ܝܠܗ R² ܕ"ܡܢܒܝܢܘܬܐ" ܕܡܢܝܢܐ ܚܙܝܐ ܡܢ ܫܪܝܪܐ؛ ρ ܝܠܗ 1 ܒܨܝܪ ܦܘܚܡܐ ܕܩܠܐ ܠܐܬܐ؛ ܘ-ρ ܝܠܗ ܐܣܘܪܐ ܕܚܕ̈ܕܐ ܒܝܢܝ ܬܪܬܝ ܡܫܘ̈ܚܬܐ ܡܩܒܠ̈ܢܝܬܐ ܕܗܘ ܡܕܡ، ܐܡܢ ܕܛܥܝ̈ܘܬܐ ܕܝܠܗܝܢ ܠܐ ܐܣܝܪ̈ܐ ܝܢܐ ܥܡ ܚܕ̈ܕܐ – ܘܐܗܐ ܝܠܗ ܫܬܐܣܐ ܕܦܘܫܩܐ ܕ"ܬܢܝܬܐ" ܕܓܘ ܪܫܐ ܕܦܣܩܐ، ܘܕܫܪܝܪܘܬܐ ܕܒܘܚܪܢܐ ܡܢ ܪܝܫ ܓܘ ܠܘܚܐ 1، ܕܟܡܣܡܟܐ ܥܠ ܐܗܐ ܒܚܬܝܬܘܬܐ (ܡܫܘ̈ܚܬܐ ܡܩܒܠ̈ܢܝܬܐ ܥܡ ܛܥܝ̈ܘܬܐ ܠܐ ܐܣܝܪ̈ܬܐ – ܫܪܛܐ ܕ-Raykov ܟܐܡܪ ܕܥܣܩܐ ܝܠܗ ܒܣܓܝ ܠܡܒܢܝܬܗ ܒܥܒܕܐ، ܘܡܛܠ ܗܕܐ ܟܓܒܐ ܣܒ̈ܠܬܐ ܕܦܣܘ̈ܩܐ ܣܓܝ̈ܐܐ). ܘܐܝܬ ܦܐܪܐ ܐܚܪܢܐ ܕܟܐܣܪ ܠܐܗܐ ܦܣܩܐ ܥܡ ܦܐܬܐ ܕܐܣܘܪ̈ܐ ܕܚܕ̈ܕܐ: ܐܣܘܪܐ ܕܚܕ̈ܕܐ ܚܙܝܐ ܒܝܢܝ ܬܪܝܢ ܡܚܘ̈ܝܢܐ ܙܥܘܪ ܝܠܗ ܡܢ ܐܣܘܪܐ ܕܚܕ̈ܕܐ ܒܝܢܝ ܡܢܝ̈ܢܐ ܫܪܝܪ̈ܐ ܕܝܠܗܘܢ، ܘr_ܫܪܝܪܐ = r_ܚܙܝܐ / √(ρ_U·ρ_V) – ܦܘܪܡܘܠܐ ܕܡܙܥܪܢܘܬܐ (attenuation): ܬܪܬܝ ܣܒ̈ܠܬܐ ܒܫܪܝܪܘܬܐ ܕ-.7 ܕܐܣܘܪܐ ܕܚܕ̈ܕܐ ܕܝܠܗܝܢ .40 ܝܠܗ ܟܡܫܚܝ ܡܕܡܝ̈ܐ ܕܐܣܘܪܐ ܕܚܕ̈ܕܐ ܕܝܠܗܘܢ ܩܪܝܒ ܠ-.57 ܝܠܗ. ܘܒܚܪܬܐ، ρ ܡܦܪܫܐ ܝܠܗ ܩܐ ܟܠ ܡܫܘܚܬܐ ܥܡ ܫܘܚܠܦܐ (variance) ܕܙܘܕܐ – ܦܣܘܩܐ ܕܬܪܝܢ ܛܝ̈ܡܐ، ܦܣܘܩܐ ܕ-Likert، ܡܢܝܢܐ ܡܬܡܫܚܢܐ – ܘܬܠܝܐ ܝܠܗ ܐܦ ܒܡܐܢܐ ܘܐܦ ܒܟܢܫܐ ܟܠܢܝܐ، ܒܚܬܝܬܘܬܐ ܐܝܟ ܡܨܥܝܬܐ ܘܫܘܚܠܦܐ (Raykov, 2024).

ܫܪܝܪܘܬܐ ܕܒܘܚܪܢܐ ܡܢ ܪܝܫ (ܩܝܡܘܬܐ ܒܙܒܢܐ). ܗܢܘܢ ܐܢܫ̈ܐ، ܗܝ ܣܒܠܬܐ، ܬܪܝܢ ܙܒ̈ܢܐ؛ ܐܣܘܪܐ ܕܚܕ̈ܕܐ ܒܝܢܝ ܬܪܝܢ ܡܢܝ̈ܢܐ ܕܣܒܠܬܐ ܝܠܗ ܡܚܘܝܢܐ (test-retest reliability). ܐܗܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܐܘܪܚܐ ܦܫܝܩܬܐ ܡܢ ܟܠܗܝܢ ܠܒܚܪܬܐ ܕܫܪܝܪܘܬܐ، ܐܠܐ ܦܐܝܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܒܣ ܩܐ ܡܕܡ ܕܒܥܝܐ ܕܦܐܫ ܩܝܡܐ: ܟܝܢܐ ܕܦܪܨܘܦܐ – ܐܝܢ؛ ܪܓܫܬܐ ܕܝܘܡܐ، ܪܡܬܐ ܕܫܟܪ، ܦܐܪܐ ܕܥܒܕܐ – ܠܐ، ܡܛܠ ܕܫܘܚܠܦܐ ܫܪܝܪܐ ܒܝܢܝ ܙܒ̈ܢܐ ܒܕ ܡܬܚܙܐ ܐܝܟ ܚܣܝܪܘܬܐ ܕܫܪܝܪܘܬܐ (Field, 2024, Section 1.5.4; Pallant, 2020, Chapter 1). ܦܬܝܘܬܐ ܕܙܒܢܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܦܘܣܩܢܐ ܕܟܡܘܕܥܚ: ܩܨܝܪܐ ܝܬܝܪ – ܥܘܗܕܢܐ ܕܦܘܢ̈ܝܐ؛ ܐܪܝܟܐ ܝܬܝܪ – ܫܘܚܠܦܐ ܫܪܝܪܐ.

ܫܠܡܘܬܐ ܓܘܝܬܐ. ܣܒܠܬܐ ܕܟܡܐ ܦܣܘ̈ܩܐ ܒܥܝܐ ܕܡܫܚܐ ܚܕ ܟܝܢܐ، ܘܡܛܠ ܗܕܐ ܦܣܘ̈ܩܐ ܒܥܝܢ ܕ"ܐܙܠܝ ܥܡ ܚܕ̈ܕܐ" – ܐܢܫܐ ܕܪܡܐ ܝܠܗ ܓܘ ܚܕ ܦܣܘܩܐ ܪܡܐ ܝܠܗ ܐܦ ܓܘ ܐܚܪ̈ܢܐ. ܡܚܘܝܢܐ ܕܡܬܚܙܐ ܣܓܝ ܝܠܗ ܐܠܦܐ ܕ-Cronbach (Cronbach's alpha)، ܕܟܡܚܘܐ ܠܐܣܘܪܐ ܕܚܕ̈ܕܐ ܡܨܥܝܐ ܒܝܢܝ ܦܣܘ̈ܩܐ؛ ܢܡܘܣܐ ܕܡܩܒܠ ܝܠܗ ܐܠܦܐ ܠܥܠ ܡܢ .7 (DeVellis, 2012، ܘ-Nunnally, 1978، ܐܝܟ ܕܡܝܬܝ ܝܢܐ ܓܘ Pallant, 2020، ܨܚ̈ܚܐ 1 ܘ-9). ܐܠܐ ܐܠܦܐ ܬܠܝܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܒܡܢܝܢܐ ܕܦܣܘ̈ܩܐ: ܓܘ ܣܒܠܬܐ ܩܨܝܪܬܐ (ܒܨܝܪ ܡܢ ܥܣܪܐ ܦܣܘ̈ܩܐ) ܢܚܝܬܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܐܦܠܐ ܐܡܢ ܕܦܣܘ̈ܩܐ ܐܣܝܪ̈ܐ ܝܢܐ ܛܒ، ܘܗܝܕܝܟ ܟܡܘܕܥܚ ܐܣܘܪܐ ܕܚܕ̈ܕܐ ܡܨܥܝܐ ܒܝܢܝ ܦܣܘ̈ܩܐ، ܕܦܬܝܘܬܐ (range) ܕܒܥܝܐ ܕܝܠܗ ܝܠܗ̇ ܡܢ .2 ܗܠ .4 (Briggs & Cheek, 1986، ܐܝܟ ܕܡܝܬܝ ܝܢܐ ܓܘ Pallant, 2020، ܨܚܚܐ 9). ܘܒܗܦܟܐ: ܣܒܠܬܐ ܐܪܝܟܬܐ ܒܣܓܝ ܒܕ ܡܛܝܐ ܠܐܠܦܐ ܪܡܬܐ ܐܦ ܥܡ ܦܣܘ̈ܩܐ ܡܨܥ̈ܝܐ – ܐܠܦܐ ܪܡܬܐ ܠܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܚܘܝܬܐ ܕܣܒܠܬܐ ܟܡܫܚܐ ܚܕ ܡܕܡ. ܬܪܬܝ ܡܥܝܪ̈ܢܘܬܐ ܕܥܒܕܐ ܡܢ Pallant (2020، ܨܚܚܐ 9): ܦܣܘ̈ܩܐ ܕܟܬܝܒ̈ܐ ܝܢܐ ܒܗܦܟܐ ܣܢܝܩܝ ܕܗܦܟܝ ܩܕܡ ܚܘܫܒܢܐ، ܐܢ ܠܐ ܐܠܦܐ ܒܕ ܗܘܝܐ ܢܚܝܬܐ ܘܛܥܝܬܐ؛ ܘܫܪܝܪܘܬܐ ܬܠܝܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܒܕܘܡܝܐ (sample) – ܟܚܫܒܚ ܘܟܡܘܕܥܚ ܠܗ̇ ܥܠ ܕܘܡܝܐ ܕܝܘܟܘܢ، ܠܐ ܒܣ ܛܝܡܐ ܕܐܘܕܥܠܗ ܒܢܝܐ ܕܣܒܠܬܐ.

ܡܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܐܠܦܐ – ܘܡܐ ܠܐ ܝܠܗ̇. Raykov (2024) ܟܡܒܪܪ ܕܘܟܬܐ ܕܝܠܗ̇: ܐܠܦܐ (Cronbach, 1951, as cited in Raykov) ܡܦܪܫܬܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܓܘ ܟܠ ܟܢܫܐ ܟܠܢܝܐ ܕܓܘܗ ܡܢܝܢܐ ܕܣܒܠܬܐ ܐܝܬ ܠܗ ܫܘܚܠܦܐ ܕܙܘܕܐ – ܕܠܐ ܡܘܕܝܠ، ܕܠܐ ܫܪܛܐ ܕܚܕ ܡܫܘܚܬܐ (unidimensionality)، ܕܠܐ ܫܪܛܐ ܕܢܘܪܡܠܝܘܬܐ، ܘܥܡ ܦܣܘ̈ܩܐ ܕܬܪܝܢ ܛܝ̈ܡܐ، ܕܛܟܣܐ ܝܢ ܡܬܡܫܚ̈ܢܐ. ܐܣܘܪܐ ܕܝܠܗ̇ ܥܡ ܫܪܝܪܘܬܐ ܫܪܝܪܬܐ ܕܣܒܠܬܐ ܥܣܩܐ ܝܠܗ: ܐܡܢ ܕܛܥܝ̈ܘܬܐ ܕܦܣܘ̈ܩܐ ܠܐ ܐܣܝܪ̈ܐ ܝܢܐ ܥܡ ܚܕ̈ܕܐ، ܐܠܦܐ ܠܐ ܟܣܠܩܐ ܠܥܠ ܡܢ ܫܪܝܪܘܬܐ (ܘܡܛܠ ܗܕܐ ܟܡܫܡܗܝ ܠܗ̇ "ܬܚܘܡܐ ܬܚܬܝܐ")، ܘܫܘܝܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܠܗ̇ ܒܚܬܝܬܘܬܐ ܒܣ ܐܡܢ ܕܟܠ ܦܣܘ̈ܩܐ ܟܡܫܚܝ ܗܘ ܡܢܝܢܐ ܫܪܝܪܐ ܒܗܢܘܢ ܡܢܘ̈ܬܐ (tau-equivalence)؛ ܐܡܢ ܕܛܥ̈ܢܐ (loadings) ܦܪ̈ܝܫܐ ܝܢܐ ܐܠܐ ܟܠܗܘܢ ܪ̈ܡܐ، ܦܘܪܫܢܐ ܙܥܘܪܐ ܛܒܐ ܝܠܗ ܒܥܒܕܐ؛ ܘܐܡܢ ܕܛܥܝ̈ܘܬܐ ܐܣܝܪ̈ܐ ܝܢܐ، ܐܠܦܐ ܡܨܝܐ ܕܗܘܝܐ ܐܦ ܠܥܠ ܡܢ ܫܪܝܪܘܬܐ. ܡܢ ܐܟܐ ܦܘܣܩܢܐ ܕܝܠܗ: ܩܪ̈ܝܬܐ ܕܫܡܝܥ̈ܐ ܗܘܝ ܕܫܒܩܝ ܠܐܠܦܐ ܘܓܒܝ ܡܚܘ̈ܝܢܐ ܐܚܪ̈ܢܐ ܝܢܐ، ܒܚܘܫܒܐ ܕܝܠܗ، ܛܥ̈ܝܐ – ܐܠܦܐ ܦܝܫܐ ܡܚܘܝܢܐ ܫܪܝܪܐ ܘܡܦܠܚܢܐ ܐܡܢ ܕܛܥܝ̈ܘܬܐ ܠܐ ܐܣܝܪ̈ܐ ܝܢܐ، ܘܬܚܘܡܐ ܬܚܬܝܐ ܕܝܗܒ ܝܕܥܬܐ ܓܘ ܟܠ ܗܘܝ̈ܐ ܐܚܪ̈ܢܐ. ܘܬܪܝܢ ܙܘܗܪ̈ܐ ܕܟܡܚܝܐ ܒܠܐ ܡܨܥܝܐ ܠܡܦܩܢܐ ܕܡܚܫܒܢܐ ܕܐܠܦܐ: (1) "α ܐܢ ܦܣܘܩܐ ܫܩܝܠܐ" – Raykov ܒܥܕܢܐ ܣܓܝ ܟܡܠܟ ܕܠܐ ܡܦܠܚܚ ܠܗ̇ ܐܝܟ ܡܕܒܪܢܐ ܩܐ ܫܘܚܠܦܐ ܕܣܒܠܬܐ، ܡܛܠ ܕܓܘ ܣܒܠܬܐ ܕܐܠܦܐ ܕܝܠܗ̇ ܢܚܝܬܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܡܢ ܫܪܝܪܘܬܐ، ܫܩܠܬܐ ܕܦܣܘܩܐ ܒܓܘ ܐܗܐ ܡܢܝܢܐ ܣܛܐܛܝܣܛܝܩܝܐ ܡܨܝܐ ܕܢܚܬܐ ܐܦ ܠܫܪܝܪܘܬܐ ܘܐܦ ܠܬܪܝܨܘܬܐ ܕܩܢܘܢܐ (criterion validity)؛ (2) α ܡܬܩܢܬܐ (ܥܠ ܦܣܘ̈ܩܐ ܡܬܩ̈ܢܐ) – ܠܡܛܫܝܐ ܡܢ ܫܘܥܪܐ، ܬܘܢܝܐ ܝܢ ܦܘܫܩܐ ܕܝܠܗ̇ ܐܠܐ ܐܢ ܐܝܬ ܥܠܬܐ ܚܝܠܬܢܝܬܐ ܠܬܩܢܐ ܕܦܣܘ̈ܩܐ ܡܢ ܪܝܫܐ، ܡܛܠ ܕܡܨܝܐ ܕܗܘܝܐ ܪܡܬܐ ܝܢ ܢܚܝܬܐ ܒܣܓܝ ܡܢ ܫܪܝܪܘܬܐ ܕܡܢܝܢܐ ܕܣܒܠܬܐ ܕܒܫܪܪܐ ܟܦܫܩܚ. ܣܐܝܛ ܟܐܚܕ ܬܪܘܝܗܝ: ܡܚܫܒܢܐ ܟܡܚܘܐ ܬܪܘܝܗܝ، ܐܝܟ SPSS ܘܐܝܟ Field (2024) ܘ-Pallant (2020) ܕܥܠܝܗܘܢ ܒܢܝܐ ܝܠܗ – ܐܠܐ ܐܝܟ ܒܘܚܪܢܐ (ܦܣܘܩܐ ܗܦܝܟܐ ܕܠܐ ܐܬܝܠܗ ܪܫܝܡܐ ܟܡܬܓܠܐ ܬܡܢ ܒܓܗܐ)، ܠܐ ܐܝܟ ܫܬܐܣܐ ܩܐ ܫܩܠܬܐ ܕܦܣܘ̈ܩܐ ܘܠܐ ܐܝܟ ܡܢܝܢܐ ܩܐ ܬܘܢܝܐ؛ ܟܡܘܕܥܚ α ܥܡܝܬܐ، ܕܡܢܝܢܐ ܕܣܒܠܬܐ ܐܝܟ ܕܟܓܡܪܚ ܠܗ. ܘܒܚܪܬܐ، Raykov ܟܡܘܣܦ ܩܐ ܡܘܕܝ "ܬܠܝܐ ܒܕܘܡܝܐ" ܝܠܗ ܐܦ "ܬܠܝܐ ܒܙܒܢܐ": ܟܢܫ̈ܐ ܟܠܢܝ̈ܐ ܟܫܚܠܦܝ، ܒܢܝܢܐ ܟܣܝܐ ܕܣܒܠܬܐ ܡܨܝܐ ܕܫܚܠܦ، ܘܟܢܫܐ ܟܠܢܝܐ ܕܗܘܐ ܗܘܐ ܚܕ ܓܢܣܐ ܡܨܝܐ ܕܗܘܐ ܟܡܐ ܟܢܫ̈ܐ ܡܢܬܢ̈ܝܐ – ܘܡܛܠ ܗܕܐ ܠܐ ܟܣܡܟܚ ܥܠ ܫܪܝܪܘܬܐ ܕܓܘ ܡܕܒܪܢܐ ܕܣܒܠܬܐ، ܐܠܐ ܟܟܢܫܚ ܝܗܝ̈ܒܬܐ ܘܟܫܥܪܚ ܡܢ ܪܝܫ، ܛܒ ܝܠܗ ܥܡ ܬܚܘܡܐ ܕܬܘܟܠܢܐ (confidence interval)؛ ܘܓܘ ܒܢܝܢܐ ܕܣܒܠܬܐ – ܕܘܡܝܐ ܪܒܐ ܕܦܠܝܓܐ ܠܬܪܝܢ، ܕܦܠܓܐ ܡܫܪܪܢܐ ܠܐ ܡܬܒܚܪܐ ܥܠ ܗܢܘܢ ܝܗܝ̈ܒܬܐ ܕܥܠܝܗܘܢ ܐܬܝܠܗܘܢ ܥܒܝ̈ܕܐ ܫܘܚ̈ܠܦܐ (Raykov, 2024).

ܫܪܝܪܘܬܐ ܒܝܢܝ ܪܡܙ̈ܢܐ (ܝܢ ܒܝܢܝ ܕܝ̈ܢܐ). ܐܡܢ ܕܒܪܢܫܐ ܝܠܗ ܡܐܢܐ ܕܡܫܘܚܬܐ – ܪܡܙܢܐ ܕܟܦܪܫ ܦܘܢ̈ܝܐ ܦܬܝ̈ܚܐ ܠܓܢ̈ܣܐ (categories)، ܕܝܢܐ ܕܟܝܗܒ ܕܪ̈ܓܐ – ܩܠܐ ܝܠܗ ܦܘܫܩܐ ܕܝܠܗ، ܘܐܘܪܚܐ ܠܒܚܪܬܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܕܡܩܝܡܚ ܩܘܒܠܗ ܪܡܙܢܐ ܬܪܝܢܐ، ܚܐܪܐ، ܥܠ ܗܢܘܢ ܡܢܘ̈ܬܐ ܘܗܢܘܢ ܦܘܩ̈ܕܢܐ. Krippendorff (2019، ܦܣܩܐ 11.2.1) ܟܦܪܫ ܒܝܢܝ ܬܠܬܐ ܬܘܩ̈ܢܐ ܕܒܘܚܪܢܐ ܠܦܘܬ ܡܒܘܥܐ ܕܠܐ ܫܠܡܘܬܐ: ܩܝܡܘܬܐ – ܗܘ ܪܡܙܢܐ ܟܗܕܪ ܥܠ ܥܒܕܐ ܒܬܪ ܙܒܢܐ (ܒܣ ܠܐ ܩܝܡܘܬܐ ܕܓܢܣܐ؛ ܬܘܩܢܐ ܡܚܝܠܐ ܡܢ ܟܠܗܘܢ، ܡܛܠ ܕܠܐ ܟܓܠܐ ܡܣܒ ܒܐܦ̈ܐ ܩܝܡܐ ܕܪܡܙܢܐ)؛ ܡܬܥܒܕܢܘܬܐ ܡܢ ܪܝܫ (reproducibility) – ܬܪܝܢ ܪܡܙ̈ܢܐ ܝܢ ܝܬܝܪ، ܚܐܪ̈ܐ (ܐܦ ܦܘܪ̈ܫܢܐ ܕܦܘܫܩܐ ܒܝܢܬܗܘܢ؛ ܐܗܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܡܕܡ ܕܒܥܕܢܐ ܣܓܝ ܟܡܫܡܗܝ ܠܗ̇ ܫܪܝܪܘܬܐ ܒܝܢܝ ܪܡܙ̈ܢܐ، ܘܐܗܐ ܝܠܗ ܢܡܘܣܐ)؛ ܘܚܬܝܬܘܬܐ – ܦܘܚܡܐ ܥܡ ܬܩܢܐ ܕܡܬܚܫܒ ܫܪܝܪܐ (ܐܦ ܣܛܝܘܬܐ ܡܢ ܬܩܢܐ؛ ܬܘܩܢܐ ܚܝܠܬܢܐ ܡܢ ܟܠܗܘܢ، ܐܠܐ ܬܩܢܐ ܕܐܗܐ ܓܢܣܐ ܐܝܬ ܒܝܘܬܪ ܓܘ ܡܠܦܢܘܬܐ ܕܪܡܙ̈ܢܐ). ܡܚܘ̈ܝܢܐ – ܩܐܦܐ ܕ-Cohen (Cohen's kappa) ܩܐ ܙܘܓܐ ܕܪܡܙ̈ܢܐ (Cohen, 1960) ܘܐܠܦܐ ܕ-Krippendorff (Krippendorff's alpha) ܩܐ ܟܠ ܡܢܝܢܐ ܕܪܡܙ̈ܢܐ – ܟܬܪܨܝ ܠܫܠܡܘܬܐ ܓܘܠܡܝܬܐ ܠܦܘܬ ܫܠܡܘܬܐ ܕܡܣܟܝܐ ܒܓܕܫܐ، ܘܟܡܬܚܫܒܝ ܓܘ ܦܐܬܐ ܕܫܪܝܪܘܬܐ ܒܝܢܝ ܪܡܙ̈ܢܐ، ܥܡ ܬܚܘ̈ܡܐ ܕܬܘܟܠܢܐ ܘܬܪܝܢ ܣܪ̈ܓܠܐ ܡܩܒ̈ܠܐ ܕܦܘܫܩܐ.

3. ܬܪܝܨܘܬܐ – "ܟܡܫܚܐ ܠܡܕܡ ܕܒܥܝܠܗܘܢ"

ܬܪܝܨܘܬܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܫܘܐܠܐ ܐܝܢܐ ܡܐܢܐ ܟܡܫܚܐ ܠܡܕܡ ܕܩܐ ܐܗܘ ܒܢܝܐ ܝܠܗ (Field, 2024, Section 1.5.4): ܣܒܠܬܐ ܕ"ܥܘܕܪܢܐ ܕܡܠܦܢܐ" – ܐܝܢܐ ܒܫܪܪܐ ܟܡܫܚܐ ܥܘܕܪܢܐ؟ ܡܐܢܐ ܕܒܥܝܐ ܕܡܫܚܐ ܙܘܥܐ ܕܙܪܥܐ ܘܒܫܪܪܐ ܟܡܫܚܐ ܟܡܝܘܬܐ ܕܝܠܗ ܠܐ ܝܠܗ ܬܪܝܨܐ. Field ܟܡܘܣܦ ܦܘܪܫܢܐ ܪܒܐ: ܙܒܢܐ ܕܦܘܢܝܐ ܘܡܥܒܪܢܘܬܐ ܕܓܠܕܐ ܬܪ̈ܝܨܐ ܝܢܐ ܒܣܘܟܠܐ ܐܠܝܨܐ – ܙܒܢܐ ܕܦܘܢܝܐ ܒܫܪܪܐ ܟܡܫܚܐ ܙܒܢܐ ܕܫܩܠܠܗ ܠܡܦܢܝܐ – ܐܠܐ ܐܡܢ ܕܟܡܦܩܚ ܡܢܝܗܝ ܫܘܠܡܐ ܥܠ ܡܕܡ ܐܚܪܢܐ (ܡܥܒܪܢܘܬܐ ܕܓܠܕܐ ܐܝܟ ܡܚܘܝܢܐ ܕܩܢܛܐ)، ܬܪ̈ܝܨܐ ܝܢܐ ܒܣ ܐܢ ܠܐ ܐܝܬ ܥܠܬܐ ܐܚܪܬܐ ܠܒܪ ܡܢ ܗܝ ܕܟܡܚܫܚܐ ܠܢ ܕܟܥܒܕܐ ܥܠܝܗܘܢ. ܒܗܦܟܐ ܡܢ ܫܪܝܪܘܬܐ، ܠܬܪܝܨܘܬܐ ܠܝܬ ܚܕ ܡܚܘܝܢܐ ܝܚܝܕܝܐ ܘܕܚܕ ܣܘܟܠܐ؛ ܬܪܨܬܐ ܕܣܒܠܬܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܟܢܫܐ ܕܣܗܕ̈ܘܬܐ ܕܢܣܝܘܢܐ ܥܠ ܡܦܠܚܢܘܬܐ ܕܝܠܗ̇ (Pallant, 2020, Chapter 1). ܟܬܒܘܬܐ ܟܦܪܫܐ ܒܝܢܝ ܟܡܐ ܙܢ̈ܐ ܕܣܗܕ̈ܘܬܐ (ܠܘܚܐ 2).

ܬܪܝܨܘܬܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܚܕ ܣܪܛܐ ܡܬܡܫܚܢܐ، ܠܐ ܐܝܢ/ܠܐ. Skowronski (2024) ܟܦܠܓ "ܟܡܫܚܐ ܠܡܕܡ ܕܒܥܝܠܗܘܢ" ܠܬܠܬܐ ܟܝ̈ܢܐ: ܚܬܝܬܘܬܐ (accuracy) – ܛܝܡܐ ܕܐܬܝܠܗ ܩܒܝܠܐ ܟܡܥܒܕ ܡܢ ܪܝܫ ܠܛܝܡܐ ܫܪܝܪܐ؛ ܕܩܝܩܘܬܐ (precision) – ܠܐ ܚܬܝܬܘܝ̈ܬܐ ܙܥܘܪ̈ܐ ܝܢܐ؛ ܘܠܐ ܡܣܒ ܒܐܦ̈ܐ (unbiasedness) – ܠܐ ܚܬܝܬܘܝ̈ܬܐ ܟܡܬܦܠܓܝ ܫܘܝܐܝܬ ܒܝܢܝ ܝܬܝܪܘܬܐ ܘܒܨܝܪܘܬܐ. ܡܚܘ̈ܝܢܐ ܦܪ̈ܝܫܐ ܝܢܐ ܓܘ ܟܠ ܚܕ ܡܢܝܗܝ، ܘܡܛܠ ܗܕܐ ܬܪܝܨܘܬܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܟܡܝܘܬܐ، ܠܐ ܟܝܢܐ ܕܬܪܝܢ ܛܝ̈ܡܐ – ܘܡܢ ܐܟܐ ܐܦ ܡܚܘܝܢܐ ܒܝܫܐ ܡܨܝܐ ܕܗܘܝܐ ܡܦܠܚܢܐ: ܡܬܩܠܐ ܕܒܟܠ ܥܕܢܐ ܟܡܚܘܐ 5 ܟܝܠܘ ܒܨܝܪ ܗܠ ܐܕܝܘܡ ܟܡܛܟܣ ܠܐܢܫ̈ܐ ܫܪܝܪܐܝܬ ܘܗܠ ܐܕܝܘܡ ܟܓܠܐ ܢܚܬܬܐ ܕܡܬܩܠܐ ܒܬܪ ܐܣܝܘܬܐ؛ ܐܠܐ ܗܘ ܡܬܩܠܐ ܒܕ ܛܥܐ ܐܡܢ ܕܣܢܝܩܝܚ ܠܛܝܡܐ ܓܢܣܗ، ܘܓܘ ܬܪܕܡܬܐ ܕܟܡܬܚܫܒܐ ܠܦܘܬ ܡܬܩܠܐ – ܒܕ ܡܝܬܐ ܠܣܘܟܢܐ. ܡܐܝܟܐ ܟܐܬܝܐ ܠܐ ܬܪܝܨܘܬܐ. ܐܪܒܥܐ ܡܒܘ̈ܥܐ ܕܟܡܚܝܠܝ ܐܣܘܪܐ ܕܥܠܬܐ ܒܝܢܝ ܟܝܢܐ ܘܩܪܝܢܐ: ܡܐܢܐ (ܡܘܡܐ، ܥܬܝܩܘܬܐ)، ܡܦܠܚܢܐ (ܡܒܣܪܢܘܬܐ، ܠܐ ܡܨܝܢܘܬܐ، ܠܐ ܡܠܦܢܘܬܐ – ܪܡܙܢܐ ܕܠܐ ܐܬܝܠܗ ܡܕܘܒܪܐ)، ܫܪ̈ܛܐ (ܩܠܐ، ܥܘܟܢܐ)، ܘܡܕܡ ܕܟܡܫܬܡܫܚ ܓܢܣܗ – ܘܐܡܢ ܕܗܘ ܒܪܢܫܐ ܝܠܗ، ܦܘܢܝܐ ܠ"ܟܣܢܐܢܐ ܠܩܠܝܢܓܘܢ̈ܝܐ" ܟܡܚܘܐ ܐܦ ܨܒܝܢܐ ܕܡܒܣܡ ܠܒܨܘܝܐ، ܕܡܚܪܒ، ܕܠܐ ܡܬܚܙܐ ܡܪܐ ܕܚܘܫܒܐ، ܕܡܬܚܙܐ ܕܚܝܠܐ، ܝܢ ܕܐܙܠ ܥܡ ܚܘܫܒܐ ܕܡܬܚܙܐ ܣܓܝ (Skowronski, 2024؛ ܡܬܠܐ ܕܝܠܗ ܥܠ ܢܘ̈ܟܪܝܐ ܡܢ "Star Trek"، ܕܠܐ ܥܐܠ ܒܓܘܗ ܚܘܫܒܐ ܩܕܡܝܐ ܫܪܝܪܐ). ܬܪܝܨܐ ܘܠܐ ܬܪܝܨܐ، ܡܬܓܫܫܢܐ ܘܡܬܚܫܒܢܐ. ܐܘܪܟܐ ܕܣܪܛܐ، ܩܘܪܛܝܙܘܠ ܓܘ ܪܘܩܐ، ܙܒܢܐ – ܟܡܫܚܚ ܒܠܐ ܡܨܥܝܐ؛ ܢܪܩܝܣܝܣܡ، ܥܨܪܐ، ܩܝܡܘܬܐ ܕܚܘܫܒܐ ܥܠ ܓܢܣܐ – ܚܘ̈ܫܒܐ ܡܬܚܫܒ̈ܢܐ (hypothetical). ܘܡܚܘܝܢܐ ܡܨܝܐ ܕܗܘܝܐ ܠܐ ܬܪܝܨܐ (indirect): ܟܡܫܚܚ ܚܕ ܡܕܡ (ܩܘܪܛܝܙܘܠ، ܙܒܢܐ ܕܦܘܢܝܐ، ܛܥܝ̈ܘܬܐ ܓܘ ܡܫܬܘܕܥܢܘܬܐ ܕܡ̈ܠܐ) ܘܟܡܦܩܚ ܡܢܗ ܫܘܠܡܐ ܥܠ ܐܚܪܢܐ (ܥܨܪܐ، ܦܫܝܩܘܬܐ ܕܦܘܠܚܢܐ، ܡܕܡ ܕܡܦܢܝܢܐ ܚܫܒܠܗ) – ܐܝܟ ܡܫܘܚܬܐ ܕܥܡܪܐ ܒܦܚܡܐ-14، ܕܟܡܫܚܐ ܦܚܡܐ ܘܟܡܦܩܐ ܥܡܪܐ. ܡܚܘܝܢܐ ܠܐ ܬܪܝܨܐ ܣܢܝܩܐ ܝܠܗ ܠܬܪܨܬܐ ܓܘ ܬܪܬܝ ܕܪ̈ܓܐ: ܕܡܫܘܚܬܐ ܓܢܣܗ̇ ܚܬܝܬܐ ܝܠܗ̇، ܘܕܣܘܟܠܐ ܕܟܝܗܒܚ ܠܗ̇ ܫܪܝܪܐ ܝܠܗ – ܙܒܢܐ ܕܦܘܢܝܐ ܡܨܝܐ ܕܡܪܝܟ ܐܦ ܡܢ ܨܦܪܐ ܕܨܘܪܬܐ ܕܓܢܣܐ ܘܕܩܨܪ ܐܦ ܡܢ ܡܛܥܡܢܘܬܐ، ܘܗܕܟܐ ܗܘܐ ܚܬܝܬܐ ܓܡܝܪܐܝܬ ܘܠܐ ܬܪܝܨܐ ܐܝܟ ܡܚܘܝܢܐ ܩܐ ܡܕܡ ܕܒܥܝܠܗܘܢ. ܟܡܐ ܕܚܘܫܒܐ ܡܬܚܫܒܢܐ ܝܬܝܪ ܝܠܗ ܘܡܚܘܝܢܐ ܠܐ ܬܪܝܨܐ ܝܬܝܪ، ܣܢܝܩܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܥܒܕܐ ܝܬܝܪ ܕܬܪܨܬܐ – ܘܐܗܐ، ܠܦܘܬ ܐܘܪܚܐ ܕܝܠܗ، ܥܒܕܐ ܡܬܡܫܚܢܐ ܝܠܗ ܓܘ ܡܨܥܬܐ ܕܟܠ ܬܘܩܢܐ ܕܒܘܨܝܐ، ܠܐ ܕܪܓܐ ܕܟܡܫܬܠܡ.

ܬܪܝܨܘܬܐ ܕܡܐ ܕܐܝܬ ܒܓܘܗ (content validity). ܟܡܐ ܦܣܘ̈ܩܐ ܟܡܚܘܝܢ ܠܚܘܫܒܐ ܘܟܡܟܣܝܢ ܟܠ ܦܐ̈ܬܘܗܝ (Field, 2024, Section 1.5.4) – ܟܡܐ ܣܒܠܬܐ "ܓܒܝܠܗ̇ ܕܘܡܝܐ" ܫܦܝܪܐܝܬ ܡܢ ܬܚܘܡܐ ܕܡܐ ܕܐܝܬ ܒܓܘܗ ܕܒܥܝܐ ܕܟܣܝܐ (Pallant, 2020, Chapter 1). ܣܒܠܬܐ ܕ"ܒܣܝܡܘܬܐ ܡܢ ܥܒܕܐ" ܕܟܠ ܦܣܘ̈ܩܐ ܕܝܠܗ̇ ܥܠ ܐܓܪܐ ܝܢܐ ܠܐ ܟܟܣܝܐ ܠܬܚܘܡܐ. ܐܗܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܣܗܕܘܬܐ ܕܕܝܢܐ – ܡܗܝܪ̈ܐ، ܬܐܘܪܝܐ – ܠܐ ܕܡܢܝܢܐ.

ܬܪܝܨܘܬܐ ܕܩܢܘܢܐ. ܦܘܚܡܐ ܕܡܢܝ̈ܢܐ ܥܡ ܩܢܘܢܐ ܒܪܝܐ ܕܡܨܝܚ ܠܡܫܚܬܗ: ܕܪ̈ܓܐ ܕܝܗܒܝ ܬܠܡܝ̈ܕܐ ܥܠ ܥܘܕܪܢܐ ܕܡܠܦܢܐ ܩܘܒܠ ܚܙܝܬܐ (observation) ܐܘܒܝܩܛܝܒܝܬܐ ܥܠ ܥܘܕܪܢܐ ܕܝܠܗ. ܐܡܢ ܕܩܢܘܢܐ ܟܡܫܬܡܫܚ ܒܗܘ ܙܒܢܐ – ܬܪܝܨܘܬܐ ܕܗܘ ܙܒܢܐ (concurrent validity)؛ ܐܡܢ ܕܣܒܠܬܐ ܟܡܢܒܝܐ ܚܙܝܬܐ ܕܒܬܪ ܙܒܢܐ – ܬܪܝܨܘܬܐ ܕܡܢܒܝܢܘܬܐ (predictive validity) (Field, 2024, Section 1.5.4). Field ܟܡܙܗܪ ܕܬܪܘܝܗܝ ܒܘܚܪ̈ܢܐ ܒܥܕܢܐ ܣܓܝ ܠܐ ܝܢܐ ܡܨܝ̈ܢܐ ܒܥܒܕܐ – ܩܢܘܢܐ ܐܘܒܝܩܛܝܒܝܐ ܕܦܫܝܩܐ ܝܠܗ ܠܡܫܚܬܗ ܦܫܝܛܐܝܬ ܠܝܬ – ܘܕܓܘ ܡܫܘܚܬܐ ܕܚܘ̈ܫܒܐ ܒܥܕܢܐ ܡܢ ܥܕ̈ܢܐ ܟܡܚܫܚܐ ܠܢ ܚܘܫܒܐ ܕܒܪܢܫܐ ܥܠ ܫܪܪܐ ܘܠܐ ܫܪܪܐ ܓܢܣܗ: ܠܐ ܐܝܢܐ ܐܬܝܠܗ ܥܒܝܕܐ ܥܡܗ ܒܠܐ ܟܐܢܘܬܐ، ܐܠܐ ܐܝܢܐ ܗܘ ܗܕܟܐ ܟܚܫܒ.

ܬܪܝܨܘܬܐ ܕܒܢܝܢܐ (construct validity). ܐܡܢ ܕܠܝܬ ܚܕ ܩܢܘܢܐ، ܟܒܚܪܚ ܠܣܒܠܬܐ ܩܘܒܠ ܗܘܦܘܬܣ̈ܝܣ ܕܟܡܦܩܝ ܡܢ ܬܐܘܪܝܐ ܥܠ ܟܝܢܐ ܕܡܫܬܚܠܦܢܐ: ܒܥܝܐ ܕܗܘܝܐ ܒܐܣܘܪܐ ܕܚܕ̈ܕܐ ܪܡܐ ܥܡ ܡܚܘ̈ܝܢܐ ܕܚܘ̈ܫܒܐ ܩܪ̈ܝܒܐ – ܬܪܝܨܘܬܐ ܡܬܟܢܫܢܝܬܐ (convergent validity) – ܘܒܐܣܘܪܐ ܕܚܕ̈ܕܐ ܢܚܝܬܐ ܥܡ ܡܚܘ̈ܝܢܐ ܕܚܘ̈ܫܒܐ ܕܠܐ ܐܣܝܪ̈ܐ ܝܢܐ – ܬܪܝܨܘܬܐ ܡܦܪܫܢܝܬܐ (discriminant validity) (Pallant, 2020, Chapter 1). ܣܒܠܬܐ ܕܩܢܛܐ ܕܐܣܘܪܐ ܕܚܕ̈ܕܐ ܕܝܠܗ̇ .85 ܝܠܗ ܥܡ ܣܒܠܬܐ ܐܚܪܬܐ ܕܩܢܛܐ ܘ-.10 ܥܡ ܗܘܢܐ ܟܡܬܕܒܪܐ ܐܝܟ ܕܩܢܛܐ ܒܥܝܐ ܕܡܬܕܒܪܐ. ܓܘ ܣܐܝܛ: ܡܐܛܪܝܟܣ ܕܐܣܘܪ̈ܐ ܕܚܕ̈ܕܐ ܝܠܗ ܡܐܢܐ؛ ܦܘܫܩܐ – ܕܝܘܟܘܢ ܝܠܗ.

ܫܘܐܠܐ ܕܒܚܪܬܐ ܕܟܠܗܘܢ. Skowronski (2024) ܟܟܬܒ ܬܪܨܬܐ ܐܝܟ ܚܕ ܫܘܐܠܐ: "ܐܝܢܐ ܡܚܘܝܢܐ ܟܡܬܕܒܪ ܐܝܟ ܕܗܘܝܢ ܗܘܐ ܡܣܟܝܐ ܐܢ ܒܫܪܪܐ ܡܫܚܠܗ ܗܘܐ ܠܟܝܢܐ؟" – ܘܣܗܕ̈ܘܬܐ ܝܢܐ ܙܢ̈ܐ ܕܦܘܢܝܐ: ܡܢܒܝܢܘܬܐ ܕܡܕܡ ܕܒܥܝܐ ܕܡܢܒܐ (ܕܡܢܒܝܢܘܬܐ)، ܦܘܪܫܐ ܒܝܢܝ ܓܘ̈ܕܐ ܕܝܕܝܥ̈ܐ ܝܢܐ ܕܦܪ̈ܝܫܐ ܝܢܐ (ܕܗܘ ܙܒܢܐ)، ܟܢܫܐ ܥܡ ܡܚܘ̈ܝܢܐ ܐܚܪ̈ܢܐ ܕܗܘ ܡܕܡ (ܡܬܟܢܫܢܝܬܐ)، ܘܠܐ ܐܣܘܪܐ ܕܚܕ̈ܕܐ ܥܡ ܡܕܡ ܕܠܐ ܒܥܝܐ ܕܐܣܝܪ ܗܘܐ (ܡܦܪܫܢܝܬܐ) – ܥܡ ܐܣܘܪܐ ܕܚܕ̈ܕܐ ܢܚܝܬܐ ܥܡ ܡܚܘܝܢܐ ܕܨܒܝܢܐ ܕܡܬܚܙܝܐ ܛܒܐ (social desirability)، ܐܝܟ ܣܗܕܘܬܐ ܕܣܒܠܬܐ ܠܐ ܟܡܫܚܐ ܨܒܝܢܐ ܕܡܬܚܙܝܐ ܛܒܐ. ܘܐܝܬ ܣܗܕܘܬܐ ܐܚܪܬܐ ܕܠܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܐܣܘܪܐ ܕܚܕ̈ܕܐ: ܪܓܝܫܘܬܐ ܠܫܘܚܠܦܐ ܢܣܝܘܢܝܐ (manipulation sensitivity) – ܡܚܘܝܢܐ ܟܙܐܥ ܒܐܘܪܚܐ ܫܪܝܪܬܐ ܐܡܢ ܕܟܫܚܠܦܚ ܒܢܣܝܘܢܐ ܠܡܕܡ ܕܒܥܝܐ ܕܡܫܚܐ (ܠܘܚܐ 2). ܘܐܝܢܐ ܣܗܕܘܬܐ ܛܒܬܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܡܢ ܟܠܗܝܢ؟ "ܟܠܗܝܢ" – ܚܘܝܬܐ ܛܒܬܐ ܡܢ ܟܠܗܝܢ ܟܐܬܝܐ ܡܢ ܟܡܐ ܙܢ̈ܐ ܕܣܗܕ̈ܘܬܐ ܓܘ ܟܡܐ ܐܘܪ̈ܚܬܐ، ܪܘܚܐ ܕܐܘܪܚܐ ܕ-multitrait-multimethod ܕ-Campbell ܘ-Fiske (1959, as cited in Skowronski). ܘܐܝܡܢ ܣܦܩܐ؟ Skowronski ܟܡܙܗܪ ܕܬܪܨܬܐ ܥܣܩܬܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܝܬܝܪ ܡܢ ܕܟܡܬܚܙܝܐ: ܐܦܠܐ ܐܡܢ ܕܦܐܪ̈ܐ ܩܝ̈ܡܐ ܝܢܐ، ܣܢܝܩܝܚ ܠܒܘܨ̈ܝܐ ܣܓܝ̈ܐܐ؛ ܘܐܡܢ ܕܠܐ ܝܢܐ – ܒܥܕܢܐ ܡܢ ܥܕ̈ܢܐ ܩܢܘܢܐ ܝܠܗ (ܚܘܫܒܐ ܟܡܢܒܐ ܚܘ̈ܫܒܐ ܐܚܪ̈ܢܐ ܛܒ ܝܬܝܪ ܡܢ ܕܟܡܢܒܐ ܕܘܒܪܐ)، ܘܒܥܕܢܐ ܡܢ ܥܕ̈ܢܐ ܬܪܝܨܘܬܐ ܒܫܪܪܐ ܫܚܠܦܠܗ̇، ܡܛܠ ܕܡܘܬܒܐ ܫܚܠܦܠܗ: ܡܫܬܘܬܦܢܐ ܕܝܕܥ ܕܟܚܙܝܠܗܘܢ ܠܗ (ܒܪܐ ܝܢ ܒܪܬܐ ܕܟܡܬܒܚܪ ܩܐ ܣܘܟܢܐ ܕܡܚܪܒܢܘܬܐ)، ܦܢܩܝܬܐ ܕܫܘܐ̈ܠܐ ܕܬܪܝܨܬܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܓܘ ܒܝܬܐ ܕܢܣ̈ܝܘܢܐ ܘܡܠܝܬܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܓܘ ܒܝܬܐ ܒܝܢܝ ܥܘܟ̈ܢܐ، ܟܢܫܐ ܟܠܢܝܐ ܐܚܪܢܐ (ܡܥܪܒܐ/ܡܕܢܚܐ، ܫܘܪ̈ܝܐ/ܡܗܝܪ̈ܐ)، ܘܐܦ ܡܕܡ ܙܥܘܪܐ ܓܘ ܐܘܪܚܐ ܕܥܒܕܐ – ܡܬܠܐ ܕܝܠܗ: ܬܠܡܝܕܐ ܕܠܐ ܡܨܐ ܠܡܥܒܕܬܐ ܡܢ ܪܝܫ ܕܡܘܬܐ ܕܠܐ ܒܡ̈ܠܐ ܒܝܢܝ ܙܘܓܐ ܕܡܡܠܠܝ، ܗܠ ܕܓܠܐ ܕܓܘ ܥܒܕ̈ܐ ܕܡܨܚ̈ܢܐ ܩܘܦܬܐ ܕܨܘܪ̈ܬܐ ܣܟܝܪܬܐ ܗܘܬ، ܘܡܫܬܘܬܦ̈ܢܐ ܚܙܝ ܗܘܘ ܚܕ ܠܚܕ ܒܕܘܟܬܐ ܕܨܘܪ̈ܬܐ. ܐܦ ܙܒܢܐ ܡܘܬܒܐ ܝܠܗ: ܟܠ ܥܒܕܐ ܡܢ ܪܝܫ ܝܠܗ ܡܫܘܚܬܐ ܓܘ ܡܘܬܒܐ ܐܚܪܢܐ. ܘܩܕܡ ܟܠ ܐܗܢܐ، ܙܘܗܪܐ ܬܫܥܝܬܢܝܐ: ܦܪܢܘܠܘܓܝܐ (phrenology) – ܡܫܘܚܬܐ ܕܓܒ̈ܢܐ ܓܘ ܩܪܩܦܬܐ ܐܝܟ ܡܚܘܝܢܐ ܕܦܪܨܘܦܐ – ܫܠܝܛܐ ܗܘܬ ܓܘ ܝܘܠܦܢܐ ܘܓܘ ܬܘܪܒܝܬܐ ܟܡܐ ܥܣܪ̈ܐ ܕܫܢ̈ܐ ܩܕܡ ܕܐܬܝܐ ܒܛܝܠܬܐ، ܘܚܘܣܪܢܐ (ܩܪܢܝܘܡܝܛܪܝܐ، ܦܝܙܝܘܢܘܡܝܐ، ܘܡܕܡ ܕܐܬܝܠܗ ܒܢܝܐ ܥܠܝܗܝܢ) ܦܝܫܐ؛ ܝܘܠܦܢܐ، ܠܦܘܬ ܡ̈ܠܘܗܝ، ܠܐ ܒܣ ܥܠ ܙܒܢܐ ܕܥܒܪ: ܗܘ ܟܡܢܐ ܐܦ ܡܚܘ̈ܝܢܐ ܕܐܕܝܘܡ ܕܬܪܝܨܘܬܐ ܕܝܠܗܘܢ ܗܠ ܐܕܝܘܡ ܬܚܘܬ ܚܪܝܢܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܓܘ ܟܬܒܘܬܐ، ܘܟܡܦܠܚܝ ܒܝܗܝ ܡܢ ܟܕܘ ܓܘ ܩܒܠܬܐ ܠܥܒܕܐ ܘܓܘ ܡܥܠ̈ܢܘܬܐ (Skowronski, 2024). ܡܘܕܝ ܟܥܒܕܚ ܒܝܢܬܝܐ. ܟܓܒܚ ܡܚܘܝܢܐ ܬܪܝܨܐ ܡܢ ܟܠܗܘܢ ܕܐܣܘܪ̈ܐ ܕܥܒܕܐ ܟܫܒܩܝ – ܘܒܥܕܢܐ ܣܓܝ ܐܝܬ ܡܚܘܝܢܐ ܬܪܝܨܐ ܕܐܝܬ؛ ܐܢܫܐ ܕܟܒܢܐ ܡܚܘܝܢܐ ܕܝܠܗ ܟܟܢܫ ܓܘܫܡܐ ܕܣܗܕ̈ܘܬܐ ܩܕܡ ܕܒܢܐ ܥܠܘܗܝ ܬܘܩܢܐ ܕܒܘܨܝܐ؛ ܘܒܟܠ ܗܘܝܐ: ܬܩܢܐ ܕܡܐܢ̈ܐ (calibration) ܡܬܢܝܐ، ܡܕܒܪܢܘܬܐ ܥܡܝܩܬܐ ܕܐܢܫ̈ܐ ܕܟܡܫܚܝ ܘܟܪܡܙܝ، ܥܡ ܒܘܚܪ̈ܢܐ ܡܢ ܙܒܢܐ ܠܙܒܢܐ ܕܠܐ "ܢܓܕܝ"، ܫܘܠܛܢܐ ܥܠ ܫܪ̈ܛܐ – ܢܛܪܬܐ ܕܗܢܘܢ ܫܪ̈ܛܐ ܒܝܢܝ ܦܓ̈ܥܐ ܕܟܢܫܐ ܕܝܗܝ̈ܒܬܐ، ܘܒܘܚܪܢܐ ܡܢ ܪܝܫ ܒܬܪ ܟܠ ܫܘܚܠܦܐ ܓܘ ܡܐܢ̈ܐ ܝܢ ܓܘ ܓܘܕܐ ܕܦܠܚ̈ܐ – ܘܡܫܘ̈ܚܬܐ ܡܬܢ̈ܝܬܐ: ܗܘ ܡܐܢܐ ܬܪܬܝ ܚܐܪ̈ܐ، ܡܐܢ̈ܐ ܦܪ̈ܝܫܐ، ܟܡܐ ܡܫܘܚ̈ܢܐ (Skowronski, 2024). ܬܠܬܐ ܐܚܪ̈ܝܐ ܒܚܬܝܬܘܬܐ ܝܢܐ ܡܕܡ ܕܫܪܝܪܘܬܐ ܒܝܢܝ ܪܡܙ̈ܢܐ ܟܒܚܪܐ (ܦܣܩܐ 2).

ܬܪܝܨܘܬܐ ܕܚܙܘܐ (face validity). "ܟܡܬܚܙܝܐ ܫܪܝܪܬܐ، ܡܣܬܒܪܬܐ، ܡܠܝܠܬܐ" – ܒܥܝ̈ܢܐ ܕܡܫܬܘܬܦ̈ܢܐ ܝܢ ܕܩܪܘ̈ܝܐ. Krippendorff (2019، ܨܚܚܐ 13) ܟܡܩܝܡ ܠܗ̇، ܥܡ ܬܪܝܨܘܬܐ ܟܢܫܝܬܐ (social validity – ܐܣܘܪܐ ܕܒܘܨܝܐ ܥܡ ܡܡܠܠܐ ܕܥܡܐ)، ܩܘܒܠ ܬܪܝܨܘܬܐ ܕܢܣܝܘܢܐ (empirical)، ܘܟܡܙܗܪ: ܐܡܢ ܕܠܝܬ ܣܗܕ̈ܘܬܐ ܕܢܣܝܘܢܐ، ܬܪܝܨܘܬܐ ܕܚܙܘܐ ܘܟܢܫܝܬܐ – ܕܒܨܘ̈ܝܐ ܫܠܝܛܝ ܥܠܝܗܝܢ ܒܐܘܪܚܐ ܕܡܡܠܠܘܬܐ ܕܝܠܗܘܢ – ܟܦܝܫܝ ܐܘܪܚܐ ܝܚܝܕܝܬܐ. ܠܐ ܝܢܐ ܚܠܦܐ.

ܘܓܘ ܦܘܫܩܐ ܕܡܐ ܕܐܝܬ ܒܓܘ ܟܬܒܐ (content analysis). Krippendorff (2019، ܨܚܚܐ 13) ܟܦܠܓ ܬܪܝܨܘܬܐ ܕܢܣܝܘܢܐ ܠܦܘܬ ܕܪ̈ܓܐ ܕܦܘܫܩܐ ܕܡܐ ܕܐܝܬ ܒܓܘ ܟܬܒܐ: ܬܪܝܨܘܬܐ ܕܓܘܒܝܐ ܕܕܘܡܝܐ (sampling validity) – ܟܡܐ ܕܘܡܝܐ ܕܟܬܒ̈ܐ ܟܡܚܘܐ ܠܟܢܫܐ ܟܠܢܝܐ ܕܗܘ̈ܝܐ ܕܒܕܘܟܬܗܘܢ ܐܬܝܠܗ ܦܫܝܩܐ (ܟܬܒ̈ܐ ܒܝܘܬܪ ܟܐܬܝܢ ܡܢ ܓܘܒܝܐ ܕܡܒܘܥܐ، ܠܐ ܡܢ ܓܘܒܝܐ ܕܕܘܡܝܐ)؛ ܬܪܝܨܘܬܐ ܕܣܘܟܠܐ (semantic validity) – ܟܡܐ ܓܢ̈ܣܐ ܕܦܘܫܩܐ ܫܠܡܝ ܥܡ ܣܘ̈ܟܠܐ ܕܐܝܬ ܠܟܬܒ̈ܐ ܓܘ ܡܘܬܒܐ ܕܓܒܝܐ، ܘܠܐ ܒܣ ܩܐ ܒܨܘܝܐ؛ ܬܪܝܨܘܬܐ ܒܢܝܢܝܬܐ ܘܦܘܠܚܢܝܬܐ (structural and functional validity) – ܟܡܐ ܢܡܘ̈ܣܐ ܕܫܘܠܡܐ ܣܡܝܟ̈ܐ ܝܢܐ ܥܠ ܬܐܘܪܝܐ ܝܢ ܝܗܝ̈ܒܬܐ ܫܪܝܪ̈ܬܐ، ܘܟܡܐ ܟܦܠܚܝ ܐܝܟ ܦܘܫܩ̈ܐ ܡܨܚ̈ܢܐ ܕܩܕܡ؛ ܘܬܪܝܨܘܬܐ ܕܐܣܘܪܐ ܕܚܕ̈ܕܐ ܘܕܡܢܒܝܢܘܬܐ (correlative and predictive validity) – ܐܣܘܪܐ ܕܚܕ̈ܕܐ ܥܡ ܡܚܘ̈ܝܢܐ ܬܪ̈ܝܨܐ ܝܬܝܪ (ܥܡ ܡܬܟܢܫܢܝܬܐ ܘܡܦܪܫܢܝܬܐ) ܘܡܢܒܝܢܘܬܐ ܕܓܕ̈ܫܐ ܕܠܐ ܥܠܠܗܘܢ ܓܘ ܦܘܫܩܐ. ܪܫܝܡܬܐ ܐܪܝܟܬܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܡܢ ܗܝ ܕܦܣܝܟܘܡܝܛܪܝܐ ܡܛܠ ܚܕܐ ܥܠܬܐ: ܦܘܫܩܐ ܕܡܐ ܕܐܝܬ ܒܓܘ ܟܬܒܐ ܟܡܦܩ ܫܘܠܡܐ ܡܢ ܟܬܒܐ ܥܠ ܡܘܬܒܐ، ܘܟܠ ܕܪܓܐ ܓܘ ܐܗܐ ܫܘܠܡܐ ܣܢܝܩܐ ܝܠܗ ܠܣܗܕܘܬܐ ܕܝܠܗ.

4. ܐܣܘܪܐ ܒܝܢܬܗܝܢ – ܐܠܨܝܐ، ܠܐ ܣܦܩܐ

ܬܪܘܝܗܝ ܚܘ̈ܫܒܐ ܐܣܝܪ̈ܐ ܝܢܐ ܒܛܟܣܐ ܩܝܡܐ: ܕܗܘܐ ܬܪܝܨܐ، ܡܐܢܐ ܣܢܝܩܐ ܝܠܗ ܩܕܡ ܕܗܘܐ ܫܪܝܪܐ (Field, 2024, Section 1.5.4). Krippendorff (2019، ܦܣܩܐ 11.1) ܟܟܬܒ ܐܗܐ ܒܬܪܬܝ ܡ̈ܠܐ ܘܚܕܐ ܗܘܦܘܬܣܝܣ. ܠܐ ܫܪܝܪܘܬܐ ܟܡܨܪܐ ܣܟܘܝܐ ܕܬܪܝܨܘܬܐ: ܐܢ ܣܗ̈ܕܐ ܕܚܙܠܗܘܢ ܠܐ ܫܠܡܝ ܥܡ ܚܕ̈ܕܐ، ܦܪܨܘܦܐ ܬܠܝܬܝܐ ܠܐ ܡܨܐ ܕܝܕܥ ܡܘܕܝ ܗܘܐ – ܘܐܢ ܪܡܙܢܘܬܐ ܦܐܪܐ ܕܓܕܫܐ ܝܠܗ̇، ܒܠܟܝ ܐܝܬ ܒܓܘܗ̇ ܬܚܘܝܬܐ ܫܪܝܪܬܐ ܕܟܬܒܐ، ܐܠܐ ܠܐ ܡܨܝܚ ܠܡܫܬܘܕܥܬܗ̇ ܛܒ ܝܬܝܪ ܡܢ ܓܕܫܐ. ܫܪܝܪܘܬܐ ܠܐ ܟܡܫܪܪܐ ܬܪܝܨܘܬܐ: ܬܪܝܢ ܚܙܘ̈ܝܐ ܕܐܝܬ ܠܗܘܢ ܗܘ ܚܘܫܒܐ، ܗܘ ܚܘܫܒܐ ܩܕܡܝܐ ܝܢ ܗܝ ܚܫܚܘܬܐ ܒܕ ܫܠܡܝ ܥܡ ܚܕ̈ܕܐ ܘܗܠ ܐܕܝܘܡ ܒܕ ܛܥܝ؛ ܐܦ ܚܘܫܒܢܐ، ܡܐܢܐ ܫܪܝܪܐ ܡܢ ܟܠܗܘܢ، ܡܨܐ ܕܛܥܐ – ܒܐܘܪܚܐ ܫܪܝܪܬܐ. ܘܗܘܦܘܬܣܝܣ، ܡܢ ܢܣܝܘܢܐ ܕܒܨܘ̈ܝܐ ܣܓܝ̈ܐܐ ܕܡܐ ܕܐܝܬ ܒܓܘ ܟܬܒܐ: ܓܘ ܪܕܦܐ ܒܬܪ ܫܪܝܪܘܬܐ ܪܡܬܐ، ܬܪܝܨܘܬܐ ܟܡܨܝܐ ܕܓܕܝܐ. ܡܬܠܐ ܕܝܠܗ – ܒܘܨܝܐ ܕܒܥܐ ܗܘܐ ܕܡܫܚܐ ܝܕܥܬܐ ܐܘܡܬܢܝܬܐ ܕܟܣܠܩܐ ܗܘܬ ܓܘ ܡܬ̈ܘܬܐ ܐܡܪܝܟܝ̈ܬܐ ܒܐܘܪܚܐ ܕܥܬܝ̈ܕܐ، ܘܓܒܝܠܗ ܕܡܢܐ ܬܘܢ̈ܝܐ ܕܫܡ̈ܗܐ ܕܐܬܪ̈ܘܬܐ ܐܡܪܝܟ̈ܝܐ ܩܘܒܠ ܐܢܓܠܝܙ̈ܝܐ، ܡܛܠ ܕ"ܝܕܥܬܐ ܐܘܡܬܢܝܬܐ" ܥܣܩܬܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܠܣܘܟܡܐ ܘܠܡܫܬܘܕܥܢܘܬܐ: ܡܢܝܢܐ ܕܡ̈ܠܐ ܒܕܘܟܬܐ ܕܡܠ̈ܘܐܐ – ܐܘܠܨ̈ܢܐ ܒܨܝܪ ܕܫܪܝܪܘܬܐ، ܘܬܪܝܨܘܬܐ ܩܛܝܢܬܐ.

Raykov (2024) ܟܝܗܒ ܠ"ܐܠܨܝܐ، ܠܐ ܣܦܩܐ" ܡܢܝܢܐ: ܐܡܢ ܕܛܥܝ̈ܘܬܐ ܕܡܚܘܝܢܐ ܘܕܩܢܘܢܐ ܠܐ ܐܣܝܪ̈ܐ ܝܢܐ ܥܡ ܚܕ̈ܕܐ، ܫܪܝܪܘܬܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܬܚܘܡܐ ܥܠܝܐ ܩܐ ܬܪܝܨܘܬܐ ܕܩܢܘܢܐ – ܐܣܘܪܐ ܕܚܕ̈ܕܐ ܒܝܢܝ ܣܒܠܬܐ ܘܩܢܘܢܐ ܠܐ ܡܨܐ ܕܣܠܩ ܠܥܠ ܡܢ ܫܪܫܐ ܕܫܪܝܪܘܬܐ ܕܝܠܗ̇ (ܐܗܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܦܘܪܡܘܠܐ ܕܡܙܥܪܢܘܬܐ ܡܢ ܦܣܩܐ 2 ܡܢ ܓܢܒܐ ܐܚܪܢܐ). ܣܒܠܬܐ ܒܫܪܝܪܘܬܐ ܕ-.5 ܠܐ ܒܕ ܐܣܝܪܐ ܥܡ ܚܕ ܡܕܡ ܠܥܠ ܡܢ .71، ܐܦܠܐ ܐܢ ܒܚܬܝܬܘܬܐ ܟܡܫܚܐ ܠܡܕܡ ܫܪܝܪܐ. ܘ-Skowronski (2024) ܟܡܘܣܦ ܓܢܒܐ ܕܠܐ ܝܠܗ ܡܢܝܢܐ: ܡܚܘܝܢܐ ܡܨܝܐ ܕܗܘܝܐ ܫܪܝܪܐ ܘܚܬܝܬܐ ܓܡܝܪܐܝܬ ܘܗܠ ܐܕܝܘܡ ܠܐ ܬܪܝܨܐ ܩܐ ܡܕܡ ܕܒܥܝܠܗܘܢ – ܐܡܢ ܕܣܘܟܠܐ ܕܟܝܗܒܚ ܠܗ ܛܥܝܐ ܝܠܗ (ܦܣܩܐ 3).

ܦܘܣܩܢܐ ܕܥܒܕܐ: ܟܡܘܕܥܚ ܬܪܘܝܗܝ، ܒܐܗܐ ܛܟܣܐ، ܘܠܐ ܣܦܩܐ ܚܕ ܡܢܝܗܝ. ܐܠܦܐ ܕ-.90 ܠܐ ܟܐܡܪܐ ܕܣܒܠܬܐ ܟܡܫܚܐ ܠܚܘܫܒܐ؛ ܐܣܘܪܐ ܕܚܕ̈ܕܐ ܕ-.60 ܥܡ ܩܢܘܢܐ ܠܐ ܫܘܝܐ ܣܓܝ ܐܢ ܡܫܘܚܬܐ ܓܢܣܗ̇ ܠܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܩܝܡܬܐ. ܘܓܘ ܬܘܩܢܐ ܕܪܡܙܢܘܬܐ ܕܟܬܒܐ: ܦܘܩ̈ܕܢܐ ܕܪܡܙܢܘܬܐ ܦܫܝܩ̈ܐ ܝܬܝܪ ܟܡܪܝܡܝ ܠܫܠܡܘܬܐ – ܘܓܘ ܟܠ ܦܘܫܩܐ ܟܡܫܐܠܚ ܡܘܕܝ ܦܝܫܐ ܡܢ ܚܘܫܒܐ.

5. ܕܟܝ ܟܒܚܪܚ ܓܘ ܣܐܝܛ – ܡܘܕܝ ܟܡܬܚܫܒ ܘܡܘܕܝ ܠܐ

ܫܪܝܪܘܬܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܦܠܓܐ ܕܚܘܫܒܢܐ، ܘܬܠܬܐ ܙܢ̈ܐ ܕܝܠܗ̇ ܟܡܬܒܚܪܝ ܓܘ ܡ̈ܚܫܒܢܐ ܕܣܐܝܛ ܥܠ ܦܐܝܠ ܕܐܩܣܠ ܓܘ ܛܘܦܣܐ ܬܩܝܢܐ (the standard data template) (ܣܕܪܐ = ܡܫܬܘܬܦܢܐ ܝܢ ܡܢܬܐ ܕܪܡܙܢܘܬܐ، ܥܡܘܕܐ = ܡܫܬܚܠܦܢܐ): ܫܪܝܪܘܬܐ ܕܒܘܚܪܢܐ ܡܢ ܪܝܫ – ܓܘ ܦܐܬܐ ܕܐܣܘܪ̈ܐ ܕܚܕ̈ܕܐ، ܥܡܘܕܐ ܩܐ ܟܠ ܙܒܢܐ؛ ܫܠܡܘܬܐ ܓܘܝܬܐ – ܓܘ ܦܐܬܐ ܕܫܪܝܪܘܬܐ – ܐܠܦܐ ܕ-Cronbach، ܥܡܘܕܐ ܩܐ ܟܠ ܦܣܘܩܐ (ܒܬܪ ܗܘܦܟܐ ܕܦܣܘ̈ܩܐ ܗܦܝ̈ܟܐ)؛ ܫܠܡܘܬܐ ܒܝܢܝ ܪܡܙ̈ܢܐ – ܓܘ ܦܐܬܐ ܕܫܪܝܪܘܬܐ ܒܝܢܝ ܪܡܙ̈ܢܐ، ܥܡܘܕܐ ܩܐ ܟܠ ܪܡܙܢܐ، ܥܡ κ ܕ-Cohen، κ ܡܬܩܠܬܐ ܩܐ ܣܒ̈ܠܬܐ ܕܛܟܣܐ، κ ܕ-Fleiss ܘ-α ܕ-Krippendorff، ܬܚܘ̈ܡܐ ܕܬܘܟܠܢܐ، ܘܬܪܝܢ ܣܪ̈ܓܠܐ ܕܦܘܫܩܐ – Landis ܘ-Koch ܩܘܒܠ Krippendorff – ܚܕ ܩܘܒܠ ܚܕ. ܡܕܡ ܕ-Raykov (2024) ܟܡܠܟ: ܬܚܘܡܐ ܕܬܘܟܠܢܐ ܩܐ α – ܡܢ ܢܘܣܚܐ 7 ܕܡܚܫܒܢܐ ܕܐܠܦܐ ܐܝܬ ܓܘ ܠܘܚܐ 2 (ADF ܚܐܪܐ ܡܢ ܦܘܠܓܐ، ܬܐܘܪܝܐ ܢܘܪܡܠܝܬܐ ܘ-F ܕ-Feldt، ܒܕܪ̈ܓܐ ܕ-95%، 99% ܘ-99.9%؛ Maydeu-Olivares, Coffman & Hartmann, 2007) – ܘܫܘܥܪܐ ܕܫܪܝܪܘܬܐ ܣܡܝܟܐ ܥܠ ܡܘܕܝܠ (ω ܘܚܠܦ̈ܐ)، ܕܡܚܫܒܢܐ ܠܐ ܟܚܫܒ ܘܐܢܫܐ ܕܣܢܝܩܐ ܝܠܗ ܠܗ ܟܡܫܬܕܪ ܡܢ ܬܡܢ ܠ-R؛ "α ܒܫܩܠܬܐ" ܘ-α ܡܬܩܢܬܐ ܕܓܘ ܡܦܩܢܐ – ܒܘܚܪܢܐ، ܠܐ ܬܘܢܝܐ (ܦܣܩܐ 2).

ܩܐ ܬܪܝܨܘܬܐ ܠܝܬ ܡܚܫܒܢܐ، ܘܠܐ ܒܓܕܫܐ: ܦܠܓܐ ܕܡܨܝܚ ܠܡܚܫܒܬܗ – ܐܣܘܪ̈ܐ ܕܚܕ̈ܕܐ ܩܐ ܬܪܝܨܘܬܐ ܕܩܢܘܢܐ، ܡܬܟܢܫܢܝܬܐ ܘܡܦܪܫܢܝܬܐ – ܝܠܗ ܡܐܛܪܝܟܣ ܕܐܣܘܪ̈ܐ ܕܚܕ̈ܕܐ ܥܡܝܐ، ܘܦܘܫܩܐ ܕܝܠܗ ܐܝܟ ܣܗܕܘܬܐ ܕܬܪܝܨܘܬܐ ܝܠܗ ܚܘܝܬܐ ܬܐܘܪܝܬܐ، ܠܐ ܡܦܩܢܐ. ܬܪܝܨܘܬܐ ܕܡܐ ܕܐܝܬ ܒܓܘܗ ܘܬܪܝܨܘܬܐ ܕܣܘܟܠܐ ܠܐ ܝܢܐ ܡܢܝ̈ܢܐ ܒܟܠ. ܐܗܐ ܦܐܬܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܕܘܟܬܐ ܕܓܘܗ̇ ܚܘܝܬܐ ܟܡܬܒܢܝܐ؛ ܡ̈ܚܫܒܢܐ ܟܝܗܒܝ ܠܗ̇ ܡܢܝ̈ܢܐ.

6. ܕܟܝ ܟܡܘܕܥܚ

ܫܪܝܪܘܬܐ ܟܡܘܕܥܚ ܠܗ̇ ܓܘ ܨܚܚܐ ܕܐܘܪܚܐ (method section)، ܬܚܘܬ "ܡܐܢ̈ܐ" ܝܢ "ܡܚܘ̈ܝܢܐ" (Pallant, 2020, Chapter 9): ܒܬܪ ܬܚܘܝܬܐ ܕܣܒܠܬܐ – ܡܢܝܢܐ ܕܦܣܘ̈ܩܐ، ܣܒܠܬܐ ܕܦܘܢܝܐ، ܬܫܥܝܬܐ ܕܡܦܠܚܢܘܬܐ – ܟܡܝܬܝܚ ܫܪܝܪܘܬܐ ܕܐܘܕܥܠܗ̇ ܒܢܝܐ ܕܣܒܠܬܐ ܘܒܘܨ̈ܝܐ ܐܚܪ̈ܢܐ، ܘܗܝܕܝܟ ܚܕ ܡܐܡܪܐ ܥܠ ܕܘܡܝܐ ܕܗܫܐ. ܡܬܠܐ ܕ-Pallant: "ܠܦܘܬ Pavot, Diener, Colvin ܘ-Sandvik (1991)، ܠܣܒܠܬܐ ܕܒܣܝܡܘܬܐ ܡܢ ܚܝ̈ܐ ܐܝܬ ܫܠܡܘܬܐ ܓܘܝܬܐ ܛܒܬܐ، ܥܡ ܐܠܦܐ ܕ-Cronbach ܕ-.85. ܓܘ ܒܘܨܝܐ ܕܗܫܐ ܐܠܦܐ ܕ-Cronbach ܗܘܝܐ ܗܘܬ .89." ܣܒܠܬܐ ܥܡ ܣܒ̈ܠܬܐ ܡܢܬܢ̈ܝܬܐ – ܫܪܝܪܘܬܐ ܩܐ ܟܠ ܣܒܠܬܐ ܡܢܬܢܝܬܐ ܘܩܐ ܡܢܝܢܐ ܓܘܡܪܝܐ ܦܪܝܫܐܝܬ. ܡܢܝ̈ܢܐ ܡܫܘܬܦ̈ܐ ܒܝܢܝ 1- ܘ-1 ܟܡܬܟܬܒܝ ܕܠܐ ܨܦܪܐ ܩܕܡ ܢܘܩܙܐ: α = .89، r = .72، κ = .65.

ܩܐ ܫܪܝܪܘܬܐ ܕܒܘܚܪܢܐ ܡܢ ܪܝܫ ܟܡܘܕܥܚ ܐܣܘܪܐ ܕܚܕ̈ܕܐ، N ܘܦܬܝܘܬܐ ܕܙܒܢܐ؛ ܩܐ ܫܠܡܘܬܐ ܒܝܢܝ ܪܡܙ̈ܢܐ – ܡܢܝܢܐ ܕܪܡܙ̈ܢܐ، ܡܢܝܢܐ ܕܡܢܘ̈ܬܐ (ܘܐܢ ܕܘܡܝܐ ܝܠܗ ܡܢ ܟܠܗ ܡܐܬܘܬܐ – ܟܡܐ)، ܡܚܘܝܢܐ ܥܡ ܬܚܘܡܐ ܕܬܘܟܠܢܐ، ܘܬܚܘܡܐ ܕܐܬܝܠܗ ܓܒܝܐ ܡܢ ܩܕܡ. ܬܪܝܨܘܬܐ ܟܡܘܕܥܚ ܠܗ̇ ܐܝܟ ܚܘܝܬܐ: ܐܝܢܐ ܣܗܕܘܬܐ ܐܬܝܠܗ̇ ܟܢܝܫܬܐ، ܩܘܒܠ ܐܝܢܐ ܩܢܘܢܐ ܝܢ ܡܚܘܝܢܐ، ܘܡܘܕܝ ܦܠܛܠܗ – ܥܡ ܐܣܘܪ̈ܐ ܕܚܕ̈ܕܐ ܢܚܝ̈ܬܐ ܕܒܥܝܐ ܗܘܘ ܕܗܘܝܢ ܢܚܝ̈ܬܐ (ܬܪܝܨܘܬܐ ܡܦܪܫܢܝܬܐ)، ܕܒܥܕܢܐ ܣܓܝ ܟܡܬܛܥܝܝ. ܣܒܠܬܐ ܝܕܝܥܬܐ ܕܐܬܝܠܗ̇ ܫܩܝܠܬܐ ܡܢ ܒܘܨܝܐ ܕܩܕܡ: ܟܡܝܬܝܚ ܒܘܨ̈ܝܐ ܕܬܪܨܬܐ ܕܝܠܗ̇، ܘܐܦ ܗܕܟܐ ܟܡܘܕܥܚ ܫܪܝܪܘܬܐ ܓܘ ܕܘܡܝܐ ܕܝܘܟܘܢ – ܬܠܝܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܒܕܘܡܝܐ.

ܛܥܝ̈ܘܬܐ ܕܡܬܚܙܝܢ ܣܓܝ (Common mistakes)

ܚܫܒܬܐ ܕܐܠܦܐ ܪܡܬܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܚܘܝܬܐ ܕܬܪܝܨܘܬܐ. ܗܝ ܟܐܡܪܐ ܕܦܣܘ̈ܩܐ ܐܙܠܝ ܥܡ ܚܕ̈ܕܐ، ܠܐ ܕܐܙܠܝ ܠܕܘܟܬܐ ܫܪܝܪܬܐ. ܣܒܠܬܐ ܕܥܣܪܐ ܦܣܘ̈ܩܐ ܥܠ ܐܓܪܐ ܒܕ ܝܗܒܐ ܐܠܦܐ ܛܒܬܐ ܒܣܓܝ ܩܐ "ܒܣܝܡܘܬܐ ܡܢ ܥܒܕܐ" – ܘܒܕ ܡܫܚܐ ܒܣܝܡܘܬܐ ܡܢ ܐܓܪܐ.

ܐܠܦܐ ܪܡܬܐ ܡܛܠ ܐܘܪܟܐ. ܐܠܦܐ ܟܣܠܩܐ ܥܡ ܡܢܝܢܐ ܕܦܣܘ̈ܩܐ؛ 25 ܦܣܘ̈ܩܐ ܡܨܥ̈ܝܐ ܒܕ ܡܛܝܝ ܠ-.85. ܟܒܚܪܚ ܐܦ ܐܣܘܪܐ ܕܚܕ̈ܕܐ ܡܨܥܝܐ ܒܝܢܝ ܦܣܘ̈ܩܐ، ܘܓܘ ܣܒܠܬܐ ܩܨܝܪܬܐ – ܟܡܘܕܥܚ ܠܗ ܒܕܘܟܬܐ ܕܒܥܝܐ ܚܘܣܝܐ ܥܠ ܐܠܦܐ ܕ-.6.

ܠܐ ܗܦܟܬܐ ܕܦܣܘ̈ܩܐ ܗܦܝ̈ܟܐ. ܐܠܦܐ ܢܚܝܬܐ ܒܬܡܗܐ، ܘܒܥܕܢܐ ܡܢ ܥܕ̈ܢܐ ܐܣܘܪ̈ܐ ܕܚܕ̈ܕܐ ܕܦܣܘܩܐ-ܓܘܡܪܐ ܕܒܨܪܐ – ܐܬܐ ܩܠܐܣܝܩܝܬܐ. ܟܒܚܪܚ ܓܘ ܡܕܒܪܢܐ ܕܣܒܠܬܐ ܐܝܢܝ ܦܣܘ̈ܩܐ ܟܬܝܒ̈ܐ ܝܢܐ ܒܗܦܟܐ، ܘܟܗܦܟܚ ܠܗܘܢ ܩܕܡ ܚܘܫܒܢܐ.

ܫܪܝܪܘܬܐ ܕܒܘܚܪܢܐ ܡܢ ܪܝܫ ܩܐ ܡܕܡ ܕܟܫܚܠܦ. ܣܒܠܬܐ ܕܪܓܫܬܐ ܕܝܘܡܐ ܒܝܢܝ ܬܪܝܢ ܙܒ̈ܢܐ ܥܡ ܦܘܪܫܢܐ ܕܝܪܚܐ: ܐܣܘܪܐ ܕܚܕ̈ܕܐ ܢܚܝܬܐ ܠܐ ܟܐܡܪ ܕܣܒܠܬܐ ܒܝܫܬܐ ܝܠܗ̇ – ܪܓܫܬܐ ܫܚܠܦܠܗ̇. ܩܐ ܟܝ̈ܢܐ ܕܟܫܚܠܦܝ ܟܒܚܪܚ ܫܠܡܘܬܐ ܓܘܝܬܐ، ܠܐ ܩܝܡܘܬܐ.

ܬܘܢܝܐ ܕܫܪܝܪܘܬܐ ܕܒܢܝܐ ܕܣܒܠܬܐ ܒܠܚܘܕ. ܫܪܝܪܘܬܐ ܬܠܝܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܒܕܘܡܝܐ؛ ܟܢܫܐ ܟܠܢܝܐ ܐܚܪܢܐ، ܠܫܢܐ ܐܚܪܢܐ، ܬܘܪܓܡܐ – ܡܢܝܢܐ ܐܚܪܢܐ. ܟܚܫܒܚ ܥܠ ܕܘܡܝܐ ܕܝܘܟܘܢ ܘܟܡܘܕܥܚ ܬܪܘܝܗܝ.

ܚܕ ܪܡܙܢܐ، ܕܠܐ ܒܘܚܪܢܐ ܕܫܠܡܘܬܐ. ܪܡܙܢܘܬܐ ܕܦܘܢ̈ܝܐ ܦܬܝ̈ܚܐ ܕܐܬܝܠܗ̇ ܥܒܝܕܬܐ ܒܝܕ ܚܕ ܐܢܫܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܦܘܫܩܐ ܕܠܐ ܐܬܝܠܗ ܒܚܝܪܐ. ܕܘܡܝܐ ܕܡܢܘ̈ܬܐ ܟܡܬܪܡܙ ܐܦ ܒܝܕ ܪܡܙܢܐ ܬܪܝܢܐ، ܚܐܪܐ، ܘܟܡܘܕܥܚ κ ܝܢ α – ܩܕܡ ܕܓܢ̈ܣܐ ܗܘܝܢ ܣܓܝܐܘ̈ܬܐ (frequencies).

ܪܕܦܐ ܒܬܪ ܫܠܡܘܬܐ ܘܛܠܡܐ ܕܚܘܫܒܐ. ܟܡܐ ܕܦܘܩ̈ܕܢܐ ܕܪܡܙܢܘܬܐ ܦܫܝܩ̈ܐ ܝܬܝܪ ܝܢܐ، ܫܠܡܘܬܐ ܟܣܠܩܐ – ܗܠ ܕܟܡܢܚ ܡ̈ܠܐ ܒܕܘܟܬܐ ܕܚܘ̈ܫܒܐ. ܐܗܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܗܘܦܘܬܣܝܣ ܕ-Krippendorff: ܓܘ ܪܕܦܐ ܒܬܪ ܫܪܝܪܘܬܐ ܬܪܝܨܘܬܐ ܟܓܕܝܐ. ܓܘ ܟܠ ܦܘܫܩܐ ܟܡܫܐܠܚ ܡܘܕܝ ܦܝܫܐ ܡܢ ܚܘܫܒܐ.

ܫܩܠܬܐ ܕܦܣܘܩܐ ܡܛܠ ܕ"α ܒܫܩܠܬܐ" ܟܣܠܩܐ. ܐܗܐ ܡܢܝܢܐ ܣܛܐܛܝܣܛܝܩܝܐ ܡܨܝܐ ܕܡܛܐ ܠܣܒܠܬܐ ܫܪܝܪܬܐ ܒܨܝܪ ܘܬܪܝܨܬܐ ܒܨܝܪ؛ ܦܣܘܩܐ ܕܐܣܘܪܐ ܕܚܕ̈ܕܐ ܕܝܠܗ ܥܡ ܣܒܠܬܐ ܕܒܨܪܐ ܝܠܗ ܩܪܝܒ ܒܟܠ ܥܕܢܐ ܦܣܘܩܐ ܗܦܝܟܐ ܕܠܐ ܐܬܝܠܗ ܪܫܝܡܐ، ܠܐ ܦܣܘܩܐ ܩܐ ܫܩܠܬܐ (Raykov, 2024).

ܬܘܢܝܐ ܕ-α ܡܬܩܢܬܐ ܡܛܠ ܕܪܡܬܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܝܬܝܪ. ܗܝ ܫܪܝܪܘܬܐ ܝܠܗ̇ ܕܣܒܠܬܐ ܐܚܪܬܐ – ܕܦܣܘ̈ܩܐ ܡܬܩ̈ܢܐ ܕܚܕ ܠܐ ܟܓܡܪ؛ ܟܡܘܕܥܚ α ܕܡܢܝܢܐ ܕܟܦܫܩܚ (Raykov, 2024).

ܣܡܟܬܐ ܕܬܪܝܨܘܬܐ ܕܐܬܝܠܗ̇ ܚܘܝܬܐ ܓܘ ܒܝܬܐ ܕܢܣ̈ܝܘܢܐ ܝܢ ܓܘ ܚܕ ܟܢܫܐ ܟܠܢܝܐ ܟܥܒܪܐ ܐܝܟ ܕܐܝܬܝܗ̇. ܡܘܬܒܐ، ܟܢܫܐ ܟܠܢܝܐ ܘܙܒܢܐ ܟܡܫܚܠܦܝ ܬܪܝܨܘܬܐ؛ ܟܒܚܪܚ ܡܢ ܪܝܫ، ܘܐܦܢ ܟܡܘܕܥܚ ܦܘܪܫܢܐ (Skowronski, 2024).

ܬܚܘܡܐ ܕܚܪܫܘܬܐ. ".7 ܩܐ ܐܠܦܐ"، ".8 ܩܐ ܩܐܦܐ"، ".667 ܩܐ ܐܠܦܐ ܕ-Krippendorff" – ܟܠܗܘܢ ܥܝ̈ܕܐ ܝܢܐ، ܘܠܐ ܟܠܗܘܢ ܡܢ ܗܘ ܡܒܘܥܐ ܝܢ ܒܗܘ ܚܘܫܒܐ؛ Landis ܘ-Koch ܓܢܣܗܘܢ ܡܫܡܗܝܠܗܘܢ ܠܣܪܓܠܐ ܕܝܠܗܘܢ "ܒܨܒܝܢܐ ܓܠܝܐܝܬ". ܟܩܝܡܚ ܬܚܘܡܐ ܡܢ ܩܕܡ، ܟܝܗܒܚ ܥܠܬܐ ܕܝܠܗ ܠܦܘܬ ܛܝܡܐ ܕܛܥܝܘܬܐ ܓܘ ܐܗܐ ܒܘܨܝܐ، ܘܟܡܘܕܥܚ ܡܢܝܢܐ ܥܡ ܬܚܘܡܐ ܕܬܘܟܠܢܐ – ܠܐ ܒܣ "ܥܒܪܠܗ".

ܪܫܝܡܬܐ ܕܒܘܚܪܢܐ – ܩܕܡ ܕܡܦܠܚܚ ܒܣܒܠܬܐ ܝܢ ܒܪܡܙܢܘܬܐ

ܡܒܘ̈ܥܐ

Cohen, J. (1960). A coefficient of agreement for nominal scales. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 20(1), 37-46. https://doi.org/10.1177/001316446002000104

Field, A. (2024). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics (6th ed.). SAGE.

Krippendorff, K. (2019). Content analysis: An introduction to its methodology (4th ed.). SAGE.

Maydeu-Olivares, A., Coffman, D. L., & Hartmann, W. M. (2007). Asymptotically distribution-free (ADF) interval estimation of coefficient alpha. Psychological Methods, 12(2), 157-176. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.12.2.157

Pallant, J. (2020). SPSS survival manual: A step by step guide to data analysis using IBM SPSS (7th ed.). Routledge.

Raykov, T. (2024). Reliability. In A. L. Nichols & J. E. Edlund (Eds.), The Cambridge handbook of research methods and statistics for the social and behavioral sciences: Vol. 2. Performing research (pp. 189-210). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009000796.010

Skowronski, J. J. (2024). Measurement validity in the social and behavioral sciences: Some "whys" and "hows". In A. L. Nichols & J. E. Edlund (Eds.), The Cambridge handbook of research methods and statistics for the social and behavioral sciences: Vol. 2. Performing research (pp. 211-231). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009000796.011

DeVellis (2012)، Nunnally (1978)، Briggs ܘ-Cheek (1986) ܘ-Pavot ܘܚܒܪ̈ܘܗܝ (1991) – ܐܝܟ ܕܡܝܬܝ ܝܢܐ ܓܘ Pallant (2020)؛ Cronbach (1951)، Novick ܘ-Lewis (1967) ܘ-McNeish (2018) – ܐܝܟ ܕܡܝܬܝ ܝܢܐ ܓܘ Raykov (2024)؛ Campbell ܘ-Fiske (1959) – ܐܝܟ ܕܡܝܬܝ ܝܢܐ ܓܘ Skowronski (2024). ܠܦܘܬ ܢܡܘܣܐ ܕܣܐܝܛ (site rule)، ܓܘ ܪܫܝܡܬܐ ܕܡܒܘ̈ܥܐ ܟܡܬܚܙܝܢ ܒܣ ܡܒܘ̈ܥܐ ܕܐܬܝܠܗܘܢ ܩܪܝ̈ܐ ܓܘ ܢܘܣܚܐ ܩܕܡܝܐ؛ ܬܪܝܢ ܨܚ̈ܚܐ ܕܡܕܒܪܢܐ ܕ-Cambridge – ܠܦܘܬ ܨܚܚܐ ܟܠܗ، ܕܠܐ ܡܢܝ̈ܢܐ ܕܦܐ̈ܬܐ ܓܘ ܓܘܫܡܐ ܕܟܬܒܐ.